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WELLS' 

NATIONAL HAND-BOOK, 



EMBRACING A 



COMPLETE COMPEINTDITTM: 



olitical Jisiorg of tjje Sniitb Stales, 



ORIGINAL FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENT 
f TO THE PRESENT TIME. 






NEW YORK: 
JOHN G. WELLS, 165 WILLIAM STREET. 

CINCINNATI, OHIO: 
J. E. HAWLEY, 162 & 164 VINE STEEET. 

1864. 



1 *x* A 






% Entered, according to Act of Congres3, in the year 1863, by 

J. G. WELLS, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of 
New- York. 



i^ir^ 



CONTENTS 



/ PAGK. 

ADDRESSES of Washington , . 38 

On his Election as Commander-in-Chief 38 

On Resigning his Commission 39 

. On being Inaugurated as President 40 

His Farewell Address 43 

AMERICAN UNION, Formation of the 37 

AGENTS to Pay Army and Navy Pensions 177 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF THE EX-PRESIDENTS— 

Adams, John 119 

Adams, John Quincy 127 

Buchanan, James 145 

Fillmore, Millard 141 

Harrison, William H 133 

Jackson, Andrew 129 

Jefferson, Thomas 121 

Lincoln, Abraham „V 147 

Madison, James 123 

Monroe, James 125 

Pierce, Franklin i. 143 

Polk, James K 137 

Taylor, Zachary 139 

Tyler, John 135 

Van Buren, Martin 131 

Washington, George 11# 

CABINET OFFICERS, From the Original Organization of the Gov- 
ernment __. 271 

CHRONOLOGICAL History of important events, embracing a period 
of two hundred and fifty years, from the first settlement of the 
country to the present time, arranged in chronological order 228 

COMPROMISE ACT OF 1820, on the Admission of Missouri 70 

CONFEDERATE STATES GOVERNMENT— 

First Regular Congress ♦. 195 

Order of Secession of Confederate States 196 

Governors of States 196 

CONFEDERATION, The original articles of 9 

CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL 71 

(iii) 



IV C02TTENTS. 

PACT. 

CONFISCATION BILL, Amendments to 74 

CONGRESS, Apportionment of Representation, Pay of Members, etc., 116 

CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 24 

CONTENTS 6 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 17 

ELECTORAL TOTES for President and Yice-President of the United 
States, from the First Term, commencing 1789, to the Nineteenth 

Term, ending 1S60 79-98 

ELECTION FOR PRESIDENT, Devolves on the House of Represen- 
tatives 73-79 

EXCISE TAX BILL 197 

EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT of the United States 149 

FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW OF 1S50 56 

GOVERNORS OF STATES 150 

GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES, Fac-simile, History, and 

Description of 99 

HOMESTEAD LAW 70 

INTERESTING INCIDENTS OF EACH ADMINISTRATION— 

Alabama constituted and admitted a State 86 

Algerine Piracies punished by the United States, Treaties, etc 85 

Arkansas set off from Missouri Territory 86 

Bankruptcy, Bill for establishing a Uniform System of 93 

Barbary Powers, Treaties with the 85 

Bright, Jesse D., succeeds Vice-President King 96 

Calhoun, John C-, Difficulties with President Jackson 89 

Commander-in-Chief, Washington appointed, after retiring from 

the Presidency 80 

Congress — First under the Constitution 79 

" Extra Session called by President Van Buren 91 

" Extra Session called by President Harrison 92 

" Message to, announcing the death of President Taylor, 95 

Death of Vice-President King 96 

• Difficulties with the French Directory 80 

Embargo, in retaliation for French and English Aggressions 83 

Fillmore succeeds President Taylor v 95 

Financial Embarrassments throughout the Country 91 

Florida, East and West, ceded to the United States 86 

Ghent, Treaty of Peace with England signed at 85 

Hale, John P., of New Hampshire, nominated for the Presidency, 96 

Harrison, President, Sudden Death of / 92 

Inaugural Address of Mr» Jefferson k 82 

Independent Treasury Bill 91 

Indian War of 1311— Defeat of Tecumseh and the Prophet at Tip- 
pecanoe 84 

Jackson, President, Northern Tour of 90 



CONTENTS. V 

PAGE. 

INTERESTING INCIDENTS OF EACH ADMINISTRATION— 

King, Vice-President— Oath of Office administered in Cuba ...... 96 

Lafayette— Visits the United States as the " Nation's Guest" ... 87 

Louisiana Purchased of France 83 

Maine erected into an Independent State 86 

Mangum, Willie P., succeeds Vice-President Tyler 95 

Milan Decree issued by Napoleon Bonaparte 83 

North-eastern Boundary of the United States— Treaty adjusting the 93 

Oath of Office taken by President Tyler 93 

Orders in Council by the British Government 83 

Public Lands— Bill for Distributing the Proceeds of the 93 

Removal of the Public Moneys from the United States Bank 90 

Results of the War with Mexico 94 

Seat of Government removed to Washington 81 

Seminole and Creek Indians — Chastised for Depredations 86 

Sudden Death of President Taylor 95 

Texas, Treaty with, rejected by the Senate 93 

Texas admitted into the Union 94 

Treasury Notes — The issue of Ten Mill-ions of Dollars authorized. 91 

Troubles with France and the Indians 81 

Tyler, John, succeeds President Harrisoji 93 

Unjust Resolution relative to President Jackson Expunged 90 

Veto of the Bill to incorporate the Fiscal Bank of the United 

States 93 

" " " " Corporation . "... 93 

War declared against England 84 

War with Algiers — Expedition under Commodore Decatur 85 

War with Mexico 94 

War with the South— See Chronology 238 

KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT OF 1854 61 

LICENSES AND STAMP DUTIES 199 

MILITARY AND TECHNICAL TERMS, Explanation of 183 

MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS RELATIVE TO POSTAGE 78 

MOTTOES OF THE UNITED STATES, and of Individual States. ... 115 
NAVY DEPARTMENT— 

Executive Officers of the Department 172 

Present Naval Force 172 

Pay of the Navy ot the United States 174 

ORDINANCE OF 1784 21 

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 75 

" " " at Decennial Periods. .. . 55 

PUBLIC DEBT 76 

PRODUCTS OF CAPITAL AND LABOR IN THE U. S 77 

RATES OF POSTAGE 78 

REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY of the U. S. during 50 years. 77 



n contents. 

PAGE. 

SEALS OF THE SEVERAL STATES. Fac-similes and Descriptions 

of the 103 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT— 

Assessors and Collectors of Internal Revenue 173 

WAR DEPARTMENT— 

Articles of War 151 

Officers of the War Department 167 

Table of Par, Subsistence, etc., allowed by law to the Officers of 

the Army 163 

Monthly Pay of Non-commissioned Officers, Privates, etc 170 

Armories and Arsenals , 171 

ILLUSTRATIONS. 
EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE NEW CAPITOL, W. C, 

POETRAIIS OF THE EX-PEESIDENTS. 

WASHINGTON, J. Q. ADAMS, POLK, 

JOHN ADAMS, JACKSON, TAYLOR, 

JEFFERSON, VAN BUREN, FILLMORE, 

MADISON, ' HARRISON, PIERCE. 

MONROE, TYLER. BUCHANAN, 

LINCOLN. 



SIALS OF THE rNTTED STATES AND THE SITCEAI STATES. 



ALABAMA, 

ARKANSAS, 

CALIFORNIA. 

CONNECTICUT, 

DELAWARE, 

FLORIDA, 

GEORGIA. 

ILLINOIS, 

INDIANA, 

IOWA, 

KANSAS, 

KENTUCKY 



LOUISIANA, 

MAINE, 

MARYLAND, 

MASSACHUSETTS, 

MICHIGAN. 

MINNESOTA. 

MISSISSIPPI, 

MISSOURI. 

NEBRASKA. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE, 

NEW JERSEY, 

NEW YORK, 



NORTH CAROLINA, 

OHIO, 

OREGON, 

PENNSYLVANIA, 

RHODE ISLAND. 

SOUTH CAROLINA, 

TENNESSEE, 

TEXAS, 

UTAH, 

VERMONT, 

VIRGINIA. 

WISCONSIN, 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



[The following articles were drawn up by a committee of gontlemen, 
who were appointed by Congress for this purpose, June 12, 1776, and 
finally adopted, Nov. 15. 1777 : the committee were Messrs. Bartlett, 
Samuel Adams, Hopkins, Sherman, R. R. Livingston, Dickinson, 
M'Kean, St^ne, Nelson, Howes, B. Rutledge, and Gwinnet] 

In Congress, July 8, 1778. 

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION 

Between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode 
Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jer- 
sey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, Norlh Carolina, 
South Carolina, nad Georgia. 

Art. 1. The style of this confederacy shall be, " TJie United States 
of America. 1 ' 

Art. 2. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independ- 
ence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this 
confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

Art. 3. The said states hereby severally enter into a firm league of 
friendsdip with each other, for their common defence, the security of 
their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding them- 
selves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks made 
upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, 
or any other pretence whatever. 

Art. 4. \ 1. The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship 
and intercourse amougthe people of the different states in this union, 
the free inhabitants of e? ; h of these states, paupers — vagabonds, and 
fugitives from justice excepted — shall be entitled to all privileges and 
immunities of free citizens in the several states ; and the people of 
each state shall have free ingress and egress to and from any other 
Btate, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce, 
subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions, as the inhabit- 
ants thereof respectively ; provided, that such restrictions shall not 
extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any 
state, to any other state, of which the owner is an inhabitant ; pro- 
vided also, that no imposition, duties, or res/riction, shall be laid by 
aDy state on the property of the United States, or either of them. 

\ 2. If any person, guilty of, or charged with treason, felony, or 
other high misdemeanor, in any state, shall flee from justice, and be 
found in any of the United States, he shall, upon the demand of the 
governor or executive power of the state from which he fled, be de- 
livered up and removed to the state having jurisdiction of his offence. 

\ 3. Full faith and credit shall be given, in each of these states, to 



10 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magi* 
trates of every other state. 

Art. 5. 1 1. For the more convenient management of the general 
interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed 
in such manner as the legislature of each state shall direct, to meet in 
Congress on the first Monday in November in every year, with a power 
reserved to each state to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any 
time within the year, and to send others in their stead, for the remainder 
of the year. • 

\ 2. No state shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor 
more than seven members ; and no person shall be capable of being 
a delegate for more than three years, in any term of six years ; nor 
shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office 
under the United States, for which he, or any other for his benefit, 
receives any salary, fees, or emolument, of any kind. 

I 3. Each state shall maintain its own delegates in a meeting of the 
states, and while they act as members of the committee of these states. 
I 4. In determining questions in the United States in Congress 
assembled, ea«h state shall have one vote. 

§ 5. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be im- 
peached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress, and the 
members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests 
and imprisonments during the time of their going to and from, and 
attendance on Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the 
peace. 

Art. 6. 1 1. No state, without the consent of the United States in 
Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy 
from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with 
any king, prince, or state, nor shall any person holding any office of 
profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any 
present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
king, prince, or foreign state ; nor shall the United States in Congress 
assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility. 

\ 2. No two or more staffs shall enter into any treaty, confedera- 
tion, or alliance whatever, between them, without the consent of the 
United States in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the pur- 
poses for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall 
continue. 

g 3. No state shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere 
with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States, in 
Congress assembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of 
any treaties already proposed by Congress to the courts of France and 
Spain. 

I 4. No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any 
state, except such uumber only as shall be deemed necessary by the 
United States in Congress assembled, for the defence of such state, or 
its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in 
time of peace, except sue 1 ! number only as, in the judgment of the 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 1J 

United States in Congress assembled, shall bo deemed requisite to 
garrison the forts necessary for the defence of such state ; but every 
state shall always keep up a well regulated and disciplined militia, 
sufficiently armed and accoutred, and shall provide and constantly have 
ready far use, in public stores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, 
and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage. 

§ 5. No state shall engage in any war without the consent of the 
United State in Congress assembled, unless such state be actually in- 
vaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution 
being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such state, and the 
danger is so imminent as not to admit of delay till the United States 
in Congress assembled can be consulted ; nor shall any state grant 
commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or 
reprisal, except it be after a declaration i>f war by the United States 
in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, 
and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and 
under such regulations as shall be established by the United States 
in Congress assembled, unless such state be infested by pirates, in which 
case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so 
long as the darker shall continue, or until tlie United States in Con- 
gress assembled shall determine otherwise. 

Art. 7. When land forces are raised by any state for the common 
defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed 
by the legislature of each state respectively by whom such forces shall 
be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacan- 
cies shall be filled up by the state which first made the appointment. 

Art. 8. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be in- 
curred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the 
United States in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a com- 
mon treasury, which shall be supplied by the several states, in pro- 
portion to the value of all land within each state, granted to or 
surveyed for any person, as such land and the buildings and improve- 
ments thereon shall be estimated, according to such mode as the Uni- 
ted States in Congress assembled shall, from time to time, direct and 
appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and 
levied by the authority and direction of the legislatures of the several 
states within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

Art. 9. § 1. The United States in Congress assembled shall have 
the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and 
war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth article, of sending and 
receiving ambassadors ; entering into treaties and alliances, provided 
that no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative 
power of the respective states shall be restrained from imposing such 
imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, 
or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of 
goods or commodities whatsoever ; of establishing rules for deciding iL 
art cases what captures on land or water shall be legal, and in what 



12 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 

manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the 
United States shall be divided or appropriated ; of granting letters of 
marque and reprisal in times of peace ; appointing courts for the trial 
of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas ; and establishing 
courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in ail cases of cap- 
ture ; provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge 
of any of the said courts. 

I 2. The United States in Congress assembled shall also be the last 
resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that 
hereafter may arise between two or more states concerning boundary, 
jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever ; which authority shall al- 
ways be exercised in the manner following : Whenever the legislative 
or executive authority or lawful agent of any state in controversy with 
another, shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in 
question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by 
order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other 
state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the 
parties by tbclr lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, 
by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for 
hearing ~»nd determining the matter in question ; but if they cannot 
agree, C<m°^ess shall name three persons out of each of the United 
States-, £iid from the list of such persons each party shall alternately 
strike ox t one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be 
reduced to thirteen ; and from that number not less than seven, nor 
more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence 
of Con *ress, be drawn out by lot ; and the persons whose names shall 
be so d:awn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, 
to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major 
part of the judges, who shall hear the cause, shall agree in the deter- 
mination : and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day ap- 
pointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, 
or being present, shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to 
nominate three persons out of each state, and the secretary of Congress 
shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing ; and the judg- 
ment and sentence of the court, to be appointed in the manner before 
prescribed, shall be final and conclusive ; and if any of the parties shall 
refuse to submit to the authority of such court, or to appear or defend 
their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce 
sentence, or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive ; 
the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case 
transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress, for 
the security of the parties concerned : provided, that every commis- 
sioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be adminis- 
tered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the state 
where the cause shall be tried. u well and truly to hear and determine 
the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without 
favor, affection, or hope of reward." Provided, also, that no state 
shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States. 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 13 

$ 3. All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed 
Qmler different grants of two or more states, whose jurisdiction, as 
they may respect such lands, and the states which passed such grants 
a iv adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time 
claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdic- 
tion, shall, ou the petition of either party to the Congress of the United 
States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same mauner 
as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial 
jurisdiction between different states. 

I -A. The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the 
sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value 
of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective 
states ; fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the 
United States ; regulating the trade, and managing all affairs with the 
Indians, not membert of any of the states ; provided that the legisla- 
tive right of any state, within its own limits, be not infringed or vio- 
lated ; establishing and regulating post offices from one state to an- 
other throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on 
the papers passing through the same, as may be requisite to defray the 
expenses of the said office ; appointing all officers of the land forces in 
the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers ; ap- 
pointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all 
officers whatever in the service of the United States ; making rules for 
the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and 
directing their operations. 

§ 5. The United States in Congress assembled shall have authority 
to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of Cougress, to be de- 
nominated, u A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate 
from each state ; and to appoint such other committees and civil offi- 
cers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United 
States under their direction ; to appoint one of their number to pre- 
side ; provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of 
president more than one year in any term of three years ; to ascertain 
the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United 
States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public 
expenses ; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United 
States, transmitting every half-year to the respective states an account 
of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted ; to build and equip a 
navy : to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisi- 
tions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of 
white inhabitants in such state, which requisition shall be binding ; 
and thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental 
officers, raise the men, clothe, arm, and equip them, in a soldier-like 
manner, at the expense of the United States ; and the officers and 
men so clothed, armed, and equipped, shall march to the place ap- 
pointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States in Con- 
gress assembled ; but if the United States in Congress assembled shall, 
on consideration of circums 4 .ances, judge proper that any state should 



14 ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION". 

not raise men. or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and 
that any other state should raise a greater number of men than the 
quota tbereof. such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, 
armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such e 
unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number 
cannot be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, 
officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number as they 
judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, 
and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time 
agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled. 

I 6. The United States in Co: _ mbled shall never engage in 

a war. nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor 
enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the 
value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the 
defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, 
nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate 
money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or 
purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor ap- 
point a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine s 
assent to the same : nor shall a question on any other point, except 
for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of 
a majority of the United States in Congress assembled. 

I 7. The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn 
to any time wiihin the year, and to any place within the United 
States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than 
the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their pro- 
ceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alli- 
ances, or military operations, as in their judgment require secrecy; 
and the. yeas and nays of the delegates of each state, on any question, 
shall be entered on the journal, when it is desired by any delegate ; 
and the delegates of a state, or any of them, at his or their request, 
shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal, except such 
parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the 
several states. 

Art. 10. The committee of the states, or any nine of them, shall be 
authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers 
of Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the con- 
sent of nine states, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest 
them with ; provided that no power be delegated to the said commit- 
tee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the 
voice of nn in the Congress of the United States assembled, 

.is requisite. 

Art. 11. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in 
the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into and entitled 
to all the advantages of this Union : But no other colony shall be ad- 
mitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine states. 
Art. 12. All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts 
contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 15 

of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall 
be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for 
payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the 
public faith are hereby solemnly pledged. 

Art. 13. Every state shall abide by the determination of the United 
States iu Congress assembled, in all questions which by this confed- 
eration are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation 
shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be per- 
petual ; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any 
of them ; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the 
United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislature of 
every state. 

And whereas it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to 
incline the hearts of the legislatures we respectively represent in Con- 
gress to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify the said Articles of 
Confederation and Perpetual Union, Know ye, that we, the undersigned 
delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that 
purpose, do by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our re- 
spective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and 
every of the sa-id Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, and all 
and singular the matters and things therein contained. And we do 
further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective con- 
stituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United 
States in Congress assembled, in all questions which by the said con- 
federation are submitted to them ; and that the articles thereof shall 
be inviolably observed by the states we respectively represent, and 
that the union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have here- 
unto set our hands in Congress. 

Done at Philadelphia, in the state of Pennsylvania, the 9th day of 
July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year of the 
Independence of America. 

New Hampshire. Henry Marchant, 

John Collins. 
Josiah Bartlett, 

John Wentworth, jun. Connecticut. 

Massachusetts Bay. Koger Sherman, 

Samuel Huntington, 
John Hancock, Oliver Wolcott, 

Samuel Adams, Titus Hosmer, 

Elbridge Gerry, Andrew Adams. 

Francis Dana, 

James Lovel, New York. 

Samuel Holten. 

James Duank, 
Rhode Island, Sfc. Fra. Lewis, 

William Duer, 
william ellery, gouv. morris. 



16 



ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. 



New Jersey. 

Jno. Witherspoon, 
Nath. Scuddek. 



Pennsylvania. 

Robert Morris, 
Dakiel Roberdeau, 
Jona Bayard Smith, 
William Clingan, 
Joseph Reed. 



Delaware. 

Thomas M'Kean, 
John Dickinson, 
Xicholas Yan Dyke. 



Maryland . 

Johx Hanson, 
Daniel Carroll 



Virginia, 

Richard Henry Lee, 
John Banister, 
Thomas Adams, 
Jno. Haryie, 
Francis Lightfo«t Lee, 

North Carolina 

John Penn, 
Cons. Harnett, 
Jno. Williams. 

Sauth Carolina. 

Henry Laurens, 
Wm. Henry Drayton, 
Jno. Matthews, 
Rtchard Hutson, 
Thos. Heyward, jun. 

Georgia. 

Jno. Walton, 
Edward Telfaie, 

3d WARD LaNOWOWH?. 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 

IN CONGRESS— THUESDAY, JULY 4, 1776. 

*»»*kf.ably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself 
i**o a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration 
to* declaration ; and after some time the President resumed the chair, 
a.rti Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a dec- 
laiation, which they desired him to report. (The committee consisted 
of Jefferson, Franklin, John Adams, Sherman, and R. R. Livingston.) 

The Declaration being read, was agreed to, as follows : 

A DECL AR, ATI ON 

BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
LN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED 

when, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God 
entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unaliena- 
ble rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap- 
piness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among 
men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed ; 
that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these 
ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to insti- 
tute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and 
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely 
to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate 
that governments long established, should not be changed for light and 
transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that 
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than 
to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accus- 
tomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing 
invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under ab- 
solute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such 
government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now 
the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of 
government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is t\ 
history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct 
object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To 
wove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world: 



18 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDNCEL 

He has refused lis assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good. 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and 
pressing' importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent 
should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected 
to attend to them. 

He has refused to pass other laws for the at commodation of large 
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right ci 
representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and 
formidable to tyrants only. 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom- 
fortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for 
the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to causfl 
others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exerqjse ; 
the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of 
invasion from without, and convulsions within. 

He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for 
that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; 
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising 
the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of 
their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms 
of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without 
the consent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. 

He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign 
to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving hia 
assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 

Fc r quartering large bodies of armed troops among us ; 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states ; 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our consent; 

For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences; 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging 
its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument 
for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies ; 



DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 10 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, 
and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments ; 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection, and waging war against us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already 
begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in 
the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized 
nation. • 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of 
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav- 
ored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian 
savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruc- 
tion, of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, 
in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered 
only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked 
by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a 
free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
"We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their 
legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have 
reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement 
here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow 
these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice 
and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, 
which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of 
mankind, enemies in war — in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, appealing to 
the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of our intentions, 
do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent States ; that 
they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is, 
and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as FREE AND INDE- 
PENDENT STATES, they have full power to levy war, conclude 
peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts 
And things which INDEPENDENT STATES may of right do, 



20 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDNCE. 

And, for *he support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the 
protection of DIVINE PROVIDENCE, we mutually pledge te 
each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and 
signed by the following members : 

JOHN HANCOCK. 



New Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
•Villiam Ellery. 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

New York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

New Jersey. . 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Franklin 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 



Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine 
Elbridge Gerry. 

Delaware. 
Cjssar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Carrelltott. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jun. 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton, 

North Carolina. 
William Pooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn, 

South Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Juir 
Thomas Lynch, Jun. 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Waltoh 



THE JEFFERSONIA^ ORDINANCE OF 1784, 

On the 1st of March, 1784, less than one hundred days after the 
evacuation of our soil by the British army, Thomas Jefferson, from a 
Committee, consisting of himself, Mr. Chase, ofMd., and Mr. Howell, 
of R. I., (a majority being from Southern States,) reported to the Conti- 
nental Congress the following Ordinance for the government of all the 
National Territory outside the limits of the States. As many have 
understood this only to apply to the North- Western Territory, we 
insert it in full : 

" Resolved, That the territory ceded, or to be ceded by individual 
States to the United States, whensoever the same shall have been pur 
chased of the Indian mnabitants and offered for sale by the United 
States, shall be formed into additional States, bounded in the following 
manner, as nearly as such cessions will admit ; that is to say, north- 
wardly and southwardly by parallels of latitude, so that each State 
shall comprehend from south to north, two degrees of latitude, begin- 
ning to count from the completion of thirty-one degrees north of the 
equator ; [the then Southern boundary of the U. S.j but any territory 
northwardly of the forty-seventh degree shall make part of the State 
next below. And eastwardly and westwardly they shall be bounded, 
those on the Mississippi, by that ri^er on one side, and the meridian 
of the lowest point of the rapids ot the Ohio on the other : and those 
adjoining on the east, by the same meridian on the western side, and 
on the eastern by the meridian of the western cape of the mouth of the 
Great Kanawha. And the territory eastward of this last meridian, 
between the Ohio, Lake Erie, and Pennsylvania, shall be one State. 

" That the settlers within the territory so to be purchased and offered 
for sale shall, either on their own petition or on the order of Congress, 
receive authority from them, with appointments of time and place, for 
their free males of full age to meet together for the purpose of establishing 
a temporary government, to adopt the constitution and laws of any one 
of these States, so that such laws nevertheless shall be subject to altera- 
tion by their ordinary Legislature, and to erect, subject to a like altera- 
tion, counties or townships for the election of members for their Legis 
lature. 

" That such temporary government shall only continue in force in 
any State until it shall have acquired twenty thousand free inhabitants, 
when, giving due proof thereof to Congress, they shall receive from 
them authority, with appointments of time and place, to call a conven- 
tion of representatives to establish a permanent constitution and gov- 
ernment for themselves : provided, That both the temporary and per- 
manent governments be established on these principles as their basis : 

" 1. That they shall forever remain a part of the United States of 
America. 

,; 2. That in their persons, property, and territory, they shall be sub* 



28 JEFFERSONIAN ORDINANCE. 

ject to the Govei nment of the United States in Congress assembled, 
and to the Articles of Confederation in all those cases in which the 
original States shall be so subject. 

" 3. That they shall be subject to pay a part of the Federal debts, 
contracted or to be contracted, to be apportioned on them by Congress, 
according to the same common rule and measure by which apportion- 
ments thereof shall be made on the other States. 

" 4. That their respective governments shall be in republican forms 
and shall admit no person to be a citizen who holds any hereditary title 

" 5. That after the year 1800 of the Christian era, there shall be neither 
slavery nor involuntary servitude in any of the said States, otherwisa 
than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been 
duly convicted to have been personally guilty. 

" That whenever any of the said States shall have, of free inhabi- 
tants, as many as shall then be in any one of the least numerous of tha 
thirteen original States, such State shall be admitted by its Delegates, 
into the Congress of the United States, on an equal footing with th© 
said original States ; after which the assent of two-thirds of the United 
States, in Congress assembled, 'Shall be requisite in all those cases 
wherein, by the Confederation, the assent of nine States is now re- 
quired, provided the consent of nine States to such admission may bs 
obtained according to the eleventh of the Articles of Confederation. 
Until such admission by their Delegates into Congress, any of the said 
States, after the establishment of their temporary government, shall 
have authority to keep a sitting member in Congress, with a right of 
debating, but not of voting. 

" That the territory northward of the forty- fifth degree, that is to 
say, of the completion of forty-five degrees from the equator, and ex- 
tending to the Lake of the Woods, shall be called Sylvania ; that of 
the territory under the forty-fifth and forty-fourth degree, that which 
lies westward of Lake Michigan, shall be called Michigania ; and that 
which is eastward thereof, within the peninsula formed by the lakes 
and waters of Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, and Erie, shall be called 
Chersonesus, and shall include any part of the peninsula which may 
extend above the forty-fifth degree. Of the territory under the forty- 
third and forty-second degrees, that to the westward, through which 
the Assenisipi or Rock River runs, shall be called Assenesipia ; and 
that to the eastward, in which are the fountains of the Muskingum, the 
two Miamies of the Ohio, the Wabash, the Illinois, the Miami of the 
Lake, and the Sandusky river, shall be called Mesopotamia. Of the 
territory which lies under the forty-first and fortieth degrees, the west- 
ern, through which the river Illinois runs, shall be called Illinoia ; that 
next adjoining to the eastward, Saratoga ; and that between this last 
and Pennsylvania, and extending from the Ohio to Lake Erie, shall 
be called Washington. Of the territory which lies under the thirty- 
ninth and thirty -eight degree, to which shall be added so much of the 
point of land within the fork of the Ohio and Mississippi as lies un- 
der the thirty-seventh degree ; that to the westward- within and ad- 






JEFFERSONIAN ORDINANCE. 23 

jacent to which are the confluences of the rivers Wabash, Shawaoee, 
Tanisee, Ohio, Illinois. Mississippi, and Missouri, shall be called Poly- 
potania ; and that to the eastward, further up the Ohio, otherwise 
called the Pelisipi, shall be called Pelisipia. 

u That ai! the preceding articles shall be formed into a charter of com- 
pact, shall be duly executed by the President of the United States, in 
-sembled. under his hand and the seal of the United States, 
*liall be promulgated, and sludl stand as fundamental conditions between 
the thirteen original States and those newly described, unalterable but 
by the joint consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, and 
of the particular State within which such alteration is proposed to be 
made." 

On a test vote on adopting the anti-slavery provision above, sixteen 
voted aye, and seveu no ; but the requisite majority of States failing 
to vote in the affirmative, it was lost. And three years later, the 
Ordinance of 1787, for the Northwestern Territory alone, was 
adopted. 

Forty-two years afterwards, Mr. Jefferson, only six weeks before he 
died, wrote as follows, in reply to a letter asking his views in regard 
to the ultimate eradication of slavery from the country. 

Monticello, May 26th, 1826. 

Dear Sjr : The subject of your letter of April 20th, is one on 
which 1 do not permit myself to express an opinion, but when time, 
place, and occasion, may give it some favorable effect. A good cause 
is often injured more b^ ill-timed efforts of its friends than by the 
arguments of its enemies. Persuasion, perseverance, and patience are 
the best advocates on questions depending on the will of others. The 
revolution in public opinion which this case requires is not to be expected 
in a day, or perhaps in an age ; but time which outlives all things, will 
outlive this ev I also. My sentiments have been forty years before 
the public, and had I repeated them forty times, they would only be- 
come the more stale and threadbare. Although I shall not live to see 
them consummated, they will not die with me ; bat, living or dyrng t 
they Will ever be in my most fervent prayers. This is written for your- 
self, and not for the public, in compliance of your request of two' lines 
of sentiment on the subject. Accept the assurance of my good will 
and respect. 

THOS. JEFFERSON. 

Mr. Jas. Heaton, Middleto^vn, Butler county, Ohio. 



2* THE CONSTITUTION. 

CONSTTTTJTIOlSr 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
Union, establish justice,- insure domestic tranquillity, provide for 
the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the 
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and 
establish this Constitution for the United States of America. 

article-i. 

Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested 
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Representatives. 

Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of mem- 
bers chosen every second year by the people of the several States, 
and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite 
for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained 
to the age of twenty-five years, and been sevf n years a citizen of the 
United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State in which he shall be chosen. 

Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
several States which may be included within this Union, according 
to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to 
the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service 
for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of 
all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, 
and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as 
they shall by law direct. .The number of Representatives shall not 
exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at 
least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Mas- • 
Bachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Con- 
necticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, 
Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South 
Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such 
vacancies. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 25 

The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and othet 
officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Sec. i>. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six 
years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. 
The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the 
expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration 
of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the 
sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and 
if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess 
of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make tem- 
porary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which 
shall then fill such vacancies. 

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the 
age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 
for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the 
Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 

The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President 
pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall 
exercise the office of President of the United States. 

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice 
shall preside : And no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than 
to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
office of honor, trust or profit under the United States ; but the 
party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. 

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Sena- 
tors and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the 
Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make 
or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such 
meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall 
by law appoint a different day. 

Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, 
and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall 
constitute a quorum to do busir ess ; but a smaller number may ad- 
journ from day to day. and may be authorized to compel the attend- 
ance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as 
each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its 
2 



20 THE CONSTITUTION. 

members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of tM 
^thH^eXtkeep a Journal of its Proeeedings, and from time 

isr.^^v^ ^ - °" e - fifth of 

^JSr^T£i"fc ffl- Congress, shall, without the 

^TawSas^asa are 

l^MA* pa-d the House of Eepresentatires 
™d the Senate shall, before it 'becomes a law, be presented to the 

ffi"* £ Congress by their adjournment prevent tts 
return, in which case it shall not be a law COMurrence of the 

question of adjournment) shall be piestu a* iu 



THE CONSTITUTION. 27 

thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the 
rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Sec. 8. The Congress shall have Power — 

To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the 
debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the 
United States ; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 

To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform lawa 
on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

To coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign coin, and 
fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
curreut coin of the United States ; 

To establish post offices and post roads ; 

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing 
for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries ; 

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to 
that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

To provide and maintain a navy ; 

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
naval forces ^ 

To provide for calling forth the aailitia to execute the laws of the 
Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and 
for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service 
of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appoint- 
ment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia accord 
ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of parti- 
cular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the 
Government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over 
all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in 
which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, ar- 
senals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; — And 

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
into execution the foregoing powers, and all other Powers vested by 
this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in anjf 
department or officer thereof. 



28 THE wONSTITUTIOS" 

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred 
and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, 
not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 

The privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, 
unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may 
require it. 

No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

No capitation, or other direct, tax shall be laid, unless in propor- 
tion to the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce 01 
revenue to the ports of ooe State over those of another ; nor shall 
vessels bound to or from one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account 
of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published 
from time to time. 

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : And 
no person holding any office of profit or trust under them shall, without 
the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, 
or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State. 

Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit 
bills of credit ; make any thing but gold and .silver coin a tender in 
payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law. or law 
impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay^iuy imposts 
or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely ne- 
cessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all 
duties and imposts, kid by any State on imports or exports, shall be 
for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws 
shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of 
tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any 
agreement or compact with another State.' or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war. unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as 
will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section 1. The Executive Power shall be vested in a President of 
the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the 
term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosei foi 
the same term, be elected, as follows : 

Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof 
may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Sena- 
tors and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the 



THE CONSTITUTION. 29 

Congress : but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an 
office of trust Dr profit under the United States, shall be appointed 
an Elector. 

[The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Bal- 
lot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of 
the same State with themselves. And they shall make a list of all 
the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes 
shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
ber of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have 
inch majority, aud have an equal number of votes, then the House of 
Representatives shall immediately choose by Ballot one of them for 
President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five high- 
est on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the 
Representation from each State having one vote ; A Quorum for this 
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice 
In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the 
greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Yice-President. 
But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Sea- 
ute shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice-President.*] 

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and 
the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the 
same throughout the United States. 

No person except a natural-born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United 
States, at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible 
to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that 
office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and 
been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the 
said office, the same shall devolve on the Yice-President, and the 
Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resigna- 
tion, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring 
what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act ac- 
cordingly, until the disability be removed, Or a President shall be 
elected. 

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a com- 
pensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during tha 
period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive 
within that period any other emolument from the United States, 01 
any of them. 

• This clarse has been superseded and annulled bj the 12th Amendment. 



30 THE CONSTITUTION". 

Before he enter on the execution of his office, ke shall take the fol- 
lowing oath or affirmation : 

''•I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President 
of the United States, and will, to the hest of my ability, preserve, protect, and defeusj 
the Constitution of the United States." 

Sec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army 
and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, 
•when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may 
require the opinion, m writing, of the principal officer in each of tho 
Executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their 
respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and 
pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of 
Impeachment. 

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present 
concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
sent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the 
United Statqp, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by 
law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think propet 
in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of 
Departments. 

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may 
happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- 
tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration 
such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on 
extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them ; and 
in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; 
he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; he shall 
take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all 
the officers of the United States. 

Sec 4. The President, Vice-President, and all Civil Officers of the 
United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and 
conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Mis- 
demeanors. 

" ARTICLE III. 

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
one Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may 
from time to tiiffe ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the 
Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good be- 
havior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensa- 
tion, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. 

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in Law ani 



THE CONSTITUTION. 81 

Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, 
and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; — 
to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Con- 
suls : — to all cases cf admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; — to con- 
troversies to which the United States shall be a party ; — to contro- 
versies between two or more States ; — between a State and citizens of 
another State ; — between citizens of'different States ;— between citizens 
of the same State claiming 1 lands under grants of different States, and 
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or 
subjects. 

In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Con 
uid those in which a State shall be party, the Supreme Court 
shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mention- 
ed, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations aa 
the Congress shall make. 

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of Impeachment, shall be by 
iury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes 
shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any State, 
the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law 
have directed. 

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on 
the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession 
in open Court. * 

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, 
but, no Attainder of Treason shall work corruption of blood, or for- 
feiture, except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Section* 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which 
such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect 
thereof. 

Skc. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, 
who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on 
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be 
delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the 
crime. 

No person held to service or labor in one State, under the lawa 
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or reg- 
ulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor ma^ 
be due. 



S2 the w>Nsnnjii 

Si:. - " rs may be admitted by the Congress into thh 

Union ; bat no new State shall be formed within the juris- 

diction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the junction 
of two or more Statts. or parts : States without the soneeut of the 
Legislatures of the States loncemed, as well as o: t". -...tress. 

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all ne 
rales and regulations respecting the territory or other property be- 
longing to the Uni id nothing in :L : ; . 
r- ;.; instr-;! is :: ire : t:.::;e any :laiins ::" the Unified States, m ■: 
azy izrTitT.lar .Stat.f. 

Sbg i The United States shall guarantee to every State m 
Union a republican form of GoTermnent, and shall protect each of 
them against invasion'; and on application of the 1 - re, or of the 

Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domes- 
ti: -i:lc7_:e, 

AETICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose Amendments to th ition. or, on the 

application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, 
shall call a Convention for proposing Amende^ i _; - hich in 

casr. =Ii:.lI l:e ~:.V.i :: :-ll iitritE ::; tiritses. as ~ :a: : :: this 'resti- 
tution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-four: hs nt the s 
States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the 
other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress — 
Provided, that no Amendment which may be made prior to the year 
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
zrst ill :':irti '.".:. -=.-5 ii the Xiitit S-ititn )f the first Article ; and 
that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suf- 
:V:_: iz :_r Snitr, 

,.-::::: v 1 . 

AH debts contracted and engagemei a the adop- 

tion of this Constitution, shall be :. ; vaE ags in -t the United States, 
nit: tl_is C :i5ititi.i. :.- i-i the '1 :„:'-. 1 rtatiti. 

This Constitution and the laws Ihe United States which shall be 
made in pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be 
Bade, under the authority of the Unit States, shall be the supreme 
law of the land ; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, 
ai~ thi_ r lithe . :_-::::i ._ :r laws )f any State to the sontrary 
::~;::r:::'::. 

The Senators and P. before mentioned, and the mem- 

"te:s ::'::: = t" :-::.! tft .te Legislatures, and ail executive and judicial 
officers, both of - the several - - :-Ii be 

bound by oath or affirmation to sup] itution ; but no 

religious test shall ever be re n to any office 

:: ; -: .: : tittrt 11:*: :;: Uait.-i States. 



tICLE VII. 

The ratification of the 1 shall hesumefeo* 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



33 



for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratify- 
ing the same. 

Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, 
the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one 
thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independ- 
ence of the United States of America the twelfth. In Witness 
whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

GEO. WASHINGTON, 
Presidtand Deputy frorn Virginia 

New Hampshire. 

Nicholas Gilman 
Massachusetts. 

Rufus King. 
Connecticut. 

Roger Sherman. 
New York. 



John Langdon, 



Nathaniel Gorham, 



Wm. Saml. Johnson, 



Alexander Hamilton. 

Wil : Livingston. 
Wm. Paterson, 

B. Franklin, 
Robt. Morris, 
Tho : Fitzsimons, 
James Wilson, 

Geo : Read, 
John Dickinson, 
Jaco : Broom. 

James M Henry, 
Danl. Carroll. 

John Blair, 

Wm. Blount, 
Hu. Williamson. 

J. Rutledoe, 
Charles Pincknet, 

William Few, 
Attest: 



New Jersey. 

David Brearley, 

Jona. Dayton. 
Pennsylvania. 

Thomas Mifflin, 

Geo : Clymer, 

Jared Ingersoll, 

Gouv : Morris. 
Delaware. 

Gunning Bedford, Jun'b. 

Richard Bassett, 

Maryland. 

Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifeb. 

Virginia. 

James Madison, Jr. 
North Carolina. 

Rich : d Dobbs Spaight, 

South Carolina. 

Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. 
Pierce Butler. 
Georgia. 

Abr. Baldwin. 

WHJJAM JACKSON, Secretary 



34 XHE CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLES, 

IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF 'I HE UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE 
LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH ARTICLE 
OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 

(ARTICLE I.) 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assem 
bie, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 

(article II.) 
A well-regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free 
State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be 
infringed. 

(article III.) 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be 
prescribed by law. 

(article IV.) 
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated, and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, support- 
ed by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

(article v.) 
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infam- 
ous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, 
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, 
when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any 

{)erson be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of 
ife or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a wit- 
ness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without 
due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use 
without just compensation.. 

(article VI.) 
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
epeedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature 
ftnd cause of the> accusation ; to be confronted with the witr esses against 



THE CONSTITUTION. 35 

him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, 
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

(article vii.) 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no 
fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of 
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 

(article viii.) 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

(article ix.) 
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

(article x.) 
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, 
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respect* 
ively, or to the people. 

(article XI.) 
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens oi 
Bubjects of any foreign State. 

(article XII.) 
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by bal- 
lot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not 
be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name 
in their ballot the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots 
the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct 
lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for 
as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of 
the United States, directed to the President of the Senate : — The 
President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be 
counted ; — The person having the greatest number of votes for Pres- 
ident, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such ma- 
jority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceed- 
ing three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of 
Representatives shall choose immediately by ballot the President. 
But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the 
representation from each State having one ; a quorum for this purpose 
•hall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, 



S6 

and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice, And 
if the House of Representatives shali not choose a President whenever 
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of 
March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, 
as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the 
President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
President, shah* be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority 
of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have a 
majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate 
shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person eons 
tionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be eligible to that 
of Vice-President of the United States. 



The Constitution was adopted on the 17th September. 1787, 
Convention appointed in pursuance of the Resolution of the Congress 
of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1767, and ratified by the 
Conventions of the several States, as follows : 

By Convention of Delaware, 7th December, 1787. 

" " Pennsylvania, 12th December. 1787. 

" " New Jersey. 18th December, IT?". 

** " Georgia, 2d January. 178b. 

" » Connectic^ i'th January, 1788. 

" " Massachusetts, 6th February, 1788. 

** ■ Maryland. 28th AprO, 1788. 

" « South Carolina, 23d Hay, 17S8 

" " New Hampshire 21st June, 1788 

■ « Tirgiuia, 26th June, 1788. 

** ■ New Tort 26th July. 1 

«* " North Carolina. 21st November. 1789. 

« « Bhodelsland, 29th May, 1790 



ITie first ten of the Amendments ww proposed on the 25th Ser 
her. 1789, and ratified by the constirntfooal number of States on the 
L 5:i December, 1 791 ; the eleventh, on the b + n January, 1798 ; and th« 
twelfth, on the 25th September. 1 S 



FOKMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UXION. 31 



FORMATION OF THE ORIGINAL UNION. 

On Monday, the 5th September, 1774, there were assembled at 
Carpenter's Hall, in the city of Philadelphia, a number of men who 
had been chosen and appointed by the several colonies in North 
.America to hold a Congress for the purpose of discussing certain 
grievances imputed against the mother-country. This Congress 
resolved on the next day that each colony should have one vote only. 
On Tuesday, the 2d July, 177G, the Congress resolved, " That these 
United Colonics are, and of right ought to be, Free and Independent 
5," etc., etc. ; and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole Declara- 
tion of Independence having been agreed upon, it was publicly read to 
the people. Shortly after, on the 9th September, it was resolved that 
the words " United Colonies " should be no longer used, and that the 
' United States of America" should thenceforward be the style and 
title of the Union. On Saturday, the loth November, 1777, 
u Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union of the United States 
of America" were agreed to by the state delegates, subject to the 
ratification of the state legislatures severally. Eight of the states 
ratified these articles on the 9th July, 1778 ; one on the 21st July ; 
one on the 24th July ; one on the 26th November of the same year ; 
one on the 22d February, 1779 ; and the last one on the 1st March, 
1781. Here was a bond of union between thirteen independent states, 
whose delegates iu Congress legislated for the general welfare, and 
executed certain powers, so far as they were permitted by the articles 
aforesaid. The following are the names of the Presidents of the Con- 
tinental Congress from 1774 to 1788 : 

Peyton Randolph, Virginia 5th Sept., 1774 

Henry Middleton, South Carolina 22d Oct., 1714 

Peyton Randolph, Virginia 10th May, 1775 

John Hancock, Massachusetts 24th " 1776 

Henry Laurens, bo uth Carolina 1st Nov., 1777 

John Jay, New York 10th Dec, 1778 

Samuel Huntingdon, Connecticut 2CthSept., 1779 

Th.m»as McKean, Delaware 10th July, 1781 

John Hanson, Maryland '. 5th Nov., 1781 

Jfli'*s Boudinot, New Jersey 4th " 1782 

Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania 3d " 1783 

Richard Henry Lee, Virginia 30th " 1784 

Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts 6th Jan., 1786 

Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania 2d F«J>., 1787 

Cyrus Griffin, Virginia 22d Jan, 1788 

The seat of government was established as follows : at Philadelphia, 
!Pa., commencing September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775 ; at Balti- 
more, Md., December 20, 1776 ; at Philadelphia, Pa., March 4, 1777 ; 
at Lancaster, Pa., September 27, 1777 ; at York, Pa., September 30, 
1777 ; at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 177<3 ; at Princeton, N. J., Juno 
30, 1783 ; at Annapolis, Md., November 2G, 1783 ; at Trenton, N. J., 
November 1, 1784 ; and at New York City, N. Y., Jan. 11, 1785. 

On the 4th March, 1789, the present Constitution, which had been 
adopted by a convention and ratified by the requisite number of 
states, went into operation. 



38 



WASHINGTON'S ADDRESSES. 

There were not many occasions during his public career that 
Washington was called upon to exercise his abilities as a writer or an 
orator ; but when such occasions did occur, he always acquitted him 
self with a degree of perspicuity and modesty which may be said 
to have been characteristic of himself alone. The addresses which 
follow mark, as it were, four distinct epochs in the history of thia 
unexampled man : — the first, when he accepted the command of the 
armies by which our national independence was achieved ; the second, 
when he surrendered his commission, after having driven the foes 
of freedom from his beloved country ; the third, when he assumed the 
responsible duties of President, in which office his high qualities 
for civil government were as conspicuous as had been his military 
talents in the field ; and fourth, when he resigned this great trust, and 
took leave of the people in his imperishable " Farewell Address," an 
inestimable legacy, which cannot be too frequently conned by every 
American who values his birthright. 



WASHINGTON'S ELECTION AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF. 

On the 15th of June, 1775, Washington was unanimously elected 
by Congress to " command all the Continental forces raised, or to 
be raised, for the defence of American liberty," and when he' appeared 
in his place the next day, the President of that body acquainted him 
with his election, in a well-timed address, " and requested he would 
accept of that employment ;" to which Washington replied as follows • 

" Mr. President : Though I am truly sensible of the high honor 
done me, in this appointment, yet I feel great distress, from conscious- 
ness that my abilities and military experience may not be equal to the 
extensive and important trust : However, as the Congress desire it, I 
will enter upon the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess 
in their service, and for support of the glorious cause. • I beg they will 
accept my most cordial thanks for this distinguished testimony of 
their approbation. 

" But, lest some unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my 
reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the 
room, that I, this day, declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think 
myself equal to the command I am honored with. 

"As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no 
pecuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this arduous 
employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do 
not wish to make any profit from it. I will keep'an exact account of 
my expenses. Those, I doubt not, they will discharge, and that is alJ 
I desire." 



WASHING TON'S ADDRESSES. 39 



WASHINGTON'S RESIGNATION OF HIS COMMISSION. 

The War of the Revolution having- terminated auspiciously, Wash. 
Ington took leave of his officers and army at New York, and repaired 
Lnnapolis, Md., where Congress was then in session. On the 20th 
of December, 1783, he transmitted a letter to that body, apprising 
them of his arrival, with the intention of resigning his commission, 
and desiring to know whether it would be most agreeable to receive 
it in writing or at an audience. It was immediately resolved that a 
public entertainment be given him on the 22d, and that he be admit- 
ted to an audience on the 23d, at twelve o'clock. Accordingly he 
attended at that time, and, being seated, the President informed him 
that Congress were prepared to receive his communications. Where- 
upon he arose, and spoke as follows : 

" Mr. President : The great events on which my resignation 
depended having at length taken place, I have now the honor of offer- 
ing my sincere congratulations to Congress, and of presenting myself 
before them, to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me, 
and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country. 

" Happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty, 
and pleased with the opportunity afforded the United States of 
becoming a respectable nation, I resign with satisfaction the appoint- 
ment I accepted with diffidence : a diffidence in my abilities to accom- 
plish so arduous a task ; which however was superseded by a confi- 
dence in the rectitude of our cause, the support of the supreme power 
of the Union, and the patronage of Heaven. 

" The successful termination of the war has verified the most san- 
guine expectations ; and my gratitude for the interposition of Provi- 
dence, and the assistance I have received from my countrymen, 
increases with every review of the momentous contest. 

" While I repeat my obligations to the army iu general, I should do 
injustice to my own feelings not to acknowledge, in this place, the 
peculiar services and distinguished merits of the gentlemen who have 
been attached to my person during the war. It was impossible the 
! choice of confidential officers to compose my family should have been 
more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in particular, those 
who have continued in the service to the present moment, as worthy 
of the favorable notice and patronage of Congress. 

" I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last act of my 
official life by commending the interests of our dearest country to the 
protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence 
of them to his holy keeping. 

" Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire from the great 
theatre of action, and bidding an affectionate farewell to this august 
body, under whose orders I have so long acted, I here offer my com- 
mission, and take my leave of* all the employments of public life." 



40 Washington's addresses. 



. WASHINGTON'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS. 

In accordance with previous arrangements, General Washington 
met Congress in New York on the 30th of April, 1*789, for the 
purpose of being inaugurated as the first President of the United 
States. The oath of office having been administered by the Chan- 
cellor of the state of New York, in presence of the Senate and House 
of Representatives the President delivered the following Inaugural 
Address : 

v Fellow-Citizens of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives: 

" Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event could have filled 
ine with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was 
transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present 
month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my country, whose 
voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat 
which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering 
hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining 
years ; a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary, as well 
as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to inclination, and of 
frequent interruptions in my health, to the gradual waste committed 
on it by time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the 
trust to which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to 
awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a distrustful 
scrutiny into lii's qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despond- 
ence one, who, inheriting inferior endowments from nature, and 
unpracticed in the duties of civil administration, ought to be peculiarly 
conscious of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions, all I 
dare aver, is, that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty 
from a just appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be 
affected. All I dare hope, is, that if, in executing this task, I have 
been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, 
or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confi- 
dence of my fellow-citizens, and have thence too little consulted my 
incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried carea 
before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which misled me, 
and its consequences be judged by my country, with some share of the 
partiality in which they originated. 

" Such being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to 
the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be pecu- 
liarly improper to omit, in this first official act, my fervent suppli- 
cations to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe — who 
presides in the councils of nations — and whose providential aids can 
supply every human defect, that his benediction may consecrate to the 
liberties and happiness of the people of the United States, a govern- 
ment instituted by themselves for these essential purposes ; and may 



Washington's addresses. 41 

enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute witn 
success the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage 
to the Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself 
that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own ; nor those of 
illow-citizens at large, less than either. No people can be bound 
to acknowledge and adore the invisible hand which conducts the affairs 
of men, more than the people of the United States. Every step by 
which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation, 
seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency ; 
and in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of 
their united government, the tranquil deliberations, and voluntary 
consent of so many .distinct communities, from which the event has 
resulted, cannot be compared with the means by which most govern- 
ments have been established, without some return of pious gratitude, 
along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the 
past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present 
crisis, have forced "themselves too strongly on my mind to be sup- 
pressed. Tou will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there 
are none, under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and 
free government can more auspiciously commence. 

" By the article establishing the executive department, it is made 
the duty of the President : to recommend to your consideration such 
measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.' The circum- 
stances under which I now meet you will acquit me from entering into 
that subject, farther than to refer to the great constitutional charter 
under which you are assembled ; and which, in defining your powers, 
dosignates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will 
be more consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial 
with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recom- 
mendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, 
the rectitude, and the patriotism, which adorn the characters selected 
to devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold 
the surest pledges that, as on one side, no local prejudices or attach- 
ments, no separate views, nor party animosities, will misdirect the 
comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great 
assemblage of communities and interests ; so, on another, that the 
foundations of our national policy will be laid in the pure and 
immutable principles of private morality ; and the pre-eminence of 
free government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win 
the affections of its citizens, and command the respect of the world. I 
dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent lore for 
my country can inspire : since there is no truth more thoroughly 
established, than that there exists in the economy and course of nature 
an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness — between duty 
*md advantage — between the genuine maxims of an honest and mag- 
nanimous policy, and the solid rewards of public prosperity and 
felicity ; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious 
smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards 



42 Washington's addresses 

the eternal rales of order and right, which Heaven itself has ordained ; 
end since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny 
of the republican model of government, are justly considered as deeply, 
perhaps as finally, staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of 
the American people. 

" Besides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain 
with your judgment to decide, how far an exercise of the occasional 
power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered 
expedient at the present juncture, by the nature of objections which 
have been urged against the system, or by the degree of inquietude 
which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular 
recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by 
no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way 
to my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public 
good ; for, I assure myself, that whilst you carefully avoid every 
alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective 
government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, 
a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen, and a regard for 
the public harmony, will sufficiently influence your deliberations on 
the question, how far the former can be more impregnably fortified, or 
the latter be safely and advantageously promoted. 

" To the preceding observations I have one to add, which will 
be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It con- 
cerns myself, and will, therefore, be as brief as possible. When I was 
first honored with a call into the service of my country, then on the 
eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I con- 
templated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary 
compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed ; 
and being still under the impressions which produced it, I must 
decline, as inapplicable to myself, any share in the personal emo- 
luments which may be indispensably included in a permanent 
provision for the executive department ; and must accordingly pray 
that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed, 
may, during my continuance in it, be limited to such actual expendi- 
tures as the public good may be thought to require. 

" Having thus imparted to you my sentiments, a« they have been 
awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my 
present leave ; but not without resorting once more to the benign 
Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that, since he has 
been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for 
deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding, with 
unparalleled unanimity, on a form of government for the security of 
their Union, and the advancement of their happiness, so his Divine 
blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the tem- 
perate consultations, and the wise measures, on which ihe succeal 
of this government must depend ' 



43 



WASHINGTON'S FAREWELI ADDRESS. 

Friends and Fellow-Citizens : 

The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Execu- 
tive Government of the United States being not far distant, and the 
time actually arrived when your thoughts must be employed in desig- 
nating the person who is to be clothed with that important trust, it 
appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct 
expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the 
resolution I have formed, to decline being considered among the num- 
ber of those out of whom a choice is to be made. 

I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured that 
this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all the 
considerations appertaining to the relation which binds a dutiful 
citizen to his country ; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service, 
which silence, in my situation might imply, I am influenced by no 
diminution of zeal tor your future interest ; no deficiency of grateful 
respect for your past kindness . but am supported by a full conviction 
that the step is compatible with both. 

The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to which your 
suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform sacrifice of inclina- 
tion to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared to be 
your desire. I constantly hoped that it would have been much earlier 
in my power, consistently with motives which I was not at liberty to 
disregard, to return to that retirement from which I had been reluct- 
antly drawn. The strength of my inclination to do this, previous to 
the last election, had even led to the preparation of an address to 
declare it to you ; but mature reflection on the then perplexed and crit- 
ical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous 
advice of persons entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon 
the idea 

I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal, 
no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible with the 
sentiment of duty or propriety ; and am persuaded, whatever partiality 
may be retained for my services, that, in the present circumstances of 
our country, you will nc* disapprove my determination to retire. 

The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust were 
explained on the proper occasion. In the discharge of this trust, I 
will only say, that 1 have with good intentions contributed towards 
the organization and administration of the Government the best exer- 
tions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious 
in the outset of the inferiority of my qualifications, experience, in my 
own eyes — perhaps still more in the eyes of others — has strengthened 
the motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing 
weight of years admonishes me, more and more, that the shade of 
■xtirement is as necessary to me as it will be welcome. Satisfied that 



44 Washington's farewell address. 

if any cii -umstanGes have siren peculiar value to my services, they 
were temp wary, I have the consolation to believe that, while choice 
and prudence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not 
forbid it. 

In looking forward to the moment which is intended to terminate 
the career of my public life, my feelings do not permit me to suspend 
the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude which I owe to 
my beloved country for the many honors it has conferred upon me ; 
still more for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me ; 
and for the opportunities I have thence enjoyed of manifesting my 
inviolable attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in 
usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our coun- 
try from these services, let it always be remembered to your praise, 
and as an instructive example in our annals that, under circumstances 
in which the passions, agitated in every direction, were liable to mis- 
lead ; amidst appearances sometimes dubious, vicissitudes of fortune 
often discouraging ; in situations in which, not unfrequently, want of 
success has countenanced the spirit of criticism — the constancy of 
your support was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of 
the plans, by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with 
this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement 
to unceasing vows, that Heaven" may continue to you the choicest 
tokens of its beneficence ; that your union and brotherly affection may 
be perpetual ; that the free Constitution, which is the work of your 
hands, may be sacredly maintained ; that its administration, in every 
department, may be stamped witn wisdom and virtue ; that, in fine, 
the happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices of liberty, 
may be made complete, by so careful a preservation and so pru- 
dent a use of this blessing as will acquire to them the glory of recom- 
mending it to the applause, the affection, and the adoption of every 
.aation which is yet a stranger to it. 

Here, perhaps. I ought to stop ; but a solicitude for your welfare, 
which cannot end but with my life, and the apprehension of danger 
natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to 
offer to your solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your fre- 
quent review, some sentiments which are the result of much reflection, 
of no inconsiderable observation, and which appear to me all-important 
to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be afforded 
to you with the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disin- 
terested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no per- 
sonal motive to bias his counsel ; nor can ] forget, as an encourage- 
ment to it. your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and 
not dissimilar occasion. 

Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your 
hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm 
the attachment. 

The unity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also 
nov dear to you. It is justly so- ; for it is a main pillar in the edificfl 



Washington's yAKtvvELL address. 45 

of your real independence — the support of your tranquillity at home, 
your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very 
liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, 
from different causes and from different quarters, much pains will be 
taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction 
of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress against 
which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most con- 
stantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed — > 
it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense 
value of your National Union to your collective and individual happi- 
that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable 
attachment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of 
the palladium of your political safety and prosperity ; watching for its 
preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing whatever may 
st even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned ; and 
indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alien- 
ate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred 
ties which now link together the various parts. 

For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. 
Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a 
right to concentrate your affections. The name of American, which 
belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just 
pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local dis- 
criminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same 
religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, in a com- 
mon cause, fought and triumphed together ; the independence and 
liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts — of 
common dangers, sufferings, and successes. 

But these considerations, however powerfully they address them- 
selves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those which 
apply more immediately to your interest : here every portion of our 
country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and 
preserving the union of the whole. 

The North, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, protected 
by the equal laws of a common government, finds, in the productions 
of the latter, great additional resources of maritime and commercial 
enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The 
South, in the same intercourse, benefiting by the agency of the North. 
its agriculture grow, and its commerce expand. Turning partly 
into its own channels the seamen of the North, it finds its particular 
navigation invigorated ; and while it contributes, in different ways, to 
nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation, it 
looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which itself 
is unequally adapted. The East, in like intercourse with the West, 
already finds, and in the progressive improvement of interior commu- 
nication, by land and water, will more and more find, a valuable vent 
for the commodities which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at 
h /me. The "West derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth 



46 Washington's farewell address. 

and comfort ; and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must, 
of necessity, osve the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its 
own productions,, to the weight, influence, and the future maritime 
strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, directed by an indissoluble 
community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by which the 
West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own 
separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection with 
any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. 

While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate and 
particular interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find, 
in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater re-^ 
source, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less 
frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what is 
of inestimable value, they must derive from union an exemption from 
those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict 
neighboring countries, not tied together by the same goverument ; 
which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce, but 
which opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues, would 
stimulate and embitter. Hence, likewise, they will avoid the neces- 
sity of those overgrown military establishments, which, under any 
form of government, are inauspicious to liberty, and which are to be 
regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty ; in this sense it 
is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your 
liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the pre 
servation of the other. 

These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting 
and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the Union as a 
primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether a common 
government can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. 
To listen to mere speculation, in such a case, were criminal. We are 
authorized to hope, that a proper organization of the whole, with the 
auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions, wiil 
afford a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair and 
full experiment, "With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, 
affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not have 
demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust 
the patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken 
its bands. 

In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs, 
as a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been 
furnished for characterizing parties by greoaraphical discriminations — 
Northern and Southern — Atlantic and Western : whence designing 
men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real difference of 
local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire 
influence within particular districts, is tc misrepresent the opinions 
and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too 
much against the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from 
these misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien tj each other those 



WASHINGTON^ FAREWELL ADDRESS. 4T 

who aught to bo bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabit- 
ants of our western country have lately had a useful lesson on this 
head ; they have seen in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the 
uuaninious ratification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and 
in the universal satisfaction at that event throughout the United 
States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspicions propagated 
among them of a policy in the General Government, and in the Atlan- 
tic States, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi 
they have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties — that wit! 
Great Britain, and that with Spain — which secure to them every thing 
they could desire in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirm 
bg their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the pre 
Bervation of these advantages on the Union by which they were pro- 
cured ? "Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such 
there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and connect 
them with aliens? 

To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Government for 
the whole is indispensable. No alliance, however strict between the 
parts, can be an adequate substitute ; they must inevitably experience 
the infractions and interruptions which all alliances, in all time, have 
experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved 
upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Constitution of Govern- 
ment better calculated than your former for an intimate Union, and 
for the efficacious management of your common concerns. This Gov- 
ernment, the offspring of our own choice, uuinfluenced and unawed, 
adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely 
free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security 
with energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own 
amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. 
Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in 
its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true 
liberty. The basis of our political systems, is the right of the people 
to make and to alter their constitutions of Government : but the Con- 
stitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and 
authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The 
very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish Gov- 
ernment, pre-supposes the duty of every individual to obey the estab- 
lished Government. 

All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations and 
associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design 
to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and 
action of the constituted authorities, are destructive to this fundamental 
principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to 
give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put in the place of the 
delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but art 
ful and enterprising minority of the community ; and, according to 
the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public admin- 
istration the mirror of the ill-concerteo and incongruous projects of 



48 'Washington's farewell address. 

faction, rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans, 
digested by common counsels, aDd modified by mutual interests. 

However combinations or associations of the above description may 
now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of 
time and things., to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambi- 
tious, and unprincipled men, will be enabled to subvert the power of 
the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of Government , 
destroying, afterwards, the very engines which had lifted them to unjust 
dominion. 

Towards the preservation of your Government, and the permanency 
of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily 
discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority 
but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its 
principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may 
be to effect, in the forms of the Constitution, alterations which will 
impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what caunot 
be directly overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be 
invited, remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix 
the true character of Governments as of other human institutions ,; 
that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real 
tendency of the existing constitution of a country ; that facility in 
changes, upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to 
perpetual change, from the endless variety of hypothesis aud opinion ; 
and remember, especially, that for the efficient management of your 
coramon interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a Government 01 
as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is 
indispensable. Liberty itself will find in such a Government, with 
powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is 
indeed, little else than a name, where the Government is too feeble to 
withstand the enterprises of faction, to confine each member of the 
society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in 
the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property. 

I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, 
with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical dis- 
criminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn 
you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the 
spirit of party generally. 

This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having its 
root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under 
different shapes, in all Governments, more or less stifled, controlled, or 
repressed ; but in those of the popular form it is seen in its greatest 
rankness. and is truly their worst enemy. 

The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by 
the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in different 
asres and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is itself 
a frightful despotism. But this leads, at length, to a more formal and 
permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result, grad- 
ually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the 



Washington's farewell address 49 

sbiulute power of an individual ; and, sooner or later, the chief of some 
prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, 
turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins 
of public liberty. 

Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which, 
nevertheless, ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and 
continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the 
interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. 

It serves always to distract the pr blic councils, and enfeeble the 
public administration. It agitates che community with ill-founded 
jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosities of one part against 
another ; foments, occasionally, riot and insurrection. It opens the 
door to foreigu influence and corruption, which find a facilitated 
access to the Government itself, through the channels of party passions. 
Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy 
and will of another. 

There is an opinion that parties, in free countries, are useful checks 
upon the administration of the Government, and serve to keep alive 
the spirit of liberty. This, within certain limits, is probably true ; 
and in Governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with 
indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those 
of the popular character, in Governments purely elective, it is a spirit 
not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency, it is certain 
there will always be enough of tb'at spirit for every salutary purpose. 
And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by 
force of public opinion, to mitiga te and assuage it. A fire not to be 
quenched, it demands a uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into 
a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume. 

It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free coun- 
try, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration 
to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, 
avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach 
upon another. The spirit of encroachment teDds to consolidate the 
powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the 
form of Government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of 
power, and proneness to abuse it which predominates in the human 
heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The 
necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by 
dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and constituting 
each the guardian of the public weal, against invasions by the others, 
has been evinced by experiments, ancient and modern ; some of them 
in our own country, and under our own eyes. To preserve them must 
be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, 
the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be, in any 
particular, wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way 
which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change by 
usurpation ; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument 
of good, it is the customary weapon by which free Governments are 
3 



50 Washington's farewell address. 

destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in per 
manent evil, any partial or transient benefit which the use can, at anj 
time, yield. 

Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity; 
religion and morality are indispensable .supports. In vain would that 
man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert thes? 
great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of 
men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, 
ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all 
their connexions with private and public felicity. Let it simply be 
asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the 
sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments 
of investigation in the courts of justice ? And let us with caution 
indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained without 
religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined educa- 
tion on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid 
us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of reli- 
gious principles. 

It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring 
of popular Government. The rule, indeed, extends with more or les& 
force to every species of free Government. Who, that is a sincere 
friend to it, can look with indifference upon attempts to shake the 
foundation of the fabric ? 

Promote, then, as an object of pMraary importance, institutions for 
the general diffusion of knowledge, [n proportion as the structure of 
a Government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public 
opinion should be enlightened. 

As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public 
credit. One method of preserving it is to use it as sparingly as pos- 
sible ; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remem- 
bering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently 
prevent much greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding, likewise, 
the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, 
but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts which 
unavoidable wars may have occasioned ; not ungenerously throwing 
upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The 
execution of these maxims belongs to your representatives, but it is 
necessary that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them 
the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically 
bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be 
revenue ; that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxea 
can be devised, which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant ; 
that the intrinsic embarrassment inseparable from the selection of the 
proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties), ought to be a 
decisive motive for a candid construction of the conduct of the Govern- 
ment in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for 
obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time dictate. 

Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; cultivate peace 






Washington's farewell address. 51 

and harmony with all ; religion and morality enjoin this conduct ; and 
can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be 
worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, 
to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a 
people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. "Who can 
doubt that, in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan 
wculd richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by 
a steady adherence to it? Can it be that Providence has not con 
nected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The expe 
riment, at ieast, is recommended by every sentiment which ennoblet 
human nature. Alas ! is it rendered impossible by its vices ? 

In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential than that 
permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and pas- 
sionate attachments for others, should be excluded ; and that, in place 
of them, just and amicable feelings towards all should be cultivated. 
The nation which indulges towards another an habitual hatred, or an 
habitual fondness, is, in some degree, a slave. It is a slave to its ani 
mosity or to its affection ; either of which is sufficient to lead it astraj 
from its duty and its .interest. Antipathy in one nation against 
another, disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold 
of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when 
accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent col- 
lisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation 
prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war thi 
Government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The Gov 
ernment sometimes participates in the national propensity, and adopts, 
through passion, what reason would reject ; at other times it makes 
the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, insti- 
gated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. 
The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of nations has been 
the victim. 

So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation to another pro- 
duces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating 
the illusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real 
common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the 
other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars 
of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads 
also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to 
others, which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the conces- 
sions ; by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retain- 
ed, and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in 
the parties from whom equal privileges arc withheld ; and it gives to 
ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who devote themselves to 
the favorite nation) facility to betray, or sacrifice the interest of their 
own country, without odium ; sometimes even with popularity ; gild- 
ing with the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commend- 
able deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good 
the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatvation 



52 WASHINGTON'S FAP.EWEL. ADDRESS. 

Al avpirae* to forei-n influence in innumerable ways, such attack 
„ ^ a 4 palt en arlv alarmin? to the truly enlightened and independ. 
™n^paJriot P How manv opportunities do thev afford to tamper with 

n f r n ^\^ir^: f f te\^Uence (I conjee von to 
mnuence'i one o? he most baneful foes of republican Government But 

Si JSsSs^s&^sS^rSS 

on one °ide and serve to veil, and even second, the arts of influence 
ZZ "other. Real patriots, who mav resist the intrigues of the 
fevorite are table to become suspected and odious : wmle its tools and 
dnpSninrp the applause andconfidet.ee of the people, to surrender 



their interests. 



ThP ^ rale of conduct for us, in regard to foreign -*»£*- 
e-v--din- our commercial relations, to have with them as little polit- 
- nnecZn as possible. So far as we have alreadv formed engage- 
^ leUhem beMfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. 
Fnroue has a ret of primarv interests, which to us have none, or a 
verv^mote^efatTon Hence 'she must be engaged in frequent contro- 
vert the causes of which are essential!, to our concerns 
HenS therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by 
irtmdal ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordi- 
n'rv combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. 
D Ju detached and distent situation invites and enables us to pursue 
a different course. If we remain one people, under an efficient Gov- 
emS the period is not far off when we may defy material injury 
STxternal annovance : when we may take such an attitude as will 
c^e theneutralitv we may at any time resolve upon, to besmipj 
bu4v rejected ; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of 
matiD^uisiiions upon u^will not lightly hazard the giving us pro- 
vocation ; when we may choose peace or war, as our mterest, guided 
bv justice, shall counsel. „. . 
Whv fore-o the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Why quit 
our own to Itand upon foreign ground ? Why by interweaving our 
iestinv with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and 1 pro^ 
perity'in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or 

* It'? our true policv to steer clear of permanent alliances ^hany 
portion of the foretell" world : so far. I mean, as we are now at liberty 
to do it : for let me~not be- understood as capable of patronising inh, 
ielity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no .ess applicable 



Washington's farewell address 53 

to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy, 
I repeat it, therefore, let those engagements be observed in their 
geuuiue sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be 
unwise to exteud them. 

Taking cure always to keep ourselves, by suitable establishments, 
on u respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary 
alliances for extraordinary emergencies. 

Harmony, and a liberal intercourse" with all nations, are recom- 
mended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial 
policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither seeking nor 
granting exclusive favors or preferences ; consulting the natural 
course of things ; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle means, the 
streams of commerce, but forcing nothing ; establishing, with powers 
so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights 
of our merchants, and to enable the Government to support them, 
conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances 
aud mutual opinions will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from 
time to time, abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances 
shall dictate ; constantly keeping in view, that it is folly in one nation 
to look for disinterested favors from another ; that it must pay, with 
a portion of its independence, for whatever it may accept under that 
character ; that by such acceptance it may place itself in the condition 
of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being re- 
proached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no 
greater error than to expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation 
to nation. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which a just 
pride ought to discard. 

In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old ai.d 
affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will nrKke the strong and last- 
ing impression I could wish ; that they will control the usual -current 
of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which 
has hitherto marked the destiny of nations ; but if I may even flatter 
myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some oc- 
casional good ; that they may now and then recur to moderate the 
fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, 
to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope 
will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which 
they have been dictated. 

How far, in the discharge of my official duties, I have been guided 
by the principles which have been delineated, the public records, and 
other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you and the world. 
To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least 
bettered myself to be guided by them. 

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation 
of the 22d of April, ] 793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by 
your approving voice, and by that of your Representatives in both 
Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually gov- 
«• ^ed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it 



54 Washington's farewell audress. 

After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I coold 
obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circum- 
stances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and 
interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as 
far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with moderation, perse- 
verance, and firmness. 

The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it 
is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that, 
according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from 
being denied by any of the belligerent powers, has been virtually 
admitted by all. 

The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without 
any thing more, from the obligation which justice and humanity 
impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain 
inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. 

The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will best 
be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me, a pre- 
dominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country tc 
settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without 
interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is 
necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes. 

Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, I am un- 
conscious of intentional error ; I am, nevertheless, too sensible of my 
defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many 
errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to 
avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry 
with me the hope, that my country will never cease to view them 
with indulgence ; and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated 
to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities 
will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions 
of rest. 

Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated ly 
that fervent love towards it which is so natural to a man who views 
in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several genera- 
tions, I anticipate, with pleasing expectation, that retreat in which I 
promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of par- 
takiug, in the midst of my fellow -citizens 1 , the benign influence of good 
laws under a free Government— the ever favorite object of my heart — 
and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual carets, labors, and 
dangers. 

GEORGE WASHINGTON". 

United States, 11th Swtembr, 1796. 



MISSOURI COMPROMISE POPULATION UNITED STATES. 



55 



MISSOURI COMPROMISE OF 1820. 

WmsN Missouri applied for ail mission into the Union, a proposi 
tlon was stalled in Congress to prohibit the introduction of slavery 
into the new state. This had the effect of arraying the South against 
i orth — the slave-holding against the non-slave-holding states — and 
the whole subject of slavery became the exciting topic of debate 
throughout the country. The question was finally settled by a Com- 
piomtse, which tolerated slavery in Missouri, but otherwise prohibited 
it in all the territory of the United States north and west of the 
northern limits of Arkansas. 

As the principle then settled has often since been the prolific source 
of much sectional controversy and angry debate, and as it is desirable 
that every one should be familiar with the real provisions of the act by 
which Missouri was admitted, we have concluded to insert here so 
much of the law as is necessary to a full understanding of the subject. 
All the sections except the following relate entirely to the formation 
of the Missouri territory, in the usual form of territorial bills : 

•• Sec. 8. That in all that territory ceded by France to the United 
States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies north of thirty-six 
degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, not included within the 
limits of the state" contemplated by this act, slavery and involuntary 
servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the 
parties snail have been duly convicted, shall be, and is hereby, for ever 
prohibited. Provided always, that any person escaping into the same, 
from whom labor or service is lawfully claimed, in any state or terri- 
Ibry of the United States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimed 
and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service as 
aforesaid." 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES AT DECENNIAL PERIODS. 



Censue 


AVI lite 
Persons. 


Colored Persons. 


Total 


Years. 


Free. 


Slave. 


Total 


Population. 


1790... 


3,172,464 


59,466 


697,897 


757,363 


3,929,827 




4.304,489 


108,395 


893,041 


1,001,436 


5,305,925 


1810... 


5.862.(MU 


186,446 


1,191,364 


1,377,810 


7,239,814 


1820... 


7,861.937 


238,156 


1,538,038 


1,776,194 


9,638,131 


1830... 


10,537,378 


319.599 


2,009,043 


2,328,642 


12,866,020 


1840... 


14.195,695 


386,303 


2,487,455 


2,873,758 


17,069,453 




19.553,068 


434,495 


3.204,313 


3,638.808 


23,191,876 



It will be seen by the above table that the population increases 
naturally and by immigration at the yearly rate of three per cent, 
which would ghe, in 1855, about 27,000,000, and in 1860, 31,000,000. 



56 



FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW OF 1850. 

Am Ad to amend, and supplementary to, the Act entitled ll An 
Act respecting Fugitives from Justice, and persons escaping 
from the Service of t/ieir Masters," approved Feburary 12, 
1793. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and Hoitse of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That the persons who have 
been, or may hereafter be. appointed Commissioners, in virtue of any 
Act of Congress, by the Circuit Courts of the United States, and who, 
in consequence of such appointment, are authorized to exercise the 
powers that any justice of the peace, or other magistrate of any of the 
United States, may exercise in respect to offenders for any crime or 
offence against the United States, by arresting, imprisoning, or bail- 
ing the same, under and by virtue of the thirty-third section of the act 
of the twenty-fourth of September, seventeen hundred and eighty 
nine, entitled " An Act to establish the judicial courts of the United 
States, " shall be, and are hereby, authorized and required to exer- 
cise and discharge all the powers and duties conferred by this Act. 

Sec. 2. That the Superior Court of each organized territory of 
the United States shall have the same power to appoint Commission- 
ers to take acknowledgments of bail and affidavits, and to take depo- 
sitions of witnesses in civil causes, which is now possessed by the 
Circuit Court of the United States ; and all Commissioners who shall 
hereafter be appointed for such purposes by the Superior Court of 
any organized territory of the United States, shall possess all the 
powers, and exercise all the duties, conferred by law upon the Commis- 
sioners appointed by the Circuit Courts of the United States for 
similar purposes, and shall moreover exercise and discharge all the 
powers and duties conferral by this Act. 

Sec. 3. That the Circuit Courts of the United States, and the 
Superior Courts of eac' organized territory of the United States 
shall from time to time ,arge the number of Commissioners with a 
view to afford reasona' facilities to reclaim fugitives from labor, and 
lo the prompt discharg of the duties imposed by this Act. 

Sec 4. That the Commissioners above named shall have concurrent 
jurisdiction with the Judges of the Circuit and District Courts of the 
United States, in their respective circuits and districts within the 
several States, and the Judges of the Superior Courts of the territo- 
ries severally and collectively, in term-time and vacation ; and shall 
grant certificates to such claimants, upon satisfactory proof being 
made, with authority to take and remove such fugitives from service or 
labor, under the restrictions herein contained, to the state or terri- 
tory from which such persons may have escaped or fled. 

Sec. 5. That it shall be the duty of all marshals and deputy 
marshals to obey and execute all wan-ants and precepts issued undei 



FUGITIVE SLATE LAW. 57 

the provisions of this act, when to them directed ; and should any 
marshal or deputy marshal refuse to receive such warrant, or other 
process, when tendered, or to use all proper means diligently to 
execute the same, he shall on conviction thereof, be fined in the sum 
of one thousand dollars, to the use of such claimant, on the motion of 
such claimant, by the Circuit or District Court for the district of 
such marshal : and after arrest of such fugitive, by such marshal 01 
his deputy, or whilst at any time in his custody, under the provisions 
of this act, should such fugitive escape, whether with or without the 
assent of such marshal or his deputy, such marshal shall be liable, on 
his official bond, to be prosecuted for the benefit of such claimant, for 
the full value of the service or labor of said fugitive in the state, ter- 
ritory, or district whence he escaped ; and the "better to enable said 
Commissioners, when thus appointed, to execute their duties faithfully 
and efficiently, in conformity with the requirements of the Constitution 
of the United States, and of this Act, they are hereby authorized and 
empowered, within their counties respectively, to appoint, in writing 
under their hands, any one or more suitable persons, from time to 
time, to execute all such warrants and other process as may be issued 
by them in the lawful performance of their respective duties ; with 
authority to such Commissioners, or the persons to be appointed by 
them, to execute process as aforesaid, to summon and call to their aid 
the bystanders, or pos.se comftatus of the proper county, when necessary 
to insure a faithful observance of the clause of the Constitution refer- 
red to, in conformity with the provisions of this act ; and all good 
citizens are commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient 
execution of this law, whenever their services may be required, as 
aforesaid, for that purpose : and said warrants shall run, and be 
executed by said officers, anywhere in the state within which they 
are issued. 

Sec. 6. That when a person held to service or labor* in any state 
or territory of the United States, has heretofore or shall hereafter 
escape into another state or territory of the United States, the person 
or persons to whom such service or labor may be due, or his, her, or 
their agent or attorney, duly authorized by power of attorney, in 
writing acknowledged and certified under the seal of some legal officer 
or Court of the state or territory in which the same may be executed, 
may pursue and reclaim such fugitive person, either by procuring a 
warrant from some one of the Courts, Judges, or Commissioners afore- 
said, of the proper circuit, district, or county, for the apprehension of 
such fugitive frjrn service or labor, or by seizing and arresting such 
fugitive where the same can be done without process, and by taking, 
or causing such person to be taken forthwith before such Court. 
Judge or Commissioner, whose duty it shall be to hear and determine 
the case of such claimant in a summary manner ; and upon satisfac- 
tory proof being made, by deposition or affidavit, in writing, to be 
taken, and certified by such Court, Judge or Commissioner, or by 
other satisfactory testimony, duly taken and certified by some Coar^ 



58 FUGITIVE SLAVE LAW. 

Magistrate, Justice of the Peace, or other legal officer authorized ta 
administer an oath and take depositions under the laws of the state 
or territory from which such person owing service or labor may have 
escaped, with a certificate of such magistracy, or other authority as 
aforesaid, with the seal of the proper Court or officer thereto attached, 
which seal shall be sufficient to establish the competency of the proof, 
and with proof, also by affidavit, of the identity of the person whose 
service or labor is claimed to be due as aforesaid, that the person so 
arrested does in fact owe service or labor to the person or persons 
claiming him or her, in the state or territory from which such fugi- 
tive may have escaped as aforesaid, and that said person escaped, to 
make out and deliver to said claimant, his or her agent or attorney, a 
certificate setting forth the substantial facts as to the service or labor 
'>*ae from such fugitive to the claimant, and of his or her escape from 
f he state or territory in which such service or labor was due to the 
otate or territory in -which he or she was arrested, with authority to 
such claimant, or his or her agent or attorney, to use such reasonable 
force and restraint as may be necessary, under the circumstances 
of the case, to take and remove such fugitive person back to the state 
or territory whence he or she may have escaped as aforesaid. In no 
trial or hearing under this Act shall the testimony of such alleged 
fugitive be admitted in evidence ; and the certificates in this and the 
first [fourth] section mentioned, shall be conclusive of the right of the 
person or persons in whose favor granted, to remove such fugitive 
to the state or territory from which he escaped, and shall prevent all 
molestation of such person or persons by any process issued by any 
Court, Judge, Magistrate, or other person whomsoever. 

Sec. 7. That any person who shall knowingly and willingly 
obstruct, hinder, or prevent such claimant, his agent or attorney, or 
any person or persons lawfully assisting him, her or them, from arrest- 
ing such a fugitive from service or labor, either with or without 
process as aforesaid, or shall rescue or attempt to rescue such fugitive 
from service or labor, from the custody of such claimant, his or her 
agent or attorney, or other person or persons lawfully assisting as 
aforesaid, when so arrested pursuant to the authority herein given and 
declared, or shall aid, abet, or assist such -person so owing service 
or labor as aforesaid, directly or indirectly, to escape from such 
Haimant, his agent or attorney, or other person or persons legally 
iuthorized as aforesaid ; or shall harbor or conceal such fugitive 
so as to prevent the discovery and arrest of such person, after notice 
or knowledge of the fact that such person was a fugitive from service 
or labor as aforesaid, shall, for either of said offences, be subject to a 
fine not exceeding one thousand dollars, and imprisonment not exceed- 
ing six months, by indictment and conviction before the District 
Court of the United States, for the district in which such offence may 
have been committed, or before the proper court of criminal jurisdic- 
tion, if committed within any one of the organized territories of the 
United States, and shall moreover forfeit and pay, by way of civil 



FUGITIVE SLATE LAW. 59 

damages to Che party injured by such illegal conduct, the sura of one 
thousand dollars, for each fugitive so lost as aforesaid, to be recovered 
by action of debt iu any of the District or Territorial Courts afore- 
said, within whose jurisdiction the said offence may have been 
committed. 

Sac. 8. That the marshals, their deputies, and the clerks of the 
said District and Territorial Courts, shall be paid for their services 
the like fees as may be allowed to them for similar services in other 
cases ; aud where such services are rendered exclusively in the arrest, 
custody, and delivery of the fugitive to the claimant, his or her agent 
or attorney, or where such supposed fugitive may be discharged out of 
custody for the want of sufficient proof as aforesaid, then such fees are 
to be paid in the whole by such claimant, his agent or attorney ; and 
in all c;ises where the proceedings are before a Commissioner, he shall 
be entitled to a fee of ten dollars in full for his services in each case, 
upon the delivery of the said certificate to the claimant, his or her 
agent or attorney ; or a fee of five dollars in cases where the proof 
shall not, in the opinion of such Commissioner, warrant such certificate 
and delivery, inclusive of all services incident to such arrest and 
examination, to be paid in either case by the claimant, his or her 
agent or attorney. The person or persons authorized to execute the 
process to be issued by such Commissioner for the arrest and deten- 
tion of fugitives from service or labor as aforesaid, shall also be 
entitled to a fee of five dollars each, for each person he or they may 
arrest and take before any such Commissioner, as aforesaid, at tha 
instance and request of such claimant, with such other fees as may 
be deemed reasonable by such Commissioners for such other addi- 
tional services as may be necessarily performed by him or them ; such 
as attending at the examination, keeping the fugitive in custody, and 
providing him with food and lodging during his detention, and until 
the final determination of such Commissioner; and, in general, for 
performing such other duties as may be required by such claimant, his 
or her attorney or agent, or Commissioner in the premises. Such fees 
to be made up in conformity with the fees usually charged by th« 
officers of the courts of justice within the proper district or county, as 
near as may be practicable, and paid by such claimants, their agents 
or attorneys, whether such supposed fugitives from service or labor be 
ordered to be delivered to such claimants by the final determination 
of such Commissioner or not. 

Sec. 9. That, upon affidavit made by the claimant of such fugitive, 
his agent or attorney, after such certificate has been issued, that 
lie has reason to apprehend that such fugitive will be rescued by force 
from his or her possession before he can be taken beyond the limits of 
the state iu which the arrest is made, it shall be the duty of the officer 
making the arrest to retain such fugitive in his custody, and to remove 
him to the state whence he fled, and there to deliver him to said 
claimant, his agent or attorney. And to this end. the officer afore- 
Baia* is hereby authorized and required to employ so many persona 



60 FUGITIVE SLAYS LAW 

as he may deem necessary to overcome such force, and to re:ain them 
in his service so long as circumstances may require. The said officer 
and his assistants while so employed to receive the same compensation, 
md to be allowed the same expenses as are now allowed by law tor 
rransportation of criminals, to be certified by the judge of the dist 
ivithin which the arrest is made., and paid out of the treasury of the 
United States. 

Sec. 10. That when any person held to service or labor in any 
state or territory, or ia the district of Columbia, shall escape there- 
from, the party to whom such service or labor may be due. his. her, 
or their ageut or attorney, may apply to any court of record therein, 
or judge thereof in vacation, and make satisfactory proof to such 
court- or judge in vacation, of the escape aforesaid, and that the 
person escaping owed service .or labor to such party. "Whereupon 
the court shall cause a record io be made of the matters so proved, 
and also a general description of the person so escaping, with such 
nient certainty as may be : and a transcript of such record, 
authenticated by the attestation of the clerk and of the seal of the 
said court, being produced in any other state, territory or district in 
b the person so escaping may be found, and "being exhibited 
to any Judge, Commissioner, or other officer authorized by the law 
of the United States to cause persons escaj : ? or labor 

to be delivered up, shall be held and taken to be full and cone, 
evidence of the fact of the escape, and that the service or labor of the 
d escaping is cue to the party in such record mentioned. Aud 
upon the production . party of other and further evidence 

if necessary, either oral or by affidavit, in addition to what is con- 
tained in the said record of the identity of the person escaping, he or 
she shall be delivered up to the claimant. And the said Court, Com- 
missioner, Judge, or other person authorized by this Act to Errant cer- 
tificates to claimants of fugitives, shall, upon the production of the 
record and other evidences aforesaid, grant to such claimant a certifi- 
cate of his right to take any such person identified and proved to be 
owing service or labor as aforesaid, which shall authorize such claim- 
ant to seize or arrest and transport such person to the state or terri- 
tory from which he escaped : Provided, That nothing herein contained 
Ehall be construed as requiring the production of a transcript of such 
record as evidence as aforesaid. But in its absence the claim shall bfl 
heard and determined upon o*her satisfa/ tory proofs, competent iD law. 

Approved September 18, 1650. 



61 

KANSAS AND NEBRASK k ACT OF 1854. 

An Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska aud Kansas. 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of t/u 
United States of America in Congress assembled, That all that part of 
the territory of the United States included within the following limits, 
except such portions thereof as are hereinafter expressly exempted 
from the operations of this Act, to wit : beginning at a point in the 
Missouri river where the fortieth parallel of north latitude crosses the 
same ; thence west on said parallel to the east boundary of the terri- 
tory of Utah on the summit of the Rocky Mountains ; thence on said 
summit northward to the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude; thence 
cast on said parallel to the western boundary of the territory of Minne- 
sota ; thence southward on said boundary to the Missouri river ; thence 
down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning, be, and 
the same is hereby, created into a temporary government by the name 
of the territory of Nebraska ; and when admitted as a state or states, 
the said territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into 
the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe 
at the time of their admission : Provided, That nothing in this Act 
contained shall be construed to inhibit the Government of the United 
States from dividing said territory into two or more territories, in 
such manner and at such times as Congress shall deem convenient and 
proper, or from attaching any portion of said territory to any other 
state or territory of the United States : Provided further, That 
nothing in this Act contained shall be construed to impair the rights 
of person or property now pertaining to the Indians in said territory, 
so long as such rights shall remain unextinguished by treaty between 
the United States and such Indians, or to include any territory which, 
by treaty with any Indian tribe, is not, without the consent of said 
tribe, to be included within the territorial limits or jurisdiction of any 
state or territory ; but all such territory shall be excepted out of the 
boundaries, and constitute no part of the territory of Nebraska, until 
Eaid tribe shall signify their assent to the President of the United 
States to be included within the said territory of Nebraska, or to 
affect the authority of the Government of the United States to make 
any regulations respecting such Indians, their lands, property or other v 
rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, which it would have been compe- 
tent to the government to make if this Act had never passed. 

Sec. 2. That the executive power and authority in and over said 
territory of Nebraska shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold 
his office for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed and 
qualified, unless sooner, removed by the President of the United States. 
The Governor shall reside within said territory, and shall be com- 
mander-in-chief of the militia thereof. He may grant pardons and 
respites for offences against the laws of said territory, and reprieves for 
offences against the laws of the United States, until the decision o: 



*5 KANSAS KKB tTCBRASTCA i f. 

the President can be made known thereon ; he shall commission all 
officers who shall be appointed to office under the laws of the said ter- 
ritory, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. 

Sbcl 3. That there shall be a secretary of said territory, who shall 
reside therein, and hold his office for live years, unless sooner rem 
by the President of the United States; be shall record and preserve 
all the laws and proceedings of the Legislative Assembly bereii 
sousdtated, and ail the acts and proceedings of the Governor in his 
executive department : he shall transmit one copy of the laws and 
journals of the Legislative Assembly within thirty days after the end 
of each session, and one copy of the executive proceedings and official 
correspondence semi-annually, on the first days of January and July in 
each year, to the President of the United Stares, sud two copies' of 
the laws to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the 
H-:>ase of Representatives, to be deposited in the libraries of Congress : 
and, in case of the death, removal, resignation, or absence of the 
Governor from the territory, the secretary shall be. and he is hereby 
authorized and required to execute and perform all the powers and 
duties of the Governor during such vacancy or absence, or until another 
Governor shall be duly appointed and qualified to fill such vacancy. 

Sbc. 4. That the legislative power and authority of said territory 
shall be vested in the Governor and a Legislative Assembly. The Legis- 
lative Assembly shall consist of a Council and House of Representatives. 
The Council shall consist of thirteen members, having the qualifications 
of voters, as hereinafter prescribed, whose term of service shall con- 
tinue two years. The House of Representatives shall, at its first 
m, consist of twenty-six members, possessing the same qualifica- 
tions as prescribed for members of the Council, and whose term of 
:■ 3 shall continue one year. The number of representatives may 
be increased by the Legislative Assembly, from time to time, in propor- 
tion to the increase of qualified voters : Provided, That the whole 
number shall never exceed thirty-nine ; an apportionment shall be made 
as nearly equal as practicable, among the several counties or districts 
for the election of the Council and representatives, giving to each 
section of the territory representation in the ratio of its qualified voters 
as nearly as may be. And the members of the Council and of the 
House of Representatives shall reside in. and be inhabitants of. tht 
district or county, or counties, for which they may be elected respect- 
Previous to the first election, the Governor shall earse a censes 
or enumeration of the inhabitants and qualified voters of the several 
counties and districts of the territory, to be taken by su jh persons and 
in such mode as the Governor shall designate and aproV, , and the 
persons so appointed shall receive a reasonable coinpen j .d'.ira therefor 
And the first election shall be held at such times and places, and 
be conducted in such manner, both as to the persons *.ho shall super- 
intend such election and the returns thereof, as the Governor shall 
appoint and direct ; and he shall at the same time declare the number 
of members of the Council and House of Representatives to -which oacb 
of the counties or districts shall be entitled under this Act Tb : per* 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 63 

son? having the highest number of legal votes in each of said Council 
districts for members of the Council, shall be declared by the Governor 
to be duly elected to the Council ; and the persons having- the highest 
number of legal votes for the House of Representatives, shall be 
declared by the Governor to be duly elected members of said House : 
Provided. That in case two or more persons voted for shall have 
an equal number of votes, and in ease a vacancy shall otherwise occur 
in either branch of the Legislative Assembly, the Governor shall order 
a new election ; and the persons thus elected to the Legislative Assem- 
bly shall meet at such place and on such day as the Governor shall 
appoint ; but thereafter, the time, place, and manner of holding and 
conducting all elections by the people, and the apportioning the repre- 
sentation in the several counties or districts to the Council and House 
of Representatives, according to the number of qualified voters, shall 
be prescribed by law, as well as the day of the commencement of the 
regular sessions of the Legislative Assembly : Provided, That no 
session in any one year shall exceed the term of forty days, except the 
first session, which may continue sixty days. 

Skc. 5. That every free white male inhabitant, above the age of 
twenty- one years, who shall be an actual resident of said territory, and 
shall possess the qualifications hereinafter prescribed, shall be entitled 
to vote at the first election, and shall be eligible to any office within 
the said territory ; but the qualifications of voters, and of holding 
office, at all subsequent elections, shall be such as shall be prescribed 
by the Legislative Assembly : Provided, That the right of suffrage 
and of holding office shall be exercised only by citizens of the United 
States and those who shall have declared on oath their intention to become 
6uch, and shall have taken an oath to support the Constituton of the 
United States and the provisions of this Act : And provided further 
That no officer, soldier, seaman, or marine, or other person in the army 
or navy of the United States, or attached to troops in the service 
of the United States, shall be allowed to vote or hold office in saii. 
territory, by reason of being on service therein. 

Skc. 6. That the legislative power of the territory shall extend to 
all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of 
the United States and the provisions of this Act ; but no kw shall be 
passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil ; no tax shall 
be imposed upon the property of the United States ; nor shall the 
lands or other property of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands 
or other property of residents. Every bill which shall have passed the 
Council and House of Representatives of the said territory, shall, before 
it become a law. be presented to the Governor of the territory ; if he 
approve, he shall sign it ; but if not. he shall return it with his objec- 
tions to the House in which it originated, who shall enter the objec- 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after 
such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to pass the 
"bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the c „her House, 
y whibch it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in ail such cases the 



6* KAX8AS AyD NEBRASKA iCT. 

votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, to be 
entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not 
be returned by the Governor within three days (Sundays excepted) 
after it shall have been preseuted to him. the same shall be a law 
in like manner as if he had signed it. unless the Assembly, by adjourn- 
ment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

Sec. 7. 1 township, district, and county officers, not herein 

otherwise provided for. shall be appointed or elected, as the case may 
sach manner as shall be provided by the Governor and Legisla- 
tive Assembly of the territory of Nebraska. The Governor shall 
nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the Legislative 
Council, appoint all officers not herein otherwise provided for ; and in 
the first instance the Governor alone may appoint all said officers, who 
shall hold "their offices until the end of the first session of the Legisla- 
tive Assembly : and shall lay oflf the necessary districts for members 
of the Council and House of Representatives, and all other officers. 

Sw B. That no member of the Legislative Assembly shall hold, 
or be appointed to, any office which shall have been created, or ths 
7 or emoluments of which shall have been increased, while he was 
a member, during the term for which he was elected, and for one year 
after the expiration of such term : but this restriction shall not be 
applicable to members of the first Legislative Assembly; and no 
person holding a commission or appointment under the United States, 
except postmasters, shall be a member of the Legislative Assembly, or 
shall hold any office under the government of said territory. 

Bkc. 9. That the judicial power of said territory shall be vested in a 
Supreme C Probate Courts, and in Justices of 

the Peace. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and 
Afisc :'ate Justices, any two of whom shall constitute a quorum, 
and who shall hold a term at the seat of government of said territory 
annually, and they shall hold their offices during the period of four 
years, and until their sn jcess hs shall be appointed and qualified. The 
shall be divided into three judicial districts, and a 
District Court shall be held in each of said districts by one of the 
Justices of the Supreme Court, at such times and places as may be 
prescribed by law : and the said Judges shall, after their appoint- 
ments, respectively, reside in the district which shall be assigned them. 
The jurisdiction of the several courts herein provided for, both appel- 
late and original, and that of the Probate Courts and of Justices of 
the Peace, shall be as limited v y law : Provided. That Justices of the 
Peace shall not have jurisdiction of any matter in controversy when 
the title or boundaries of land may be in dispute, or where the debt or . 
sum claimed shall exceed one hundred dollars ; and the said Supreme 
and District Courts, respectively, shall possess chancery as well as 
. :>n law jurisdiction. Each District Court, or the Judge thereof 
shall appoint its clerk, who shall also be the register in chancery, and 
shall keep his office at the place where the court may be held. Write 
of error, bills of exception, and appeals, mail be allowed in all cases 
from the final decision of said District darts to the Supreme Court, 



KANSAS AXD NECK ASK A ACT. 0- 

onder BQ ch regulations as may be prescribed by law ; but in no case 
removed to the Supreme Court shall trial by jury be allowed in 
Baid court. The Supreme Court, or the Justices thereof, shall appoint 
its own clerk, and every clerk shall hold his office at the pleasure 
of the court for which he shall have been appointed. Writs of error, 
and appeals from the final decision of said Supreme Court, shall be 
allowed, and may be taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, 
in the same manner and under the same regulations as from the 
Circuit Courts of the United States, where the value of the property, 
or the amount in controversy, to be ascertained by the oath or affirm- 
ation of either party, or other competent witness, shall exceed one 
thousand dollars ; except only that in all cases involving title to 
slaves, the said writs of error or appeals shall be allowed and decided 
by the said Supreme Court, without regard to the value of the matter, 
property, or title in controversy ; and except also that a writ of error 
or appeal shall also be allowed to the Supreme Court of the United 
States, from the decisions of the said Supreme Court created by this 
Act, or of any Judge thereof, or of the District Courts created by this 
Act, or of any Judge thereof, upon any writ of habeas corpus, 
involving the question of personal freedom : Provided, That nothing 
herein contained shall be construed to apply to or affect the provisions 
of the " Act respecting fugitives from justice, and persons escaping 
from the service of their masters, " approved February twelfth, seven- 
teen hundred and ninety-three, and the " Act to amend and supple- 
mentary to the aforesaid Act, " approved September eighteen, eighteen 
hundred and fifty ; and each of the said District Courts shall have and 
exercise the same jurisdiction in all cases arising under the Constitu- 
tion and laws of the United States as is vested in the Circuit and Dis- 
trict Courts of the United States ; and the said Supreme and District 
Courts of the said territory, and the respective Judges thereof, shall 
and may grant writs of habeas corpus in all cases in which the same 
are granted by the Judges of the United States in the district of 
Columbia ; and the first six days of every term of said courts, or so 
much thereof as shall be necessary, shall be appropriated to the trial 
of causes arising under the said Constitution and laws, and writs of 
error and appeal in all such cases shall be made to the Supreme Court 
of said territory, the same as in other cases. The said clerk shall 
receive in all such cases the same fees which the clerks of the District 
Courts of Utah territory now receive for similar services. 

Sec. 10. That the provisions of an Act entitled "An Act respect- 
ing fugitives from justice, and persons escaping from the service of 
their masters," approved February twelve, seventeen hundred and 
ninety-three, and the provisions of the Act entitled " An . Act to 
amend, and supplementary to, the aforesaid Act, " approved Septem- 
ber eighteen, eighteen hundred and fifty, be, and the same are hereby, 
declared to extend to and be in full force within the limit3 of said 
territory of Nebraska. 

Sec. 11. That there shall be appointed an attorney for said terri- 
tory, who shall continue in office for four years, and until his successor 



66 KANSAS AND NEBBA5KA ACT. 

shall be appointed and qualified, unless sooner remove:! 1 y the VtoaI 
dent, and who shall receive the same fees and salary as the attorney 
of the United States for the present territory of Utah. There shall 
also be a marshal for the territory appointed, who shall hold his office 
for four years, and until his successor shall be appointed and qualified, 
unless sooner removed by the President, and who shall execute all 
processes issuing from the said courts when exercising their jurisdic- 
tion as Circuit and District Courts of the United States ; he shall 
perform the duties, be subject to the same regulations and penalties, 
and be entitled to the same fees as the marshal of the District Court 
of the United States for the present territory of Utah, and shall, in 
addition, be paid two hundred dollars annually as a compensation for 
extra services. 

Sec. 12. That the Governor, secretary, chief justice, and associate 
justices, attorney, and marshal, shall be nominated, and, by and with 
the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed by the President of 
the United States. The Governor and secretary to be appointed as 
aforesaid, shall, before they act as such, respectively take an oath or 
affirmation before the District Judge or some Justice of the Peace in 
the limits of said territory, duly authorized to administer oaths and 
'affirmations by the laws now in force therein, or before the Chief 
Justice or some Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United 
States, to support the Constitution of the United States, and faith- 
fully to discharge the duties of their respective offices, which said 
oaths, when so taken, shall be certified by the person by whom the 
same shall have been taken ; and such certificates shall be received 
and recorded by the said secretary among the executive proceedings : 
and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices, and all other civil officers 
ill said territory, before they act as such, shall take a like oath or 
affirmation before the said Governor or secretary, or some Judge 
or Justice of the Peace of the territory who may be duly commissioned 
and qualified, which said oath or affirmation shall be certified and 
transmitted by the person taking the same to the secretary, to be by 
him recorded as aforesaid ; and afterwards, the like oath or affirmatiou 
shall be taken, certified, and recorded, in such manner and form as 
may be prescribed by law. The Governor shall receive an annual 
salary of two thousand five hundred dollars. The Chief Justice and 
Associate Justices shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars. 
The secretary shall receive an annual salary of two thousand dollars. 
The said salaries shall be paid quarter-yearly, from the dates of the 
respective appointments, at the treasury of the United States ; but no 
such payment shall be made until said officers shall have entered upon 
the duties of their respective appointments. The members of the 
Legislative Assembly shall be entitled to receive three dollars each 
per day during their attendance at the sessions thereof, and three 
dollars each for every twenty miles' travel in going to and returning 
from the said sessions, estimated according to the nearest usually 
traveled route; and an additional allowance of three dollars shall be 
paid to the presiding officer of each House for each day he shalj 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 67 

bo preside. And a chief clerk, one assistant clerk, a sergeant-at-arma, 
and door-keeper, may be chosen for each House ; and the chief clerk 
shall receive four dollars per day, and the said other ollicers three 
dollars per day, during 1 the session of the Legislative Assembly ; but 
no other officers shall be paid by the United States : Provided, That 
there shall be but one session of the Legislature annually, unless, on 
an extraordinary occasion, the Governor shall think proper to call the 
Legislature together. There shall be appropriated, annually, the 
usual sum, to be expended by the Governor, to defray the contingent 
expenses of the territory, including the salary of a clerk of the execu- 
t ; v- ■ department; and there shall also be appropriated, annually, a 
sufficient sum, to be expended by the secretary of the territory, and 
upon an estimate to- be made by the secretary of the treasury of 
the United States, to defray the expenses of the Legislative Assembly, 
the printing of the laws, and other incidental expenses ; and the Governor 
and secretary cf the territory shall, in the disbursement of all moneys 
intrusted to them, be governed solely by the instructions of the secre- 
tary of the treasury of the United States, and shall, semi-annually, 
account to the said secretary for the manner in which the aforesaid 
moneys shall have been expended ; and no expenditure shall be made 
by said Legislative Assembly for objects not specially authorized by 
the Acts of Congress making the appropriations, nor beyond the sums 
thus appropriated for such objects. 

Sec. j 3. That the Legislative Assembly of the territory of Nebraska 
shall hold its first session at such time and place in said territory 
as the Governor thereof shall appoint and direct ; and at said first 
session, or as soon thereafter as they shall deem expedieut, the Gover- 
nor and Legislative Assembly shall proceed to locate and establish 
the seat of government for said territory at such place as they may 
deem eligible ; which place, however, shall thereafter be subject to be 
changed by the said Governor and Legislative Assembly. 

. 14. That a delegate to the House of Representatives of the 
United States, to serve for the term of two years, who shall be a citizen 
of the United States, may be elected by the voters qualified to elect 
members of the Legislative Assembly, who shall be entitled to the 
same rights and privileges as are exercised and enjoyed by the 
delegates from the several other territories of the United States to the 
said House of Representatives, but the delegate first elected shall hold 
his seat only during the term of the Congress to which he shall be 
elected. The first election shall be held at such time and places, and 
be conducted in such manner, as the Governor shall appoint and 
direct ; and at all subsequent elections the times, places, and manner 
of holding the elections shall be prescribed by law. The person 
having the greatest; Dumber of votes shall be declared by the Governor 
d, and a certificate thereof shall be given accordingly. 
That the Constitution, and all the laws of the United States which 
are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect 'within 
the said territory of Nebraska as elsewhere within the United States, 
except the eighth section of the Act preparatory to the admission uf 



68 KANSAS AND NEBRASKA A JT. 

Missouri into the Union, approved March sixth, eighteen hundred and 
twenty, which, being inconsistent with the-principle of non-interven- 
tion by Congress with slavery in the states and territories, as recog- 
nized by the legislation of eighteen hundred and fifty, commonly called 
the Compromise Measures, is hereby declared inoperative and void ; it 
being the true intent and meaning of this Act not to legislate slavery 
into any territory or state, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave 
the people thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic 
institutions in their own way, subject only to the Constitution of the 
United States : Provided, That nothing herein contained shall be con- 
strued to revive or put in force any law or regulation which may have 
existed prior to the Act of sixth March, eighteen hundred and twenty, 
either protecting, establishing, prohibiting, or abolishing slavery. 

Sec. 15. That there shall hereafter be appropriated, as has been 
customary for the territorial governments, a sufficient amount, to be 
expended under the^iirection of the said Governor of the territory of 
Nebraska, not exceeding the sums heretofore appropriated for similar 
objects, for the erection of suitable public buildings at the seat of gov- 
ernment, and for the purchase of a library, to be kept at the seat of 
government for the use of the Governor, Legislative Assembly, Judges 
of the Supreme Court, secretary, marshal, and attorney of said terri- 
tory, and such other persons, and under such regulations as shall be 
prescribed by law. 

Sec. 16. That when the lands in the said territory shall be surveyed 
under the direction of the government oi the United States, preparatory 
to bringing the same into market, sections numbered sixteen and thirty- 
six, in each township in said territory, shall be, and the same are hereby 
reserved for the purpose of being applied to schools in said territory, 
and in the states and territories hereafter to be erected out of the same. 

Sec 17. That, until otherwise provided by law, the Governor of 
said territory may define the judicial districts of said territory, and 
assign the judges who may be appointed for said territory to the 
several districts ; and also appoint the times and places for holding 
courts in the several counties or subdivisions in each of said judicial 
districts by proclamation, to be issued by him ; but the Legislative 
Assembly, at their first or any subsequent session, may organize, alter, 
or modify such judicial districts, and assign the judges, and alter the 
times and places of holding the courts, as to them shall seem proper 
and convenient. 

Sec. 18. 'That all officers to be appointed by the President, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, for'the territory of Ne- 
braska, who, by virtue of the provisions of any law now existing, or 
which may be enacted during the present Congress, are required lo 
give security for moneys that may be intrusted with them for disburse 
moms, shall give such security, at such time and place, and in such 
manner as the secretary of the treasury may prescribe. 

Sec. 19. That all that part of the territory of the United States 
included within the following limits, except such portions thereof as 
are hereinafter expressly exempted from tne operations of this act, to 



KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT. 69 

wit : beginning at a point on the western boundary of the state of 
"Missouri, where the thirty-seventh parallel of north latitude crosses 
the same ; thence west on said parallel to the eastern boundary of 
New Mexico ; thence north on said boundary to latitude thirty-eight ; 
thence following said boundary westward to the east boundary of the 
territory of Utah, on the summit of the Rocky Mountains ; thence 
northward on said summit to the fortieth parallel of latitude ; thence 
east on said parallel to the western boundary of ths state of Missouri 
thence south with the western boundary of said state to the place of 
beginning, be, and the same is hereby, created into a temporary 
government by the name of the Territory of Kansas ; and when admit- 
ted as a- state or states, the said territory, or any portion of the same, 
shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their con- 
stitution may prescribe at the time of their admission : Provided, 
That nothiug in this act contained shall be construed to inhibit the 
government of the United States from dividing said territory into 
two or more territories, in such manner and at such times as Congress 
shall deem convenient and proper, or from attaching any portion of 
said territory to any other state or territory of the United States : 
Provided, further, That nothing in this act contained shall be so con- 
strued as to impair the rights of persons or property now pertaining 
to the Indians in said territory, so long as such rights shall remain 
unextinguished by treaty between the United States and such Indians, 
or to include any territory which, by treaty with any Indian tribe, is 
not, without the consent of said tribe, to be included within the terri- 
torial limits or jurisdiction of any state or territory ; but all such 
territory shall be excepted out of the boundaries, and constitute no 
part of the territory of Kansas, until said tribe shall signify their 
assent to the President of the United States to be included within the 
said territory of Kansas, or to aSect the authority of the government 
of the United States to make any regulation respecting such Indians, 
their lands, property, or other rights, by treaty, law, or otherwise, 
which it would have been competent to the government to make if this 
act had never passed. 

[With the single exception of the location of the seat of govern- 
ment for Kansas at Fort Leavenworth, provided for in section 21, 
the ensuing sixteen sections, relative to the organization and govern- 
ment of the territory, are precisely similar to the sections already 
recited, providing for the government of Nebraska territory. The 
final section of the act, which has a general reference to both terri- 
ries. is as follows :] 

Sec. 37. And be it further enacted, That all treaties, laws, and other 
engagements made by the Government of the United States with the In- 
dian tribes inhabiting the territories embraced within this act, shall be 
faithfully and rigidly observed, notwithstanding anything contained in 
this act ; and that the existing agencies and superintendencies of said 
Indians be continued, with the same powers and duties which are now 
prescribed by law, except that the President of the United States may 
at his discretion change the loeatio' of the office of superintendent. 



70 



HOMESTEAD LAW. 

By act of Congress of May 20, 1862, any person who is the 
head of a family, or who has arrived at the age of twenty-one 
years, or has performed service in the army or navy, and is a citi- 
zen of the United States, or shall have filed his declaration of in- 
tention to become such, and has never borne arms against the 
Government of the United States, or given aid and comfort to its 
enemies, shall, from and after the 1st of January, 1863, be enti- 
tled to enter a quarter section (160 acres) of unapjDropriated pub- 
lic land, upon which he or she may have already filed a pre-emp- 
tion claim, or which is subject to pre-emption, at $1 25 per acre ; 
or 80 acres of unappropriated lands at $2 50 per acre. In order 
to make his or her title good to such lands, however, such person 
must make affidavit that such application is made for his or her 
exclusive use and benefit, and that said entry is made for the pur- 
pose of actual settlement and cultivation, and not, either directly 
or indirectly, for the use or benefit of any other person or per- 
sons whomsoever; and upon filing the affidavit, and paying the 
sum of ten dollars to the register or receiver, such person shall 
be allowed to enter the land specified ; but no certificate or pa- 
tent is issued for the land until five years from the date of such 
entry, and the land must, during that time, be improved and not 
alienated (it cannot be taken for debt). At any time within two 
years after the expiration of said five years, the person making 
the entry, or, in case of his or her death, his widow or heirs, may, 
on proof by two witnesses that he or she has cultivated or im- 
proved said land, has not alienated any part of it, and has borne 
true allegiance to the United States, be entitled to a patent if at 
that time a citizen of the United States. In case of the aban- 
donment of the lands by the person making the entry for a period 
of more than six months at one time, they revert to the United 
States. 



71 



CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 

A Bill to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, 
to seize and confiscate the property of Rebels, and for other pur- 
poses. 

Be it enacted, ^r., That every person who shall hereafter com- 
mit the crime of treason against the United States, and shall be 
adjudged guilty thereof, shall suffer death, and all his slaves, if 
any, shall be declared and made free ; or he shall be imprisoned 
for not less than five years, and fined not less than $10,000, and 
all his slaves, if any, shall be declared and made free ; said fine 
shall be levied and collected on any or all of the property, real 
and personal, excluding slaves, of which the said persons. so con- 
victed was the owner at the time of committing the said crime, 
any sale or conveyance to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person shall 
hereafter incite, set on foot, assist, or engage in any rebellion or 
insurrection against the authority of the United States, or the 
laws thereof, or shall give aid or comfort thereto, or shall engage 
in, or give aid and comfort to, any such existing rebellion or insur- 
rection, and be convicted thereof, such person shall be punished 
by imprisonment for a period not exceeding ten years, by a fine 
not exceeding $10,000, and by the liberation of all his slaves, if 
any he have. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That every person guilty of 
either of the offences described in this act shall be forever inca- 
pable and disqualified to hold any office under the United States. 

Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That this act shall not be 
construed in any way to affect or alter the prosecution, convic- 
tion, or punishment of any person or persons guilty of treason 
against the United States before the passage of this act, unless 
such person is convicted under this act. 

Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That to insure the speedy 
termination of the present Kebellion, it shall be the duty of the 
President of the United States to cause the seizure of all the es- 
tate and property, money, stocks, credits and effects of the per- 
sons hereafter named in this section, and to apply and use the 
same, and the proceeds thereof, for the support of the Army of 
the United States, that is to say : — First, of any person hereaftei 
acting as an officer of the army or navy of the Rebels in arms 
against the Government of the United States ; secondly, of any 
on hereafter acting as President, Vice President, Member of 
Congress, Judge of any Court, Cabinet Officer, Foreign Minister, 
Commissioner, or Consul of the so-called Confederate States of 
America ; thirdly, of any person acting as Governor of a State, 
member of a Convention or Legislature, or Judge of any Court 



72 CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 

of any of the so-called Confederate States of America ; fourthly, 
of any person who, having held an office of honor, trust, or profit 
in the United States, shall hereafter hold an office in the so-called 
Confederate States of America ; fifthly, of any person hereafter 
holding any offie or agency under the Government of the so-called 
Confederate States of America, or under any of the several States 
of the said Confederacy, or the laws thereof, whether such office 
or agency be National, State or Municipal in its name or charac- 
ter : — Provided, That the person, thirdly, fourthly and fifthly 
above described shall have accepted their appointment or election 
since the date of the pretended ordinance of Secession of the 
State, or shall have taken an oath of allegiance to, or to support 
the Constitution of the so-called Confederate States ; sixthly, of 
any person who, owning property in any loyal State or Territory 
of the United States, or in the District of Columbia, shall here- 
after assist and give aid and comfort to such Kebellion, and all 
sales, transfers, or conveyances of any such property shall be 
null and void, and it shall be a sufficient bar to any suit brought 
by such person for the possession or the use of such property, or 
any of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persons de- 
scribed in this section. 

Sec 6. And be it further enacted, That if any person within 
any State or Territory of the United States, other than those 
named as aforesaid, after the passage of this act, being engaged 
in armed rebellion against the Government of the United States, 
or aiding or abetting such rebellion, shall not, within sixty days 
after public warning and proclamation duly given and made by 
the President of the United States, cease to aid, countenance and 
abet such rebellion, and return to his allegiance to the United 
States, all the estate and property, money, stocks and credits of 
such person shall be liable to seizure as aforesaid, and it shall bo 
the duty of the President to seize and use them as aforesaid, or 
the proceeds thereof. And all sales, transfers, or conveyances 
of any such property after the expiration of the said sixty days 
from the date of such warning and proclamation shall be null and 
void ; and it shall be a sufficient bar to any suit brought by such 
person for the possession or the use of such property, or any part 
of it, to allege and prove that he is one of the persons described 
in this section. 

Sec 7. And be it further enacted, That to secure the condem- 
nation and sale of any such property after the same shall have 
been seized, so that it may be made available for the purpose 
aforesaid, proceedings in rem shall be instituted in the name of 
the United States in any District Court thereof, or in any Terri- 
ritorial Court, or in the United States District Court for the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, within which the property above described, or 
any part thereof, may be found, or into which the same, if move- 
able, may first be brought, which proceedings shall conform, as 
nearly as may be, to proceedings in admirality or revenue cases ; 



CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 73 

and if said property, whether real or personal, shall be found to 
have belonged to a person engaged in Rebellion, or who has given 
aid or comfort thereto, the same shall be condemned as enemies' 
property, and become the property of the United States, and may 
be disposed of as the Court shall decree, and the proceeds there- 
of paid into the Treasury of the United States for the purposes 
■foresaid. 

Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the several Courts 
aforesaid shall have power to make such orders, establish such 
forms and decrees of sale, and direct such deeds and conveyances 
to be executed and delivered by the Marshals thereof, where real 
estate shall be the subject of sale, as shall fitly and efficiently 
effect the purposes of this act, and vest in the purchasers of such 
property good and valid titles thereto. And the said Court shall 
have power to allow such fees and charges of their officers as 
shall be reasonable and proper in the premises. 

Sec. 9. And be it further enacted, That all slaves of persons 
who shall hereafter be engaged in rebellion against the Govern- 
ment of the United States, or who shall in any way give aid or 
comfort thereto, escaping from such persons, and taking refuge 
within the lines of the army ; and all slaves captured from such 
persons, or deserted by them and coming under the control of tli6 
Government of the United States ; and all slaves of such persons 
found or being within any place occupied by Rebel forces, and 
afterward occupied by the forces of the United States, shall be 
deemed captives of war, and shall be forever free of their servi- 
tude, and not again held as slaves. 

Sec. 10. And be it further enacted, That no slave escaping into 
any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, from any other 
State, shall be delivered up, or in any way impeded or hindered of 
his liberty, except for crime, or some offence against the laws, un- 
less the persons claiming said fugitive shall first make oath that 
the person to whom the labor or service of such fugitive is alleged 
to be due, is his lawful owner, and has not borne arms against the 
United States in the present rebellion, nor in any way given aid 
and comfort thereto ; and no person engaged in the military or na- 
val service of the United States shall, under any pretence what- 
ever, assume to decide on the validity of the claim of any person 
to the service or labor of any other person, or surrender up any 
such person to the claimant, on pain of being dismissed from the 
service. 

Sec. 11. And be it further enacted, That the President of the 
United States is authorized to employ as many persons of African 
decent as he may deem necessary and proper for the suppression 
of this Rebellion ; and for this purpose he may organize and use 
them in such manner as he may judge best for the public welfare. 

Sec. 12. And be it further enacted, That the President of the 
United States is hereby authorized to make provision for the 
transportation, colonization, and settlement, in some tropical coun- 
4 



74 CONFISCATION AND EMANCIPATION BILL. 

try beyond the limits of the United States, of such persons of the 
African race, made free by the provisions of this act, as may be 
willing to emigrate, having first obtained the consent of the Gov- 
ernment of said country to their protection and settlement within 
the same, with all the rights and privileges of freemen. 

Sec 13. And be it further enacted, That the President is here- 
by authorized, at any time hereafter, by proclamation, to extend 
to persons who may have participated in the existing Rebellion in 
any State or part thereof, pardon and amnesty, with such excep- 
tions and at such time and on such conditions as he may deem ex- 
pedient for the public welfare. 

Sec. 14. And be it further enacted, That the Courts of the Uni- 
ted States shall have full power to institute proceedings, make or- 
ders and decrees, issue process, and do all other things necessary 
to carry this act into effect. 



The Amendments to the Confiscation Bill. 

The following is the bill which passed both Houses and which 
removes the President's objection to the Confiscation Act. 

Resolved, By the Senate and House of Representatives, etc. 
That the provisions of the third clause of the fifth section of an act 
to suppress insurrection, to punish treason and rebellion, to seize 
and confiscate the property of Rebels, and for other purposes, shall 
be so construed as not to apply to any act or acts done prior to 
the passage thereof, nor to include any member of a State Legis- 
lature or Judge of any State Court who has not, in accepting or 
entering upon his office, taken an oath to support the Constitution 
of the so-called Confederate States of America ; nor shall any 
punishment or proceedings under the said act be so construed as 
to work a forfeiture of the real estate of the offender beyond his 
natural life. 

P. S. — The President is authorized to negotiate for the acquisi- 
tion, by treaty or otherwise, of lands or countries in Mexico, 
Central America or South America, or in the islands of the Gulf 
of Mexico, or for the right of settlement upon the lands of the 
said countries, for all persons liberated under this act, to be re- 
moved with their own consent. 

For the purpose of paying the expense of the purchase of such 
lands, and the removal of such persons, the President shall use 
such money as Congress may from time to time direct, arising 
from the sales of the property formerly owned by Rebels, and 
which shall have been confiscated to the ;:se of the United States. 



75 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 



BY THE 



CENSUS OF 1860 AND 1850, 



FREE STATES. 


1860. 


1850. 


FREE STATES. 


1860. 


1 
1850. 




628.2791 586,159 
326,073 317,976 
315,098' 31-1 190 


Iudiaua 


1,350,941 

1,711,753 

775,873 

674,948 

172,022 

107,110 

380,016 

52,464 

220,143 

75,076 


988.416 
851,470 
305,391 
192,214 
6,077 


New Hampshire.. 


Wisconsin 

Iowa 

Minnesota 


Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

Rhode Island 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 


1,231,066 
760,147 
174,620 

3,880,727 
672,034 

2,906,371 

2,339,59c 
749, 11: 


994,514 

370,792 

147,745 

3.097,394 

489,555 

2,311, 7&6 

1,980,329 

397,654 


California 


92,597 
13,294 
72,924 
51,687 


Territories 

Dist. of Columbia. 

Total 






19,203,494 


13,651,175 











SLAVE STATES. 



1860. | 1860. 1860. 



Alabama 

Arkansas , 

Delaware , 

Florida 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maryland 

Mississippi . 

Missouri. , 

North Carolina 

South Carolina.... , 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Virginia 

District of Columbia. 



529,164 
324.323 
110,418 
78,686 
595,097 
930,223 
376,261; 
599,846 
354,701. 

1,167,352 
601,566 
301,271 
834,056 
421,750 

1,105,192 



435,132 

111,104 

1, 

61,753 
462,232 
225,490 
333,010 

87,188 
436,696 
114,965 
331,081 
402,541 
275,785 
180,682 
490,887 



1850. 



w . , Tot. white 
Total - |and slave. 



964,296 
435,427 
112,216 
140,439 

1,057,329 

1,155,713 
709,290 
687,034 
791,396 

1,182,317 
992,667 
703,812 

1,109,841 
602,432 

1,596,079 



771,623 
209.897 
91,532 
87,401 
906,185 
982.405 
517,762 
583,034 
606,326 
682,044 

668,507 
1,002,717 

212,592 

1,421,661 

51,687 



8,289,953 3,950,343, 12,240,296 9,663,99: 



76 



PUBLIC DEBT. 

The following is a statement of the Public Debt, July 1st, 1863, 
derived from an official source : 

INTEREST-BEARING DEBT. 

Four per cent Temporary Loan — Coin $5,086,037 30 

Four per cent Temporary Loan 23,023,258 19 

$28,059,295 49 



Five per cent Temporary Loan . $70,808,188 91 

Five per cent Temporary Loan — Coin 6,450 00 

Five per cent Bonds due 1865 3,461,000 00 

Five per cent Bonds due 1871 7,022,000 00 

Five per cent Bonds due 1874 20,000,000 00 



Six per cent Bonds due 1868 $18,323,591 80 

Six per cent Bonds due 1881 69,547,800 00 

Six per cent Bonds due 1882 185,684,141 26 

Six per cent Treasury Notes 717,100 00 

Six per cent Certificates of Indebted- 
ness 157,093,241 65 



Seven-thirty per cent Bonds due Aug. 

19th, 1864 $52,931,000 00 

Seven-thirtv per cent Bonds due Oct. 

1st, 1864 86,989,500 00 



$101,297,638 91 



$431,275,874 71 



$139,920,500 00 



DEBT NOT BEARING INTEREST. 

Treasury Notes past due $39,100 00 

U. S. Notes $387,646,589 00 

Less amount in 

Treasurv 11,157,088 12 

$376,489,500 88 



Frational Currency 20,192,456 00 

$396,721,056 88 

Total Debt July 1st, 1863, as exhibited by the books 

of the Treasury Department $1,097,274,365 99 

RECAPITULATION. 

Aggregate Debt at Four per cent Interest $28,059,295 49 

Aggregate Debt at Five per cent Interest 101,297,638 91 

Aggregate Debt at Six per cent Interest 431,275,874 71 

Aggregate Debt at Seven-thirty per cent Interest .. . 189,920,500 00 

Aggregate Debt without Interest 376,721,056 88 



Total Debt July 1st, 1863, as exhibited by the books 

of the Treasury Department $1,097,274,365 99 



77 



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78 



RATES OF POSTAGE. 

Letters not exceeding half ounce in weight, to any part of the United States, 8 
cent?. Letters weighing over half ounce, and not over one ounce, double these 
rates. Must be prepaid in all cases. 

Deop Lettees, 2 cents. 

Adveetised Lettees. 1 cent in addition to the regular rates. 

Valuable Lettees may be registered by application at the office of mailing, and 
the payment of a registration fee of 5 cents. 

To Canada and other British North American Provinces, when not over 3,000 
miles, 10 cents for each half ounce. When over 3,000 miles, 15 cents. Pre-payment 
optional. 

To Geeat Bbitatx or Ireland, 24 cents. Pre-payment optional. 

Lettees to other Foreign Countries vary in rate, according to the route by which 
thev are sent, and the proper information can be obtained of any Postmaster in the 
United States. 

Arrnop-s' Manuscript, Proofs, etc., if containing no private writing of any kind, 
and left open at the end, if weighing less than four ounces may be sent for 2 cents, 
and 2 cents additional for every added four ounces, or part thereof. 

Daily Papees, if paid quarterly or otherwise, in advance. 45 cents a year: Semi- 
weekly, etc., 35 cents ; "Weekly, 20 cents; Semi-monthly, the same; Monthly Peri- 
odicals, 24 cents per annum, if not weighing over four ounces a number. 

News-dealers may receive their packages through the mail at the same rates, 
pro rata as are paid by subscribers, for instance, 52" copies of a Weekly paper for 
20 cents, or 24 cents for" a dozen Magazines, and may pay separately for each pack- 
age when received. 

Weekly Newspapers (one copy only) sent to actual subscribers within the County 
where printed and published, Free. 

Printed Books, bound or unbound, not weighing over four pounds, for any dis- 
tance under 3,000 miles, 1 cent per oz. ; over 3,000 miles, 2 cents per oz., prepaid. 

Daguerreotypes will be charged with letter postage. 

Packages of seeds or cuttings weighing not more than 8 oz., 2 cents per oz. 

No Package will be forwarded (except Books) which weighs over 4 pounds. 



MIS0ELLAKE0US PKOVISIOtfS EELAITVH TO POSTAGE. 

By Act of Congress, July 24th. 1S61, all prepaid letters to soldiers in any regiment 
in the service of the LTnited States, and directed to them at a point where they 
have been stationed, may be forwarded, whenever practicable, to any other point 
to which they may have been ordered, without further charge thereon : by an Act 
passed July 22d, 1861, private soldiers, and by an Act of January 21st, 1862, sailors 
and marines were permitted to send letters to their families and friends without 
prepayment of postage, the words "soldier's" or "sailors letter,"' with the name 
of the' officer being endorsed on the envelope by the captain or lieutenant of the 
company to which'such soldiers, sailors, or marines belonged. 

By a law passed January 21st, 1S62, the Postmaster-General was authorized to 
return all dead letters, except those containing circulars and other worthless matter, 
to their writers, whenever their names could be ascertained, charging for all valua- 
ble letters treble, and for others double, the ordinary rate of postage. 

By a law passed April 16th. 1862, the Postmaster-General was authorized to estab- 
lish branch post-offices in the cities, and to require prepayment by stamp of one 
cent for every letter deposited for mailing, and to collect one cent "for delivery of 
every letter sent to said branch office for delivery; but no letter shall be sent from 
the principal office to a branch office for delivery contrary to the request of the 
party to whom the same may be addressed. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



79 



ELECTORAL VOTES 



PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDES! OF THE UNITED STATES, 



ELECTION FOR T Hi FIRST TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1789, AXD TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1793 



1 

g 33 

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10 
7 
6 

10 
3 


Massachusetts 

Connecticut 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 


"t 




















5 
3 

i' 

9 


















2 






























6 

10 

7 

5 


Maryland 


.... 

1 


6 
6 














3 
3 












Sooili Carolina 

Georgia 


6 
B 










2 

2 


1 

1 


1 
1 


l 


69 


Whole No. Electors. 
Majority 35 


69 


o4 


2 


4 


l 



The first Congress under the Constitution was c^rvoned at the 
'Federal Hall," situated at the bead of Broad, fronting en Wail 
street, (where the Custom- House now stands.) in the cicv of New 
York, on the first Wednesday, being March 4, 1789 — Senator* and 
Representatives having been elected from the eleven states which 
had ratified the Constitution ; but, owmg to the absence of a quorum, 
the House was not organized till the 1st of April, and, for a like rea- 
son, the Senate was not organized till ihe fith ; when the latter bot'v 
''proceeded by ballot to the choice of a President, for the sole purpose 
of opening and counting the [electoral] votes for President of the 
United States." John Langdon, of Xew Hampshire, was chosen 
President pro tern, of the Senate, and Samnel Alyne Otis, of Massa- 
chusetts, Secretary; after which, proper measures were taken to notify 
the successful individuals of their election. 

George Washington took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
ipon his duties April 30, 1789. (For his Inaugural Address, see p. 24.) 

John Adams, Vice-President, entered upon his duties in the Seuaw 
A.pril 21, 1789, and took the oath of office June 3, 178U. 



80 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE SECOND 1ERIU, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1793, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1797. 



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New Jersey 




15 


Pennsylvania 


15 


14 


1 






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3 

8 


3 

8 








8 










21 


Virginia 


21 




21 






4 




4 






4 




12 




12 

8 
4 


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12 
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1 


4 












13? 


Whole No. of Electors 


132 


77 


50 


4 


1 




Majority 67 





George Washington, re-elected President, took the oath of office for 
a second term, and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1793. 

John Adams, re-elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 
entered upon his duties in the Senate, December 2, 1793. 

After the expiration of his second Presidential term, Washington 
retired to the tranquil shades of Mount Yernon, fondly indulging the 
hope that the remainder of his days would be peacefully enjoyed in 
his much-cherished home ; but these pleasing anticipations were not 
allowed to remain long undisturbed. In 1798 the conduct of the 
French Directory and its emissaries led to frequent difficulties with 
this country, which were calculated to provoke a war ; and the opinion 
was universally entertained that he who had formerly so well acquitted 
himself, must be again called to the command of our armies. Accord- 
ingly, early in July, the rank and title of " Lieutenant-General and 
Commander-in-Chief of all the armies raised, or to be raised, in the 
United States," was conferred upon him ; and the Secretary of War, 
Mr. McHenry, immediately waited upon him to tender the commission. 
In a letter to President Adams, accepting " this new proof of public 
confidence," he makes a reservation that he shall not be called into the 
field until the army is in a situation to require his presence, and adds : 
" I take the liberty also to mention, that I must decline having my 
acceptance considered as drawing after it any immediate charge upon 
the public, and that 1 cannot receive any emoluments annexed to thg 
appointment, before entering into a situation to incur expense." 



ELECTORAL V0TE9. 



81 



ELECTION FOR THE THIRD TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1797, AND TERMINATING MARCH S, 1801. 





STATES. 


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Massachusetts. 
Rhode Island... 
Connecticut . . . 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania.. 

Pelaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 


6 
16 
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9 
4 
12 
7 
1 
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16 




13 










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20 
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11 
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4 
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15 


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North Carolina. 


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4 












3 






3 






































139 


No. of Electors. 
Majority... 70 


71 


68 


59 


30 


15 


11 


5 


7 


2 


3 


2 1 1 


2 



John Adams, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered 
upon his duties, March 4, 1797. 

Thomas Jefferson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, 
and entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1797. 

The administration of Mr. Adams encountered the most virulent 
opposition, both domestic and foreign. France, still in the confusion 
following her revolution, made improper demands on our country, which 
not being complied with, she commenced seizing American property 
on the high seas. Our people, taking different sides, were about equally 
divided — some approving and others deprecating the course pursued by 
France. Letters of marque and reprisal were issued by our govern- 
ment, and a navy was raised with surprising promptitude. This had 
the desired effect, peace being thereby secured ; and the aggressor was 
taught that the Americans were friends in peace, but were not fearful 
of war when it could not be honorably averted. 

The Indians on our western frontiers also caused much trouble ; but 
at length, being severely chastised by General Wayne, they E^ed for 
peace, which was granted in 1795. 

In 1800 the seat of government was removed from Philadelphia to 
Washington City, which had been designated by Washington, under 
a law -of Congress, as the iegsi central situation. 



82 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE FOURTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1801, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1805. 



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8 
3 

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4 


4 




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138 




72 


73 


65 64 


1 




Majority 70 









The electoral vote for Thos. Jefferson and Aaron Burr being equal 
no choice was made by the people, and on the 11th of February, 1801 
Jie House of Representatives proceeded to the choice of President in 
the manner prescribed by the Constitution. On the first ballot eight 
states voted for Thomas Jefferson, six for Aaron Burr, and the vote3 
if two states were divided. The balloting continued till the 17th of 
February, when the thirty-fifth ballot, as had all previously, resulted the 
iame as the first. After the thirty-sixth ballot, the Speaker declared 
mat the votes of ten states had been given for Thomas Jefferson, the 
votes of four states for Aaron Burr, and the votes of two states in 
blank ; and that, consequently, Thomas Jefferson had been elected for 
the term of four years. 

Thomas Jefferson, thus elected President, took the oath of office, 
»nd entered upon his duties, March 4, 1801. 

In his inaugural address, Mr. Jefferson used the following memorable 
expression : " We have called by different names brethren of the same 
principle. We are all republicans : we are all federalists. If there bo 
any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union, or to change ita 
republican form, let them stand, undisturbed, as monuments of the 
safety with which ereor of opinion may be tolerated, where rea- 
son IS LEFT FREE TO COMBAT IT." 

Aaron Burr, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 
entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1801. 






ELECTORAL VOTES. 



83 



ELECTION FOR THE FIFTH TERM, 
COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1805, AND TERME\ T ATING MARCH 3, 1809. 



i 

c J. 

%8 



STATES 



PRESID'T. V.PRES'T. 



7 

19 

4 

9 

6 

19 

8 

20 

3 

11 

24 

14 

10 

6 

5 

8 

3 

ire" 



New Hampshire. 
Massachusetts. .. 
Rhode Island.... 

Connecticut 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina.., 
South Carolina. . , 

Georgia 

Tennessee 

Kentucky 

Ohio 



Whole No. of Electors. 
Majority 



ihv 



14 



89 



Thomas Jefferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a 
second term, and eDtered upon his duties, March 4,1805. 

George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 
entered upon his duties in the Senate, March 4, 1805. 

Among the most important acts of Mr. Jefferson's administration 
was the purchase of Louisiana from France for $15,000,000, which 
territory was surrendered to our government in December, 1803. 

In November, 1808, the celebrated "Orders in Council" were 
issued by the British government, which prohibited all trade with 
France and her allies; and. as a retaliatory measure, in December fol- 
lowing Bonaparte issued his "Milan Decree," interdicting all trade 
with England and her colonies — thus subjecting almost every American 
vessel on the ocean to capture. In requital for these tyrannous pro- 
ceedings, and that England and France might both feel their injustice, 
Congress decreed an embargo: but as this failed to obtain from either 
power an acknowledgment of our rights, and was also ruinous to our 
commerce with other nations, it was repealed in March, 1809. 



84 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



« ELECTION FOR THE SIXTH TERH, 

COMMKS'CIXG MARCH 4, 1S09, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1813. 





STATES. 


PRESIDEJNT. 




VICE-PRESTDEXT 




i 

x c* 

I™ 

c i 


\i 

— c 
m 

m 

o 

a 

•-a 


o 

3 o 

• 

o 


H 
J 

p 

d 


iz 

i 

i* 

a 
a 
O 


"5 

= > 

3 a 

X 

s 

-. 


c 

"3: 

E "5 

-r. 

1-3 


1 § 

. — > 
g E I 

t= it 

■■ ~ — 

"= ° = 


IJ- 








19 

4 
9 










7 
9 


"IQ 
















4 


Rhode Island 














9 
















fi 




6 
13 

8 
20 










6 


19 


New Tork 


6 


"s 

2 

"a 


13 
8 
20 

9 
24 

11 

10 

6 

7 

5 


3 


3 




8 






an 






















3 


n 




9 
■24 
11 
10 
6 
7 
5 
3 




2 








14 










3 


10 












fi 











7 










R 


Tennessee 

Ohio .. 










3 






3 


















175 


Whole No. of Electors 122 1 6 

Majority 88 


47 


113 


3 


3 


9 


47 



James Madison took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4. 1609. 

George Clinton, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 
attended in the Senate, March 4, 1809. 

Our national position, especially in regard to England and France, 
was certainly a very perplexing one when Mr. Madison came to the 
Presidency. TVe were not only threatened by enemies abroad, but 
were harassed by a savage foe on our western frontier, probably urged 
on by British influence, and led by the famous chief Tecumseh and hi3 
brother the Prophet. These last were finally subdued in 1811 ; but 
our European foes were more troublesome. After all peaceful means 
had failed to check the aggressions of England, and when at length 
" patience had ceased to be a virtue,"' war was declared against that 
country, June 19, 1812. The events of that war it is not within our 
province to record ; and it is sufficient to say, that they greatly ele- 
vated the American character in the estimation of both friends and 
enemies. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



85 



ELECTIIN FOR THE SEVENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1813, AND TERMINA1TNG MARCH 3, 181T. 



e 

E ^ 
~ j. 

I 

B-g 

o * 
c 


STATES. 


PRES 

.2 

"a 

c'tb 

fl> 

r* 

a 

a 


id't. 

i 

- o 

is » 

£ c 

a 


V.PB 

C5 eg 
a) x 


ES'T. 

.5 

--3 

ll 

So § 

fi| 
flu 

»o 

a9 
i-s 


R 






8 
22 
4 
9 

29* 

8 

"4" 

5 


i 

2 
*8 

25' 

""a 

25 
15 
11 

8 
12 
8 
7 
3 


7 


?:?. 






?n 


4 








9 






q 


8 




8 




29 




Bfl 


8 






8 


8ft 




25 




4 




4 


11 




6 
25 
15 


ft 


Vft 






Ift 






11 




11 .... 
8 .... 

12 ..... 
8 .... 
7 .... 
3 .... 




8 






1° 






S 






7 


Ohio 




R 












v>17 


Whole No. of Electors 


128 89 


131 


86 




Majority 109 















James Madison, elected President for a second term. [There is no 
notice on the Journals of Congress of his having taken the oath.] 

Elbridge Gerry, elected Vice-President, attended in the Senate ov 
the 24th of May, 1813, and exhibited a certificate of his having takts 
the oath of office prescribed by law, which was read. 

The war into which the country had been forced was brought to a 
close by the treaty of Ghent, which was signed December 24, 1814; 
but this treaty had scarcely been ratified, when it became necessary to 
commence another war for the protection of American commerce and 
seamen against Algerine piracies. In May, 1815, a squadron under 
Commodore Decatur sailed for the Mediterranean, where the navai 
force of Algiers was cruising for American vessels. After capturing 
two of the enemy's best frigates in that sea, Decatur proceeded to the 
Bay of Algiers, and there dictated a treaty which secured the United 
States from any further molestation from that quarter. Similar Trea- 
ties were also concluded with the other Barbary powers. 



86 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE EIGHTH TERM. 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1817, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1821. 



I 

H 

B| 

d 
ft 


STATES. 


PRES 

00 ° 

s 

ea 

1-5 


id't. 
M 

to* 

a * 

." (D 

3 O 

d 


S3 O 
ft > 

fi 0) 

a® 


VICE 
s.' 

2 ° 



1-5 


PRESI 

.2 

"£ 

to C 

0) « 

P >— 

4° 


DENT 
x "Si 

2 ° 


^ ^3 

s c 

JO 



« 


S 




8 


'22 

"9' 

"3' 


8 
"4 

"•8" 

2 j 

8 

25 

"s" 

25 

15 
11 
8 
12 
S 
8 
3 
3 














22 








4 




4 








Q 






5 


4 




8 




8 
29 

8 
25 




?9 






8 












?5 












8 










3 


8 




8 

25 

15 

11 

8 

12 

8 

8 

3 

3 




f» 












'/ft 


North Carolina 

South Carolina 










a 

8 










(J ? 






8 












8 


Ohio 










8 


Louisiana w 


























183 


34 


183 


22 


5 




3 




Majority 109 











James Monroe took the oath of office, as President, and enteral 
Tij -on his duties March 4, 1817. 

Daniel D. Tompkins, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, 
and attended in the Senate, Marc]} 4, 1817. 

The Seminole and a few of the Creek Indians commenced depreda- 
tions on the frontiers of Georgia and Alabama towards the close of 
L817, for which they were severely chastised by a force under General 
Jackson, and gladly sued for peace. 

In February, 1819, a treaty was negotiated at Washington, by 
which Spain coded to the United States East and West Florida and 
the adjacent islands. In the same year the southern portion of Mis- 
souri territory was set off under the name of Arkansas, for which a 
territorial government wr>.s formed ; and Alabama was constituted a 
state, and admitted loto the Union. 

E^rly in 1820 the pvtvjnce of Maine, which had been connectea 
with Massachusetts duct, J 652, was separated from it, and was admit 
ted into the Union as ai* impendent state. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



87 



ELECTION FOR THE NINTH T E R IV\ 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1821, AND TERMINATING MARCH 



1825. 



I 

X i 

|£ 

o ■ 
6 


STATES. 


.frestd't. 




VICE-PRESIDENT 




.2 
'5 
'3: 

5 

•c 

1 

-5 


< 1 

g 

o 

i-a 


-^ > 

Q 

'3 


>> 
a 

„ a> 
c ^ 

•JQO 

3 


c 

M 

Wo 

6 
t 

a> 

O 
« 


.a 

'S 
k c 

.S3 


i 

J 

^ <<_ 

Co 
o 

I 


8 




15 

4 

9 

8 

29 

8 

24 

4 

11 

25 

15 

11 

8 

12 
7 
8 
3 
3 
2 
3 
3 
9 
3 

31 


1 
1 


7 

7 
4 
9 

8 
29 

8 
24 


"8* 




1 




1f> 






4 


Rhode Island 








q 












8 












?9 


New York 










8 












as 












4 










4 


11 


Marvland 


10 
25 
15 
11 

8 
12 
7 
8 
8 
3 
2 

9 
3 

.18 




1 






?ft 






1ft 






11 

8 

1? 


.-routh Carolina 










S 






8 












3 












8 












3 




• 








a 












8 












9 












3 
























?35 




8 


1 


1 


4 




ity 118 











James Monroe was re-elected President, but there is no notice on 
the Journals of Congress that he again took the oath of office. 

Daniel D. Tompkins was re-elected Vice-President, tut there is no 
record of his having again taken the oath of office. 

Public attention was much occupied in 1824-5 by a visit from the 
venerable General Lafayette, who, after the lapse of nearly half a cen- 
tury from the period of his military career, was again welcomed with 
every token of respect that could be devised for honoring the •' Na- 
tion's Guest." He landed in New York in August, 1824, and after 
remaining there a short time, set out on a tour through all the states. 
Upwards of a year was taken up in accomplishing this gratifying 
object; aud in September, 1825, he sailed from Washington in th« 
frigate -Brandy wire for his native home. 



88 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE TENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1825, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1829. 





STATES. 


A 

1-5 o 


PRESI 


DENT 




c 

cT'o 

s H 

o 


VIC 



M 

'/2 c 

a' 


E-PRI 


K*DE2 


'T. 
M 



it 
0* 

^ O 

a 

3 




1 

9 "S 
5| 

c * 

6 


oT-2 
11 
3| 

&l 
.9 S 

a^S 

.a 

o 


go 

a 


J? 
o 

a 

"S 
3 

o> 


e3 

.3 

si 


cS . 

"* c 

a 

-A 



"a 

a 


8 






8 
15 
4 
8 
7 
26 






7 
15 
3 






1 






15 








4 
















8 










8 






7 






*5 


"i' 


7 
29 

8 
28 

1 
10 








36 




1 

8 
28 


7 










8 












28 




















R 




1 
3 


2 
1 

24 












?, 


11 




7 




'24' 


1 






24 






15 




15 
11 






15 
11 






11 




















9 






9 










9 




14 








14 


7 
11 

"5* 
5 
3 
3 
5 
9 


7 








11 




11 








16 


Ohio 






16 


16 










5 




3 
5 
3 

2 
5 


2 












5 














3 


Mississippi 












3 


1 
















5 
9 
















9 




3 












3 


Missouri ^. 








3 




















261 


Whole No. of Electors 

Majority 131 


99 


84 


41 


37 


182 


30 


24 


13 


9 


2 



Neither candidate for the Presidency having received a majority of 
the electoral votes, it devolved upon the House of Representatives to 
choose a President from the three highest on the list of those voted for, 
which three were Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William 
H. Crawford. Twenty-four tellers (one member from each state) wera 
appointed, who, after examining the ballots, announced that the voten 
of thirteen states had been given for John Quincy Adams ; the votes 
of seven states for Andrew Jackson ; and the votes of four states for 
William H. Crawford. The Speaker then declared that John Quincy 
Adams, having received a majority of the votes of all the states, was 
duly elected President of the United States for four years, commencing 
on the 4th day of March, 1825 ; on which day Mr. Adams took th« 
oath of office, and entered upon his duties. 

John C. Calhoun, having been elected Vice-President, took the oata 
of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1825. 



ELECTORAL VOTK3 



89 



ELECT 3N FOR THE ELEVEN'H TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1829, AND TERMINATING MARCH S 1833. 



I 



PRESID 'T . I VICE-PKE.SI DEXl 



STATES 






Maine 

New Hampshire. 
Massachusetts.. 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

Vermont 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania. . . . 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina.. 
South Carolina.. 

Georgia 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Ohio 

Louisiana 

Mississippi 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Missouri 



20 



23 



Whole No. of Electors. 
Majority 



,131 



171 



ADdrew Jackson took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4, 1829. 

John C. Calhoun took the oath of office, as Yice-President, and 
presided in the. Senate March 4, 1829. 

A series of unfortunate political and social occurrences soon led te 
a rupture of that cordiality which had formerly existed between these 
two distinguished individuals, the consequences of which were pecu- 
liarly disastrous to the political aspirations of Mr. Calhom, who waa 
never afterwards regarded with much favor beyond the imm(dii>ta 
fimits of his owi state. 



90 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE TWELFTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1833, AND TERMINATING- MARCH 3 1837. 





STATES. 


IX. 

ll 

O E-" 

1-8 o 

c 


1>RBS 


DENT 






VTCE- 


F RKS1 


DE.VT 


« 


i 

Is 

1 


3 


"Sc 

> 


S 


3 


"3 

> 

s * 

u 3 

act 

n c 

o 
— 


"3 

Si 

.2 c 


0) 


'3 

11 

,-s a 
a a 

- a 

'£~o 

B 

< 


10 




10 








10 
7 










7 




s 














14 




14 

4 
8 








4 


Rhode Island i 














8 






















7" 








7 


42 




42 

8 
30 






42 
8 










s 












80 












30 






a 




3 

5 








3 
6 


.... 


10 




3 
23 
15 






28 




A3 






1ft 




*::: :: 




■>• 






n 






11 


... 






11 




n 




11 




. 11 






is 




is" I 


15 








ifi 


Tennessee 

Ohio 


15 
21 

( 

4 






15 
21 

5 

4 
9 
5 








21 














4 












9 








































4 










4 


























.... 










?S8 




219 


43 11 


7 iso 


49 


30 


11 


7 




Majority 145 













Andrew Jackson, re-elected President, took the oath of office, and 
continued his duties. March 4, 1833. 

Martin Yan Buren, having been elected Vice-President, took the 
oath of office, and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1833. 

Early in June, 1833, the President left Washington on a tour 
through the Northern states, and was every where received with an 
enthusiasm that evinced the cordial approval of his administration by 
the people. One of his first measures, on returning to the seat of 
government, was the removal of the public moneys from the United 
States Bank, for which act he encountered the most virulent hostility 
of a small majority of the Senate, who passed resolutions censuring 
his course. But this injustice has not been perpetuated ; for on the 
16th of January, 1837, these partisan resolutions were expunged from 
the records by order of a handsome majority. 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



91 



ELECTION FOR THE THIRTEENTH TtRM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1837, AND TERM3NATLNG. MARCH 3, 1841. 



e 


STATES. 


PRESIDENT. 


VICE-PRESIDEXT. 


£ 

M 

i 


c S 
£{* 

> o 


e 

BO 

.- c 

3 
W 


0' 

"hi) 

3 


01 

1 = 
1=1 


fa 


11 

eS 

S3 


M 
O 

gjz; 

go 
'3 

a 
& 


.5 
'£ 

I' 
**° 




4 

! 

A 

a 


10 




10 
7 










10 

7 

"4 

8 








7 








'ii' 










14 




14 






4 


Rhode Island .• 


4 
8 








8 






















7 








7 






4'? 




42 

so' 








42 




8 


New Jersey 


8 








8 






30 








30 




3 




3 
10 








3 


ib' 




10 
















23 




23 
15 












23 


lo 












15 








11 










11 




11 
11 

is 




11 








11 






1ft 






15 








15 




1ft 






15 










<>l 


Ohio 




21 








21 
"9' 




ft 




5 
4 

"5* 








5 
4 




4 


Mississippi 












P 


9 










ft 










5 
7 
4 
3 
3 

147* 






















4 
















3 
















3 




3 
























14 


11 




47 






Whole No. of Electors 170 

Majority 148 | 


73 


•^c 


77 


23 



Martin Van Buren, elected President, took the oath of office, and 
entered upon his duties, March 4, 1837. 

Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, 
and attended in the Senate, March 4, 1837. 

Urged by the unprecedented financial embarrassments which were 
experienced in every branch of industry, and especially by the mer- 
cantile das>, Mr. Van Buren's first measure was to convene a special 
ng of ( longress early in September, '37, which continued in session 
forty days, but accomplished very little. A bill authorizing the issue 
1.0,000,000 in treasury notes was passed; but the Independent 
Treasury bill (the great financial measure of the administration) was 
then rejected, although afterwards (in 1840) adopted. 

* Fleeted l>y the Senate. 



92 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE ■ FOURTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1841, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1345. 



si 


STATES. 


PRE: 

11 

S 

1 


td't. 

£. - 
- c 

ao 

3 


ed 

c 

1 

a 



3:-pr 

a 

~ c 
2 


ESTDE 

.2 
►4 


• 

s 

.. IE 

== a 
■? a 
~g 

*° 

a 

'-s 


in 




10 


"7 

'23' 

'ii' 

"5 

7 
4 
3 


10 

ii" 

4 

8 

7 
42 

8 
30 

3 
10 

'is' 
ii' 

15 
15 
21 
5 
4 
9 

"3' 












7 






14 




14 
4 
8 
7 

42 
8 

30 
3 

10 




4 






8 




















42 










8 










30 










3 










in 










23 




22 




1 


lft 




15 




n 






11 




n 




11 
15 
15 
21 
5 
4 
9 




is 










15 










fll 


Ohio 








S 










4 










P 










S 




5 

7 
4 
3 






7 








4 








3 








3 




3 














?°4 




234 


60 


234 


4S 


11 


1 




Majority 148 





William H. Harrison, elected President, took the oath of office, 
and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1841. 

John Tyler, elected Vice-President, took the oath of office, and 
attended in the Senate, March 4, 1841. 

Soon after his inauguration, President Harrison issued a proclama- 
tion, convening Congress for an extra session on the 31st of May, to 
consider " sundry weighty and important matters, chiefly growing out 
of the state of the revenue and finances of the country. ' But he did 
not live to submit his remedial plans — dying, after a very brief illness, 
on the 4th of April, exactly one month after coming into office. He 
was the first President who had died during his official term, and a 
messenger was immediately dispatched with a letter, signed by all the 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 93 

members of the Cabinet, conveying the melancholy intelligence to the 
Vice President, then at Williamsburg, Va. By extraordinary means 
he reached Washington at five o'clock on the morning of the 6th, and 
at twelve o'clock the Heads of Departments waited upon him, to pay 
their official and personal respects. After signifying his deep feeling 
of the public calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, 
and expressing his profound sensibility of the heavy responsibilities so 
suddenly devolved upon himself, he made known his wishes that the 
several Heads of Departments would continue to fill the places which 
they then respectively occupied, and his confidence that they would 
afford all the aid in their power to enable him to carry on the admin- 
istration of the government successfully. — Mr. Tyler afterwards took 
and subscribed the following oath of office : 

" I do solemnly swear, that I will faithfully execute the office of President of 
the Uuited States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and 
defend the Constitution of the United States. ' JOHN TYLER. 

"Afkil G, 1841." 

Pursuant to the proclamation of President Harrison, Congress met 
on the 31st of May, and continued in session until the 13th of Sep- 
tember. On the 27th of July a bill for the establishment of " The 
Fiscal Bank of the United States," passed the Senate by a vote of 26 
to 23, and was concurred in by the House of Representatives on the 
6th of August — 128 to 91. President Tyler, however, returned the 
bill on the 16th, with his objections, and it was lost for lack of a con- 
stitutional majority. But the friends of a national bank were not to 
be deterred from their purpose by a single repulse : another bill (about 
the same in substance) was immediately hurried through both Houses, 
under the title of " The Fiscal Corporation of the United States," and 
this also shared the fate of its predecessor. 

A Senate bill for the establishment of a uniform system of bank- 
ruptcy throughout the United States, was concurred in by the House 
on the 18th of August, and became a law ; but, meeting with very 
general condemnation, it was soon after repealed. 

A bill was also passed at this extra session for the distribution of 
the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the several states, 
in proportion to population. 

In 1842 an important treaty, adjusting the north-eastern boundary 
of the United States, was negotiated at Washington between Mr. 
"Webster, on the part of this country, and Lord Ashburton, on the 
part of Great Britain. 

During the last year of Mr. Tyler's administration mud excitement 
prevailed on the proposed annexation of Texas to the "Onion, which 
was strongly resisted at the North, on the ground that the South and 
southern institutions would thereby gain increased power in the 
national councils. A treaty of annexation, signed by the President, 
was rejected by the Senate, but measures were taken by which Texag 
was admitted the year following. 



94 



ELECTORAL TOTES. 



ELECTION FOB THE FIFTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1845, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1849. 



1; 

g s 
2 J 

■- 

H-3 
S3 

6 


STATES. 


PEE 

e 

c 

T. 

■> c 
og 

as 

i 
4 


au'i. 

1 ! r 


T.FB 

l] 

51 

s 
~ 

2 


ES'T 

M 


9 




9 
6 


12' 

4 
6 
6 

7 

"i" 

8 

ii" 

12 

13 
23 

105 


9 
. 6 

'36' 
26' 

17 

"9' 
10 

*6' 
6 

12 
9 
9 

3 

5 

170 




6 






12 




1? 


4 


Rho<ie Island 




4 


fi 






6 


6 






6 


36 




36 










26 




26 




3 




S 


8 






8 


17 




17 




11 




11 


9 




9 

10 




in 






l?, 




1? 


18 






IS 


?3 


Ohio 




ra 


fi 




6 
6 
12 
9 
9 
7 
3 
5 

170 




6 






1? 






9 






9 






1 






3 






fi 












27ft 


Whole No. of Electors 


105 




MajoritT 138 











James K. Polk took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4, 1845. 

George M. Dallas took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and 
attended in the Senate, March 4, 1845. 

The most important incidents of Mr. Polk's administration were the 
admission of Texas and the consequent war with Mexico, the latter of 
which resulted in extending our territorial boundaries to the Pacific 
ocean, embracing regions of incalculable value. 



ILICTORAL VOTES. 



95 



ELECTION FOR THE SIXTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1849, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 18*3. 



1 

* £ 
c "3 

I" 

w * 
O * 

6 


STATES. 


PllEa 

•9 

C 

>> 

2 


ID'T. 

C 

Jbf 

s* 

1 


V.PR 



•■> 

* 

Q » 

£ 

TJ 
J5 
53 


Kd'T. 

Si 

r "a 

"2 
w © 
2 

a 


9 






9 
6 

"9 
'23 

"6* 
12 

9 
9 
7 
3 
5 

"4 
4 
4 

127 


"i'i" 
4 

6 

6 

36 

7 

26 

3 

8 

ii" 
16' 

12 
13 

"i" 

"s 

163 


9 


6 






6 


1? 




12 

4 
6 
6 

36 
7 

26 
3 
8 




4 






fi 






1 






36 






?6 


New Jersey m 




3 






8 






IT 




17 


11 




11 




q 




9 


10 




10 
12 
13 




H 






11 






n 


Ohio 


23 


ft 




6 




ft 




6 


1? 






12 


q 






9 


Q 






9 


- 






7 


1 






S 


fi 






ft 


3 




3 




4 




4 


4 






4 


4 






4 






163 




290 




127 




Majority 146 











• Zachary Taylor took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties March 4, 1849. He did not, however, long enjoy his 
honors — death suddenly closing his earthly career, July 9, 1850. 

Millard Fillmore took the oath of office, as Vice-President, and 
entered upon his duties March 4, 1849. Congress being in session at 
the time President Taylor died, the Vice-President sent a message to 
both houses on the 10th of July, in which he feelingly announced the 
melancholy event. On the same day he took the requisite oath, and 
altered on the execution of the office" of President. 

Willie P. Mangum, of N. C, President pro tern, of the Senate, acted 
as Vice-President, ex officio, during the remainder of the term. 



96 



ELECTORAL TOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE SEVENTEENTH TERM, 

COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1853, AND TERMTNATTNG MARCH 3, 1857 



& 


STATES. 


PRE. 

<D 

- 5 

la 

11 

-^ a 


id't. 

•.= c 


V.PR 

s° 
1 


ES'T, 

I 
<5.e 

1* 


H 




8 
5 


'i3* 
"ft 

12 

12 


8 
5 

"4 

6 

*35* 
7 

27 
3 
8 

15 

10 
8 

10 

23 

6 

7 
13 
11 
9 
9 
4 
6 
3 
4 
4 
5 
4 




ft 






18 




13 


4 




4 
6 




6 




ft 








3ft 




35 
7 

27 
3 
8 

15 

10 
8 

10 










27 






3 






8 






1ft 






10 






R 






10 






1?, 




12 


191 






T?i 


?R 


Ohio 


23 
6 
7 
13 
11 
9 
9 
4 
6 
3 
4 
4 
5 
4 




6 






7 






13 






11 






fl 






q 






4 






ft 






3 






4 






4 






ft 






4 












?96 




254 


42 


254 


4?, 













Franklin Pierce took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
ipou his duties March 4, 1853. 

The oath of office was administered to "William R. King by a com- 
mission while he was on a visit to Cuba for the benefit of his health; 
out he died soon after his return home, and Jesse D. Bright, of Indi- 
ana, then President of the Senate, acted as Tice-President, ex officio, 
during the remainder of the term. 

John "P. Hale, of X. Hampshire, and George W. Julian, of Indiana, 
were nominated by the " Free Democracy " for President and Yice- 
President, but they did not receive a single electoral vote. 



ELECTORAL VOTES 



97 



ELECTION FOR THE E GHTEENTH TERM, 
COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1857. AND TERMINATING MARCH S, 1861. 





STATES. 

- 


preside: 


IT. 


VIGB-PRBSIDENT, 


1 

II 

51 

i 


.2 
"3 

u c 
B „~ 

P2~ 

8*5 

a 

»5 


M 

. c 

ft 

c £ 

IS 

^ e 


c 

iff 1 

P 

£ c 


if ^ 

11 

O 

3 
O 

i-a 


£ 


O CO 

II 

x a. 

P 

1 

a 
< 


R 






8 
5 

13 
4 
6 
5 

35 


"s 


7 
27 

Q 
'l5' 

10 

8 

10 

12 

12 

"g 

7 
13 
11 

9 

9 
4 

"3' 
4 

■4 


8 
5 

13 
4 
6 
5 

35 




5 






lo 








4 


Rhode Island 






c 








5 








Rfi 








7 




7 
27 
3 




?7 






3 






R 




8 


10 




15 

10 

8 

10 
12 
12 


*23* 
. .*. . 

"&' 

"k' 
5 




10 






8 






10 




'23' 

'0' 

"4 

5 




IV 






12 
°8 


Tennessee 

Ohio *. 




6 




6 

7 
13 
11 

9 
9 
4 










o 






n 






19 






9 






4 






6 






9 




4 




4 


Texas 




4 






ft 








4 




4 










Wfi 






114 


8 


174 


114 


8 









James Buchanan took the oath of office, as President, and entered 
upon his duties, March 4, 1857. 

John C. Breckenridge took the oath of office, as Vice-President, 
and entered upon his duties, March 4, 1857. 

* When the Electoral votes were being counted, in Joint Convention of the Fenate 
and House of Representatives, ob),>c**o3s were made to including the votes of Wiscon- 
sin, because the eleclors did not meet until the day after that prescribed by law. The 
President of the Convention stated that he merely announced that James Buchanan 
bad been elected President of the United States, without any reference lo the -:outested 
Totes, and declin-d expressing an opinion on the subject. 

O 



98 



ELECTORAL VOTES. 



ELECTION FOR THE NINETEENTH TERM, 
COMMENCING MARCH 4, 1861, AND TERMINATING MARCH 3, 1865. 





STATES. 


PRESIDENT. 


VICE PRESIDENT. 


a 

p 

to <D 
O ^ 

SI 


8.3 

a 5 

a° 

S3 
& 
eS 

j3 
*4 


a § 

d 
a 
.a 
o 


Ol 

P 

a 
- *> 

«° 

d 

A 

o 

1-3 


."S 

™ fl 

o <*-. 

Q ° 

< 

5 
.a 
a. 
S 
m 


<0 

„ a 

s2 

s o 

a 
a 

M 


to 

B ai 

^ o 
5T 

to 

o 


to 
3 

is o 

CD cj 
S to 

7j O 
[S 


-.5 
a So 

ss 

^ o 
l> 

la 

.a 

3 

W 


8 




8 
5 
13 

4 
6 
5 

35 
4 

27 








8 
5 

13 
4 
6 
5 

35 
4 

27 
























13 
4 
6 
































5 
35 

7 
27 






























New Jersey 






3 






3 












3 




3 

8 

io" 

8 
10 


15 




3 

8 

io* 

8 
10 






8 










15 
10 


Virginia 




15 




8 


South Carolina 














10 


"\2 
12 




23 

13 

11 






12 






12 
12 




12 










23 


Ohio 


23 


"o* 

7 




fi 






7 






7 










13 




13 
11 




11 




"ft" 




9 








19 




9 

'4 






9 








9 


4 






4 






6 




6 






6 

" 4 * 
5 
4 
4 
3 




1 




3 
4 






3 

4 






4 




5 

4 
4 
3 




4 








5 


Wisconsin 










4 








4 










3 


















315 


Whole No. of Electors 


180 


72 


39 


12 


180 


72 ! 39 


12 




Majority 57 





Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President and entered upon his duties, 
March 4th, 1861. Hannibal Hamlin took the oath of office as Vice-President, and 
attended in the Senate as its President, on the 4th of March, 1861. The incidents of 
the administration of Mr. Lincoln are given in detail in another part of this work. 



SEAL OP THE UNITED STATES. 



99 



THE GREAT SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES 

Is one of peculiar inter- 
est, and therefore we feel 
warranted in giving more 
details of its design and 
history than can be allotted 
to the Seals of the several 
States. Soon after the de- 
claration of independence, 
Benjamin Franklin, John 
Adams, and Thomas Jef- 
ferson were appointed a 
committee to prepare a 
great seal for the infant re- 
public ; and they employed 
a French "West Indian, 
named Du Simitiere, not 
only to furnish designs, but 
also to sketch such devices 
as were suggested by them- 
selves. In one of bis de- 
signs, the artist displayed on a shield the armorial ensigns of the several 
nations from whence America had been peopled— embracing those of 
England, Scotland, Ireland, France, Germany, and Holland. On one 
side was placed Liberty with her cap, and on the other was a rifleman 
in uniform, with his rifle in one hand and a tomahawk in the other — 
the dress and weapons being peculiar to America. 

Franklin proposed, for the device, Moses lifting his wand, and dividing 
the Red Sea, and Pharaoh and his hosts overwhelmed with the waters. 
For a motto, the words of Cromwell, " Rebellion to tyrants is obedience 
to God." 

Adams proposed the Choice of Hercules ; the hero resting on a club, 
Virtue pointing to her rugged mountain on one hand, and persuading 
him to ascend ; and Sloth, glancing at her flowery paths of pleasure, 
wantonly reclining on the ground, displaying the charms, both of her 
eloquence and person, to seduce him into vice. 

Jefferson proposed the Children of Israel in the Wilderness, led by a 
cloud by day and a pillar of fire by night ; and. on the reverse, Hengist 
and Horsa. the Saxon chiefs, from whom we claim the honor of being 




100 SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 

descended, and whose political principles and form of government we 
have assumed. 

Franklin and Adams then requested Jefferson to combine their ideaa 
in a compact description of the proposed great seal, which he did, and 
that paper, in his handwriting, is now in the office of the Secretary of 
State at Washington. This design consisted of a shield with six quar- 
terings, parti one, covpi two, in heraldic phrase. The first gold, and an 
enameled rose, red and white, for England ; the second white, with a 
thistle, in its proper colors, for Scotland ; the third green, with a harp 
of gold, for Ireland ; the fourth blue, with a golden lily -flower, for 
France ; the fifth gold, with the imperial black eagle, for Germany ; 
and the sixth gold, with the Belgic crowned red lion, for Holland. 
These denoted the countries from which America had been peopled. 
He proposed to place the shield within a red border, on which there 
should be thirteen white escutcheons, linked together by a gold chain, 
each bearing appropriate initials, in black, of the confederated States. 
Supporters, the Goddess of Liberty on the right side, in a corslet of 
armor, in allusion to the then state of war, and holding the spear and 
cap in her right hand, while her left supported the shield. On the left, 
the Goddess of Justice, leaning on a sword in her right hand, and in 
her left a balance. The ci'est, the eye of Providence in a radiant tri- 
angle, whose glory should extend over the shield and beyond the 
figures Motto : E Pluribus Unum — " Many in one." Around the 
whole, " Seal of the United States of America, MDCCLXXVI." For 
the reverse, he proposed the device of Pharoah sitting in an open 
chariot, a crown on his head and a sword in his hand, passing through 
the divided waters of the Red Sea in pursuit of the Israelites. Rays 
from a pillar of fire in a cloud, expressive of the Divine presence and 
command, beaming on Moses, who stands on the shore, and, extending 
his hand over the sea, causes it to overwhelm Pharoah and his follow- 
ers. Motto : " Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God." 

Jefferson's device was highly approved by his coadjutors, and the 
committee reported on the 10th of August, 1776 ; but, for some unac- 
countable reason, their report was neglected, not having been even 
placed on record ; and the affair was allowed to slumber until the 24th 
of March, 1779, when Messrs. Lovell, of Massachusetts, Scott, of Vir- 
ginia, and Houstoun, of Georgia, were appointed a committee to make 
another device. 

On the 10th of May following they reported in favor of a seal four 
inches in diameter, one side of which should be composed of a shield 
with thirteen diagonal stripes, alternate red and white. Supporters, a 
warrior, holding a sword, on one side, and on the other the figm*e of 
Peace, bearing an olive branch. The crest, a radiant constellation of 
thirteen stars. Motto : Bello vel Pace — " For War or Peace," and the 
legend, " Seal of the United States," On the reverse, the figure of" 
Liberty, seated in a chair, holding the staff and cap. Motto : Semper — 
" Forever " — and underneath, MDCCLXXVI. This report was re-com- 
mitted, and again submitted with some slight modifications substituting 
the figure of an Indian with bow arid arrows in his right hand for that 
of a warrior) just a year afterward ; but it was not accepted, and the 
matter rested until April", 1782, when Henry Middleton, Elias Boudinot, 



SEAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 101 

and Edward Rutledge were appointed a third committee to prepare a 
seal. They reported on the 9th of May following, substantially the 
same as the committee of 1779 and 1780 ; but, this not being satisfac- 
tory to Congress, on the 13th of June the whole matter was referred to 
Charles Thomson, its secretary. 

He in turn procured several devices, among which was one by Wil- 
liam Barton, of Philadelphia, consisting of an escutcheon, with a blue 
border, spangled with thirteen stars, and divided in the centre, perpen- 
dicularly, by a gold bar. On each side of this division, within the 
blue border, thirteen bars or stripes, alternate red and white, like the 
American flag adopted on the 14th of June, 1777. Over the gold bar 
an eye surrounded with a glory, and in the gold bar a Doric column 
resting on the base of the escutcheon, having a displayed eagle on its 
summit. The crest, a helmet of burnished gold, damasked, grated with 
six bars, and surmounted by a red cap of dignity, such as dukes wear, 
with a black lining, and a cock armed with gaffs. Supporters, on one 
6ide the Genius of America, with loose Auburn tresses, having on her 
head a radiant crown of gold, encircled with a sky-blue fillet, spangled 
■with silver stars, and clothed in a long, loose, white garment, bordered 
with grefcr. From the right shoulder to the left side, a blue scarf with 
stars, the cinctures being the same as in the border. Around her waist 
a purple girdle, fringed with gold, and the word Virtue embroidered 
in white. Her interior hand rested on the escutcheon, and the other held 
the American standard, on the top of which a white dove was perched. 
The supporter on the other side was a man in complete armor; his 
eword-belt blue, fringed with gold ; his helmet encircled with a wreath 
of laurel, and crested with one white and two blue plumes ; his left 
hand supporting the escutcheon, and his right holding a lance with a 
bloody point. Upon an unfurled green banner was a golden harp with 
silver strings, a brilliant star, and two lily-flowers, with two crossed 
swords below. The two figures stood upon a scroll, on which was the 
motto Deo Fanenie — "With God's Favor" — in allusion to the eye of 
Providence in the arms. On the crest, in a scroll, was the motto Virtus 
sola Invicta — " Virtue alone is Invincible." 

After vainly striving to perfect a seal which should meet the approval 
of Cougress, Thomson finally received from John Adams, then in Lon- 
don, an exceedingly simple and appropriate device, suggested by Sir 
John Prestwich, a baronet of the West of England, who was a warm 
friend of America, and an accomplished antiquarian. It consisted of 
an escutcheon bearing thirteen perpendicular stripes, white and red, 
with the chief blue, and spangled with thirteen stars ; and, to give it 
greater consequence, he proposed to place it on the breast of an Ameri- 
can eagle, displayed, without supporters, as emblematic of self-reliance. 
It met with general approbation, in and out of Congress, and was 
adopted in June, 1782 : so it is manifest, although the fact is not exten- 
sively known, that we are indebted for our national arms to a titled 
aristocrat of the country with which we were then at war. Eschewing all 
heraldic technicalities, it may be thus described in plain English : Thirteen 
perpendicular pieces, white and red ; a blue field ; the escutcheon on 
the breast of the American eagle displayed, proper, holding in his right 
talon an olive-branch, and in his left a bundle of thirteen arrows, all 



102 SFAT. OF THE CSITED STATES. 

proper aad in his beak a scroll inscribed with the motto E Paribus 
'■' For the crest, over the head of the eagle, which appears above 
frTe^utoheon a srolden glory breaking throogh a cloud, proper, and 
sn^Sni Jhirtlen atari flying a constellation of white stars on a 
blue field. 

Reverse. — A pyramid 
unfinished. In the zenith, 
an eve in a triangle, sur- 
rounded with a glory, pro- 
per. Over the ere. the 
words Amtuit Ctzptts — 
u God bas favored the un- 
dertaking." On the base 
of the pyramid, 
numeral - Roman letters 
MDCCLXXYI. : and un- 
death the motto, JNorus 

Ordo Stdorum—- A new \s^^< 

-T^r? :: A^s — Zen..- V ^. 

bg that a new order of \CS^l 

things had commenced in \J^>,/ l Ii^- K 3C^ . 

the Western hemisphere. X^? rv ^ „. <* CJ>> 

Thus, after many : . _ :: - es = ^sssi^D ^ ' 

efforts, for nearly six 

years, a very simple seal . 

was adopted, and yet remains the arms of the United bta«ea. 




SEALS OF THE SEVERAL STATES, 

ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOblCAL ORDER. 

Virginia. On a white or silver field the Goddess of 

Virtue, the genius of the commonwealth, 
is represented, dressed like an Amazon, 
resting on a spear with one hand, and 
holding a sword in the other. She is in 
the act of trampling on Tyranny, repre- 
sented by a man prostrate, a crown fallen 
from his head, a broken chain in his left 
hand, and a scourge in his right. On a 
label above the figure is the word " Vir- 
ginia ;" and beneath them is the motto, 
Sic semper tyrannis — " Thus we serve 
tyrants." 

BETTLED BY THE ENGLISH, 1607. 




KEW-YORK 




A shield, or escutcheon, on which is re- 
presented the rising sun, with a range of 
hills and water in the foreground. Above 
the shield, for the crest, is a wreath sur- 
mounted by a half globe, on which rests 
a startled eagle, with wings outstretched. 
For the supporters of the shield, on the 
right is represented the figure of Justice, 
with the 6word in one hand and the scales 
in the other ; and on the left the Goddess 
of Liberty, with the wand and cap in her 
left hand, and the olive branch of peace 
in her right. Below the shield is the 
motto, Excelsior — " More elevated " — de- 
noting that the course of the State is on- 
ward and higher. Around the border of the seal, between two plain 
lines, is the inscription, in Roman capitals, " The Great Seal of the State 
of New-York." 

On the blue ground of an irregularly- 
formed shield an Indian is represented, 
dressed with belted hunting-shirt and moc- 
cassins. In his right hand is a golden 
bow, and in his left an arrow with the 
point downward. A silver star on the 
right denotes one of the United States of 
America. A wreath forms the crest of 
the escutcheon, from which extends a 
right arm, clothed and ruffed, the hand 
grasping a broad-sword, the pommel and 
hilt of which are of gold. Around the 
escutcheon, on a waving band or label, 
are the words, Ense pelit placidam sib 
libertate quictem — " By the sword 6he seeks 
peace under liberty." jQg 



SETTLED BY THE DUTCH, 1684. 



MASSACHUSETTS. 




6ETTLED BY THE PURITANS, 1620. 




SETTLED BY THE PURITANS. 1623, 



KEW-JERSEY. 



A circular field, surrounded by a laurel new-hampshirx, 

wreath, encompassed by the words, in 
Roman capitals, " Sigillum Rcipublica 
Neo Hantaan nsis :" " The Seal of the 
State of New-Hampshire," with the date, 
1784. indicating the time of the adoption 
of the State Constitution. Land and 
water are represented in the foreground, 
with the trunk of a tree on which the 
hardy woodman is yet engaged, embracing 
a scene of busy life, significant of the in- 
dustrious habits of the people ; and a ship 
on the stocks, just ready for launching, 
with the American banner displayed, is 
figurative of readiness to embark on the 
sea of political existence. The sun. just emerging above the horizon, 
symbolizes the rising destiny of the State. 

A white shield, or escutcheon, bearing 
three ploughs, indicating that the chief 
reliance of the people is upon agriculture. 
The crest is a horse's head, supported by 
a full-face, six-barred helmet, resting on a 
vase — the latter resting on the top of the 
escutcheon. The supporters are the God- 
dess of Liberty on the right, with her 
wand and cap, her left arm resting on the 
escutcheon ; and Ceres on the left, her 
right hand resting on the escutcheon and 
her left supporting a cornucopia, filled 
with fruits and flowers. Around the bor- 
der of the sea are the words, in Roman 
capitals, " The Great Seal of the State of 
New Jersev,"-and at the base the date of its adoption, in numeral let* 
ters, MDCCLXXYL, (1776.) 

An azure shield, or escutcheon, divided 
into two equal parts by a white band or 
girdle. A cow is represented in the lower 
part of the shield, aud in the upper part 
are two symbols, designed probably to 
represent the agricultural productions of 
the State — grain and tobacco. The crest 
(a wreath) supports a ship under full sail, 
displaying the American banner. On a 
white field around the escutcheon were 
formerly wreaths of flowers, branches of 
the olive, and other symbols, but these 
have been displaced for two figures, repre- 
senting a mariner and a hunter. At the 
bottom of the seal, in numeral letters, is 
the date of its adoption, MDC 'XCIII. 

(1793), and around the border, in Roman capitals, are the words " Great 
Seal of the State of Delaware." 104 




SETTLED BT THE DUTCH, 1G24. 



DELAWARE. 




SETTLED BT SWEDES AND PASKS. 

1627. 




UTTLED BY THE IRISH CATHO- 
LICS, 1635. 



CONNECTICUT. 



Maryland. On a white ocr silver field the figur* o! 

Justice is seen prominent in the centre 
of the foreground, grasping an olive 
brunch, and a sword in her right hand, 
while her left is elevating her well-bal- 
lanced scales above her head. At her feet 
is a laurel wreath, the fasces and a cornu- 
copia, with an uninscribed white label 
waving loosely from tlieir midst. In the 
distance, on the right, is a view of the 
ocean, with a ship under full sail in the 
perspective, bounded by a clear horizon. 
On the lefr are some hogsheads of tobacco, 
symbolical of the principal products, and 
a ship with its sails partly unfurled, indi- 
cative of commercial enterprise. 

The original seal is of an oval form, 
without any ornamental devices, and on 
the field are delineated three grape-vines, 
each winding around and sustained by an 
upright support, the whole representing 
the tln*ee settlements (Hartford, Windsor, 
and Wethers tield) which formed the early 
colony. On a label waving around the 
lower vine is the motto Qui Trans tulit 
Suslinet — "He who planteth still sus- 
tains." Around the margin of the field 
are the words, " Sifril'vm ReipvbHca Con- 
nection tc.nsis :" " The Seal of the State of 
Connecticut."' [The Colonial seal had 
fifteen grape-vines, with a hand protruding 
from the clouds on the right above them, grasping the label and motto, 
which was waving in the air ; but that seal has been broken, and the 
present seal used in its stead.] 

A white or silver shield, on which is on 
anchor with two flukes, and a cable at- 
tached. Above the shield, in Roman 
capitals, is the word HOPE, and from 
each upper corner of the shield is sus- 
pended an unlettered label. The device 
symbolizes those principles of civil and 
religious liberty which led to the found- 
ing of this colony, and in which the faith 
of the citizens of the State is still deeply 
anchored The motto, HOPE, above the 
shield, directs the mind to the uncertain 
future, anticipating the growing prosperity 

settled btrogerwii.liams.16 6. of the S . tate > ***&* perpetuity of its ; free 
institutions ; while the unlettered label 
denotes that events are still progressing in the march of Time, and 
await the completion of History, before the destiny of the State shall be 
recorded thereon. 105 




SETTLED BY THE PLRITANS. 1635. 



RHODE ISLAND. 




VOBTH CAROLCfA. 



Li the original seal, which differs some- 
what from the margin, on a white or silver 
field are represent-: the G« :". leaa of Lib- 
erty on the right, and Ceres, the G 
of corn and of harvests, on the lefl In 
the right hand of the former is a scroll, 
representing the Declaration of Id: end- 
enee. and the left support h< 
mounted by the cap of Efc e 
has in her right hi s or ears 

of wheat, and in her left the cornueopia 
or horn of plenty, filled with the products 
of the earth. In the ud is a 

marine view, indicative of the commercial 
resources of the S ate Ar;>nnd the ou:-:r 
circle, starting from a star on the top. are the words, in Roman capitals. 
" Great Seal of the State of Xorth Carolina," 




SETTLED BY 7Z_ KMCLI8H, 1650. 



In the centre of the white or silver field 
is the device of a palmetto-tree (a species 
of the date), with its topmost branches de- 
noting a vigorous growth, emblematical 
of the pro-perous progress of the State. 
the base of the tree are two cross- 
composed of bundles of spears, 
at the crossing of which is attached a 
scroll or label, with the motto. A 
opihusq- — ' Beady [to defend it] 

with our lives and property." which mot- 
to, by the way. is more generally put 
around the lower half of the outer circle, 
with the words u South Carolina" occupy- 
ing the apnea- half, preceded by a single 
s'ar. 



s:77H :^7. : :::■ -. . 




SITT1ZI IT 7 -I HTITESOTS, 



On a white field is an escutcheon parted rv!vSSTLVAyiA. 

by a yellow or golden band or girdle, on 
which is represented a plough in its natu- 
ral color. In the upper part of the shield. 
a ship under full sail is gliding smoothly 
: waves »i the aea, w ..ich are sur- 
mo'mted by an azure i y. At the lower 
part, on a green ground, are three golden 
sheaves of wbei?t. denoting mat a i 
ture as well as o: 

primary te. On the 

right of the shield is a stalk of maize, and 
on the left an olive branch. For the 

n a wreath of olive flo^ 
perched a baid eagle, with wings extended. 
holding in its be ak a 1 :tto 

pendenee." Around the margin of the seal are the wc. of the 

State of Pennsylvania H ] 06 




SETTLED BT ^ILLTAM PESS, 168£ 




SETTLED BY THE ENGLISH, 1733. 



In the centre of a circular white or sil- 
ver field are three pillars, supporting an 
arch, around which are emblazoned the 
word " Constitution." The pillars are 
symbolical of the three departments of 
the State government — -the Legislative, 
the Judiciary, and the Executive : and on 
the one at the right, representing the Leg- 
islative, is the word '• Wisdom ;" on the 
second, representing the Judiciary, is the 
word " Justiee ;" and on the third, repre- 
senting the Executive, is the word " Mode- 
ration." Near the right pillar is the 
figure of an officer, with a drawn sword, 
denoting that the aid of the military is 
always ready to enforce respect and obedience to law. Around the 
margin of the circle are the words, •' State of Georgia. 1799." 

Vermont. A circular field, in the middle of which 

is a tall evergreen with fourteen branches 
— thirteen representing the original States, 
and the fourteenth or topmost the State 
of Vermont, supported by the others. 
Beneath a cloudfess firmament, the Green 
Mountains are seen towering in the dis- 
tance, and in the foreground are sheaves 
of wheat and a cow, indicative of an agri- 
cultural and grazing country, affording 
the true sources of thrift and independ- 
ence for an industrious population. The 
Green Mountains have ever been con- 
sidered characteristic of the hardy race 
which inhabits that region. Around the 

margin of the field, in Eoman capitals, the word " Vermont" occupies 

the upper half circle, and the words " Freedom and Unity" occupy the 

lower half. 

Kentucky. Although the seal of this State is ap- 

parently and really among the most sim- 
ple in its design, yet it embodies a sig- 
nificance which should commend itself to 
the serious consideration of all who are 
disposed to place a slight value upon the 
union of the States. In the centre of a 
circular white or silver field, two friends 
are seen grasping one hand of each other 
in a firm and cordial embrace, while the 
other is extended to each other's back, 
significant of encouragement and support. 
Below them is the ex; ressive motto, 
" United we stand ; divided we fall." An 
ornamented double circle encompasses the 

.whole, with the words " Seal of Kentucky" between the hues of the 
{tipper half- circle, 107 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION. 1791. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1792. 




ADMITTED INTO THB UNION, 1796. 



A white or silver circular field, the up- 
per half of which is occupied on the right 
by a plough, in the centre by a sheaf of 
wheat, and on the left by a stalk of cotton. 
Underneath these emblems, extending 
across the entire middle of the field, is the 
word " Agriculture," denoting that the 
first reliance of the State should be upon 
the productions of the soil. The lower 
half is occupied by a loaded barge, with 
the word " Commerce" below the water, 
indicating that the prosperity of all may 
be promoted through this means. Over 
the sheaf of wheat are the numeral letters 
XVI., denoting that this was the sixeeenth 
State admitted into the Union Around the border are the words, " The 
Great Seal of the State of Tennesee," with the date, 1796. 

In a circular field are several devices, Ohio. 

significant of the general surface, busi- 
ness, and prospects of the State. The 
central portion represents a cultivated 
country, with the emblem of agriculture 
(a wheat-sheaf) on the right, and on the 
left a bundle of seventeen arrows, indica- 
ting the number of States then constitu- 
ting the Union. In the distance is a range 
of mountains, the base skirted by a tract 
of woodland. The rising sun, which is 
just becoming visible above the moun- 
tains, betokens the rising glory of the 
State. The foreground is an expanse of 
water, with a keeJ-boat on its surface, in- 
dicative of inland trade. Around the border are the words, 
Great Seal of the State of Ohio," with the date, 1802. 

On a white or silver circular field is 
represented a pelican, standing by hrr nest 
filled with young ones, in the attitude of 
" pz-otection and defence," and in the act 
of feeding them — all sharing alike her 
maternal assiduity. The ti. other- bird 
symbolizes the general government of the 
Union ; while the birds in the nest repre- 
sent the several States. Above are the 
scales of Justice, which, taken in con- 
nection with the emblems beneath, sig- 
nify that " equal and exact justice" must 
be extended to all the members of the 
confederacy. The semi-circle of eighteen 
stars indicates the number of States at 
the time of admission. In the upper portion of the external circle are 
the words, " State of Louisiana," and in the lower, the words, " Union 
and Confidence." J 08 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1802. 

The 

LOUISIANA. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1812. 




MISSISSIPPI. 



In the lower portion of a circular field 
is represented a scene of prairie and wood- 
land, with the surface gently undulating 
— descriptive of the predominant features 
of the State In the foreground is a buf- 
falo, an animal once abounding in great 
numbers in this region, apparently star- 
tled by the axe of the woodman or pio- 
neer, who is seen on the left, felling the 
trees of the forest, denoting the march of 
civilization westward. In the distance, 
on the right, is seen the sun, just appear- 
ing above the verge of the horizon. In a 
t half-circle, spanning the expressive scene 
beneath, are the words " Indiana State 

Seal." Around the outer margin of the whole is a plain green border, 

•urrounded by a simple black line. 

In the centre of a white or silver circu- 
lar field is the American eagle, with wide- 
spread wings, occupying the entire sur- 
face ; which may be considered as deno- 
ting that all the people of the State, from 
whatever clime or country they may have 
come, are purely American in feeling, 
and are content to repose their trust under 
the broad wings of the "bird of liberty." 
In the right talon of the eagle is a bundle 
of four arrows, significant of power to sus- 
tain the principles of government, and to 
npel the assaults of an enemy ; while an 
olive branch in the left betokens a dispo- 
sition to maintain peace. Around the 

outer circle, between parallel lines, are the words, in Roman capitals, 

"The Great Seal of the State of Mississippi." 

Illinois. In the centre of a white or silver es- 

cutcheon is a representation of the Ameri- 
can eagle, its wings spread so as to touch 
the inner margin of the shield. In its 
right talon is the emblem of peace, an 
olive branch ; while three arrows are 
grasped in the left, denoting its readiness 
to sustain the three great branches of 
government. On its breast is an escutch- 
eon, the lower half of which is represented 
of a red color, and the upper half blue, 
the latter bearing three white or silver 
stars. From its beak extends a label, 
waving in the air above it, with the in- 
scription '-State Sovereignty: National 

Union. " In the upper part of a circle enclosing the shield are the 

w..rd*. "Seal of the State of Illinois," and in the lower part the date, 

" Ang't 26, 1818." 109 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1817. 




IDMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1818. 



Nearly the entire of a circular field is 
occupied with the representation of a map, 
embracing the names and localities of the 
principal rivers and towns, as they ex- 
isted at the time when the territorial gov- 
ernment was established, 1817, A por- 
tion of East Florida, embracing the line 
of surface as far as PensacoLi, is included 
in the map. as also a small portion of 
Tennessee, sufficient .to show the bound- 
aries on either side. Around the circle, 
between two pai'allel lines, are the woi*ds, 
in Roman capitals, " Alabama. Execu- 
tive office." 



ALABAMA. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1819. 




ADMITTED INTO THE UNION, 1820. 



A white or silver shield, on which is 
represented a pine-tree, with a moose-deer 
recumbent at its base — emblematical of 
the valuable timber of the State, and of 
the security and repose enjoyed by the 
animals which range its immense forests. 
The " supporters" are a mariner resting 
on his anchor, and a husbandman with 
his scythe — denoting that commerce and 
agriculture are each primary resources of 
the State. Above the shield is the North 
Star, beneath which is the motto, Dirigo 
— " I direct ;" and under the shield is the 
name of the State, in Roman capitals ; 
while 6ea and land compose the fore- 
ground. On the left, the tall masts of a ship are perceptible in the dis- 
tance, the sails spread, denoting a readiness for commercial enterprise. 

On a circular shield, equally divided by Missouri, 

a perpendicular line, is a red field on the 
right side, in which is the white or griz- 
zly bear of Missouri. Above, separated 
by a wavy or curved line, is a white or 
silver crescent, in an azure field. On the 
left, on a white field, are the arms of the 
United States. A band surrounds the 
escutcheon, on which are the words, 
" United we stand, divided we fall." 
For the crest, over a yellow or golden 
helmet, full faced and grated with six 
bars, is a silver star ; and above it, a 
constellation of twenty-three smaller 
stars. The supporters are twe grizzly 
bears, standing on a scroll inscribed, Salus pnpuli svprema lex esto — " The 
public safety is the supreme law." Underneath are the numerals 
MDCCCXX., and around the circle the words, "The Great Seal of the 
State of Missouri." (HO) 




ADMITTED INTO THE USION, 1821. 




ADMITTED INTO TUB UNICH, 1836. 



arkaxpas. Occupying the lower part of a circle is 

a shield, near the base of which is a white 
star on a blue held, representing the State. 
In the middle portion is a bee-hive, signi- 
fying industry, and a plough, denoting 
agriculture ; while a steamboat, emblem- 
atic of commerce, fills the upper part. 
For the crest, the goddess of liberty is 
represented with her wand and cap in one 
hand, and a wreath of laurel in the other, 
surrounded by a constellation of stars, 
indicating the States. The supporters 
two eagles, one grasping a bundle of ar- 
rows, and the other an olive branch ; a 
lahel extending from the claw of each, 
with the motto Regnant PopuH — " The People rule." On either side, 
of the base is a cornucopia, and around the circle which encloses the 
the whole are the words, "Seal of the State of Arkansas." 

Michigan. On an escutcheon in the centre of a 

white field is the representation of a pen- 
insula extending into a lake, a man with 
his gun, and the rising sun. On the up- 
per part is the word Tuebor — " I will de- 
fend it ;" and on a label extending across 
the lower part is the motto, Si quarris 
pininsulum amanam circumspicc — " If you 
seek a delightful country (peninsula), be- 
hold it." The supporters are a common 
deer on the right, and a moose on the 
left, both abounding in the forests of 
Michigan. For the crest, is the American 
eagle ; above which, on a label waving 
above all, is the motto, E Pluribus Unum. 
Around the outer circle, between two parallel lines, are the words, 
" The Great Seal of the State of Michigan, A. D. MDCCCXXXVII." 

Florida. The seal which was originally used for 

the territory of Florida, although not 
formally adopted as that of the State, has 
been continued ever since, and of course 
retains all its legal force. In the centre 
of a circular white or silver field is repre- 
sented the American eagle, "the bird of 
liberty," grasping the emblem of peace, 
an olive branch, in its left talon ; and in 
its right a bundle of three arrows, signifi- 
cant of the three principal reliances of 
good government — the executive, the le- 
gislative, and the judicial. Above are 
arranged in a semi-circle thirteen stars, 
emblematic of the thirteen original states, 
and below, th • ground is represented as covered with the prickly pear, 
a fruit comm.m to the © .untry, and for which an appropriate motto 
would be, " L.t us live." (Ill) 




ADMITTED INTO THK UNION. 1837. 




ADMITTED INTO THE CHIOS, 184o. 




Texas is the only State whieh enjoyed a 
literally independent or isolated existence 
previous to its admission into the Union. 
During its struggle with Mexico, it adopt- 
ed as an official seal a white or silver star 
of five points on an azure field, encircled 
by branches of the live oak and olive. 
Around the outer circle were the words, 
"Republic of Texas "in Roman capital 
letters. With the exception of the wo ds 
around the margin, which is now blank, 
except the word "Texas" in the upper 
half-circle, the former seal has been adopt- 
ed since by the State. The live oak (quer- 
cus virens), which abounds in the forests admitted into the union, 1845. 
of Texas, is a strong and durable timber, much used in sbip-building> 
and forming an important article of export. 

Like some of the other States which towa. 

enjoyed a territorial existence for a length 
of time before they were invgsted with the 
dignity of States, Iowa still retains her 
original seal, the device of which is per- 
haps more simple and expressive than 
that of anv other State. In the centre of 
a white or silver circular field is an eagle 
in the attitude of flight, grasping in his 
right talon a bow, its left talon just visible 
within the inner circle around the field, 
and holding in its beak a single arrow. 
The words, " Seal of the Territory of 
Iowa," form nearly a complete circle 
around the field, leaving a blank space at 
the lower part, and these again are surrounded by white circular dots, 
on a black ground. 

A large portion of the field is occupied 
by land and water scenery, denoting the 
agricultural, commercial, and mining in- 
terests of the State. In the foreground is 
a man ploughing with a span of horses ; 
in the middle is a pile of lead in bars, a 
barrel, a rake, a sheaf of wheat, an an- 
chor, and a cornucopia Lakes Michigan 
and Superior are represented, with a sloop 
on the former, and a steamboat on the 
latter, towards which an Indian on the 
shore is pointing. In the distance is a 
level prairie, skirted by a range of wood- 
bind — a light-house and school-house on 
the left, and the State-house in the centre, admitted into the union, 1847. 
In a semi-circle above are the words, Civilitas successit Barbarum — 
" Civilizat' »n has succeeded Barbarism." At the bottom is the date 
when a territorial government was formed, "Fourth of July, 1836 ;" 
and around the whole are the words " The Great Seal of the Territory of 
Wisconsin which has not yet been changed. (112) 




admitted into the union, 1846. 



WISCONSIN. 





MINNESOTA. 



California. In the foreground on the left, Minerva 

is seated oa a rock, near the bank of an 
extensive bay or river, which winds its 
course among the majestic mountains on 
either side. Her spear is grasped in the 
right hand, while the left rests on the top 
of her shield by her side, near which is a 
grizzly bear, significant of the snwy re- 
gion round about. On the right is a hardy 
miner with his pick, seeking the golden 
treasures secreted among the rocks. 
Along the centre is seen a majestic bay, 
with two clippers in full view, indi- 
cating that commerce is one of the chief 
admitted into the OHios, 1850. re i iarices of the peop i e Above the snow- 

covered mountains, which bound the view, is the Greek word Eureka — 

" I have found." 

The seal of this State represents the 
peculiar circumstances under which it 
was originally settled, when the white 
man first undertook to convert its com- 
parative deserts into productive agricul- 
tural fields. In the distance, an Indian is 
seen mounted on a swift steed, retreating 
from the haunts where he had long beev 
accustomed to enjoy unmolested the 
sports of the chase, and to roam unin- 
terruptedly amidst his native forests. In 
the foreground is 6een the new settler, 
preparing for his future subsistence hy 
turning up the furrow, preparatory to 
sowing seed for the harvest. Bis gun 
behind him ready to repel the assaults of 

savage foes, to which he is constantly exposed. The motto, VEtoiic du 

Nord, (the Star of the North.) is expressive of the bright future which 

this State is destined to realize. 

oiiegox. The emblems on the shield in the centre 

of the circular ground, are indicative of 
the advantages to be derived from a wild 
and mountainous country, through the 
medium of commerce, which are symbol- 
ized by the range of mountains depicted 
in the lower, and by the ship occupying 
the upper portion of the escutcheon. The 
right supporter is a representative of that 
unfortunate race who once entirely pos- 
sessed the country, but who have been 
compelled to yield their heritage in part 
to the power of that enterprising people 
whose emblem is the eagle, here used as 
the left supporter. The crest, a beaver, 

denotes the sort of trade which formerly distinguished the inhabitant* 

of this region. (113) 




admitted into the union, 1857. 
and ammunition are lying 




admitted into the union, 1858. 





In the background the Rocky Mountains 
with the sun setting beyond them and a 
single bright star above. Nearer, forests , .^, » 
along the banks of the Missouri, on which a /„^%* « 
large steamer is plowing its way. Still 
nearer, a vast plain on which a party of hun- 
ters are pursuing the buffalo. Toward the 
foreground a log-cabin and a train of emi- 
grant wagons, and in the immediate fore- 
ground a farmer plowing with a two-horse 
team. The motto is Ad Astra per Aspera, 
Through rough ways to the Stars. 

Admitted into the Union 1961. 

The simple device adopted for this ter- ctah. 

ritory is sufficiently expressive, and re- 
quires no lengthened explanation of what 
it is intended to symbolize. The bee- 
hive, in all ages, has been regarded as the 
emblem of industry, and the position in 
which it is here represented, as resting on 
a substantial foundation, implies that it 
is the certain harbinger of success in every 
important undertaking. The representa- 
tions of vegetation in the background, 
imply that these productions of the soil 
are to be obtained by well-applied skill 
and industry, and upon these are the peo- 
ple to lvly for a prosperous future. Perhaps, if we take into consider- 
ation the social condition of the original settlers of this territory, the 
bee-hive may be regarded as significant of the unity of interests at that 
time predominant. The dates at the top and bottom indicate the first 
formation of a territorial government. 

This seal displays the characteristics 
of the settlers who have adopted this ter- 
ritory as their future home. Representa- 
tives of the two principal classes of people 
(agricultural and mechanical) are seen 
in the act of upholding the Constitution, 
over which the American flag is gathered, 
in token of its care and protection. The 
steamboat, seen in the distance on the 
right, indicates that the State possesses 
many resources for extensive commerce, 
which may be materially aided by rail- 
roads and other internal improvements, 
which are shadowed out on the left The 
plow and the anvil are emblems of the 

mineral advantages which abound in every direction, and whose devel- 
opement is certain to secure for this territory an eminent degree ol 
wealth and prosperity. The motto, " Popular So rereignty," expresses 
the will of the people to govern themselves, and is only the embodiment 
of a sentiment almost universally prevalent. 

114 



NEBRASKA. 




immense agricultural and 



115 
MOTTOES OF THE UNITED STATES 

AND OF 

INDIVIDUAL STATES. 



United States. E Pluribus Utium. One of many. 

Alabama [No motto.] 

Arkansas Regnant Popvli. The people rule. 

California Eureka. I have found it. 

Connecticut I ® ui transtulil sustinet 

' ) He who brought us hither will preserve us. 

Delaware Liberty and independence. 

Florida In God is our trust. 

Georgia Wisdom, justice, and moderation. 

Illinois State sovereignty and national union. 

Indiana [No motto.] 

Iowa Our liberties we prize, and our rights we will maintain. 

Kentucky United we stand, divided we fall. 

Louisiana Union and confidence. 

Maine Dlrigo. I take the lead. 

Massachusetts!- Eme petit P lacidam suh Ittertate quietem. 

) By her sword she seeks the calm repose of liberty. 

Maryland Industry the means, and plenty the result. 

vr )Si quaeris peninsulam amoenam circumspi.ee. 

) If thou seekest a beautiful peninsula, behold it here. 
■»•■ I Salus populi suprema lex esto. 

JUISS0LRI J The welfare of the people is the first great law. 

Mississippi [No motto. 

N. Carolina. . . [No motto. 

N. Hampshire. .[No motto._ 

New Jersey. . . .Liberty and independence. 

New York Excelsior. Higher. 

Ohio [No motto.] 

Pennsylvania. .Virtue, liberty, and Independence. 

Rhode Island. .In God we hope. 

a n rolina I Animus Opibus que Parati. 

'" ) Ever ready with our lives and property. 

Tennessee [No motto." 

Texas [No motto/ 

Vermont Liberty and Independence. 

Virginia Sic semper tyrannis. So be it ever to tyrants. 

Mtnnesota L'Etoile du Nord. The Star of the North. 

m \ Civilitas successit barbarum. 

\ Civilized life takes the place of savage. 

Kansas ) Ad ustra per atpera. 

J By rugged ways (we ascend) to the stars. 

Oregon A lis volat propriis. She sails with her own wings. 

Wxst Virginia. 



116 THE CONGRESS 01 THE TJXITED STATES. 



THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES 

Consists of a Senate and House of Kepresentatives, and must 
assemble at least once every year, on the first Monday of December, 
unless otherwise provided by law. 

The Yice-President of the -United States is ex officio President of 
fhe Senate, and has a casting vote in case of an equal division. In 
his absence, a President pro tern, is chosen from among the members. 

The Senate comprises two members from each state, (now number- 
ing of course 62,) who are chosen by the state legislatures for the 
term of six years — one-third biennially. 

The members of the House of Kepresentatives (limited by law to 
the number of 233) are elected by the people for the term of two 
years, and are apportioned among the different states, according -to 
population, in the following manner : After each decennial enumera- 
tion, the aggregate representative population of the United States 
is ascertained by the Secretary of the Interior, by adding to the whole 
number of free persons in ail the states, including those bound to 
service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other persons. This aggregate is divided by 233, and 
the quotient, rejecting fractions, if any, is the rates of apportionment. 
The representative population of each state is then ascertained in 
the same manner, and is divided by the above-named ratio, the quo- 
tient giving the apportionment of representatives to each state. The 
loss by fractions is compensated for by assigning to as many states 
having the largest fractions as may be necessary to make the whole 
number of representatives 233, one additional member each for its 
fraction. If. after the apportionment, new states are admitted, repre- 
sentatives are assigned to such states on the above basis, in addition 
to the limited number of 233 ; but such excess continues only until 
the next apportionment under the succeeding census. "When the ap- 
portionment is completed, the Secretary sends a certificate thereof to 
the House of Representatives, and to the Governors of the states a 
certificate of the number apportioned to each state. . 

The present number of representatives is 234, an additional one 
oeing assigned to California by the act of July 30, 1852. There are, 
besides, seven delegates — one each from Oregon. Minnesota, Utah, 
New Mexico, Washington, Kansas, and Nebraska — who have a right 
to speak, but no vote. 

Since the 4th of March, 1817, the compensation of senators and 
representatives has been 88 a-day daringthe period of attendance in 
Congress, without deduction in case of sickness ; and $8 for every 
twenty miles' travel, in the usual road, in going to or returning from 
the seat of government. The President of the Senate, pro tern, and 
the Speaker of the House of Representatives, each receive double thiy 
sum. At the first session of the Thirty-Fourth Congress, however, n.i 
act was passed, fixing the pay of members at $3,000 per annum, bu\ 
the w ates of mileage were left undisturbed. 



GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



117 




GEORGE WASHINGTON, 

THE FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

The most exemplary character, perhaps, that ever adorned any era 
in history, and who received in his life-time the noble appellations of 
" the Founder of a Republic," and " the Father of his Country," wag 
born in the county of Westmoreland, Virginia, on the 22d day of 
February. 1732. His early instruction was domestic and scanty, but 
full of good discipline and sound principles; and as his father died 
when he was only ten years old. he had no subsequent opportunities 
for acquiring a thorough literary or scientific education. Howevei 
as his mind was nntirally mathematical and philosophical, he prepared 
himself to be useful to his fellow-citizens as a civil engineer ; and 
as the country was wild, and much of it then unsurveyed, he occasion 
ally found agreeable and profitable employment in surveying different 



118 CE0RGE WASHINGTON. 

parts of bis native state. He also directed ranch of bis attention 
to the science of arms, in the use of which every young man was 
instructed, in order to repel the incursions of the Indians, who were 
often led on by skillful Frenchmen. At the age of nineteen he 
was appointed one of the adjutant-generals of Virginia, which gave 
him the rank of major, and soon after he was advanced to a colonelcy, 
and sent by Gov. Dinwiddie to the Ohio with despatches to the French 
commander, who was erecting fortifications from Canada to Xew 
Orleans, in violation of existing treaties. The Governor was so much 
pleased with the faithful discharge of this duty, that he ordered hia 
journal, which extended to only eighty days, to be priDted ; but, small 
as it was, it afforded evidence of great sagacity, fortitude, and a sound 
judgment, and firmly laid the foundation of his future fame. 

In the spring of 1755, Washington was persuaded to accompany 
General Braddock as an aid, with the rank of colonel, in his disastrous 
expedition against Fort Du Quesne ; and had his advice been fol- 
lowed on that occasion, the result would have been very different. 

Three years afterwards (1758) Washington commanded the Vir- 
ginians in another expedition against the fort, which terminated suc- 
cessfully. At the close of this campaign he left the army, and was 
soon after married to Mrs. Martha Gratis, (the widow of Col. Daniel 
Parke Custis,) whose maiden name was Dandridge, and whose intelli- 
gent and patriotic conduct, as wife and widow, will ever be gratefully 
remembered in American annals. 

In 1759 he was elected to the House of Burgesses, and continued 
to be returned to that body, with the exception of occasional intervals, 
until 1774, when he was sent to represent Virginia in the Continental 
Congress. His well-tempered zeal and his military skill, which 
enabled him tc suggest the most proper means for national defence, if 
the country were urged to extremities, soon fixed all eyes mpon him. as 
one well qualified to direct in the hour of peril ; and accordingly, after 
the first scene of the revolutionary drama was opened at Lexington 
and Concord, and an army had concentrated at Cambridge, he was, 
on the 15th of June, 1775, unanimously appointed commander-in-chief 
of the American forces. The self-sacrificing spirit which governed his 
future course is too well known to require any elucidation. 

After bringing the war to a successful termination, he hastened 
to Annapolis, where Congress were then in session, and on the 23d of 
December, 1783. formally resigned his commission. 

In May, 1787, he was elected to the Convention which met at 
Philadelphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, and was at 
once called upon to preside over its deliberations. After that admira- 
ble instrument was adopted by the people, he was unanimously 
elected the first President of the United States for four years ; at the 
expiration of which, he was unanimously re-elected for a second term. 

On the 12th of December, 1799, he was seized with an inflam- 
mation in the throat, which grew worse the next day, and terminated 
his life on the 14th, in the 68th year of his age. 



I 



JOHN ADAMS 



119 




JOHN ADAMS. 

THE SECOND PRESIDENT OE THE UNITED STATES, 

And whose fame as a patriot and statesman is imperishable, was 
born at Braintree, Mass., October 19, 1735. He early displayed 
juperior capacity for learning, and graduated at Cambridge college 
*^th trntai p^odit. After qualifying himself for the legal profession, 



120 - JOHX AD AiTS. 

he was admitted to. practice in 1761.. and soon attained that distinction 
to which his talents were entitled. From the commencement of the 
troubles with Great Britain, in 1769. he was among the most active 
in securing the freedom of his country. Being elected to the first Con- 
tinental Congress, he -took a prominent part in all the war measures 
that were then originated : and subsequently suggested the appointl 
ment of Washington as commander-in-chief of the army. He was 
one of the committee which reported the Declaration of Independence 
in 1776. and the next year visited France is commissioner to form 
a treaty of alliance and commerce with that country. Although the 
object tad been accomplished before his arrival, his visit had other- 
wise a favorable effect on the existing position of affairs ; and he wag 
afterwards appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with Great Bri- 
tain, which, after many laborious and fruitless efforts, was finally 
accomplished in 17^3. In 1785, he was sent to England as the first 
minister from this country, and on his return was elected first Vice- 
President, in which office he served two terms, and was then, in 1797, 
elected to succeed Washington as President. Many occurrences 
tended to embarrass his administration, aud to render it unpopular ; 
but it is now generally admitted to have been characterized by patriot- 
ism aud vigor equal to the emergencies which then existed. His poli- 
tical opponents, however, managed to defeat his re-election, and he was 
succeeded in the presidency by Mr. Jefferson, in 1801 : after which, 
he retired to his farm at'Quincy. where his declining years were passed 
in the gratification of his unabated love for reading and contemplation, 
and where he was constantly cheered by an interesting circle of friend- 
ship and affection. The semi-centennial anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence (July 4, 182 G,) wiis remarkable, not merely lor the event 
which it commemorated, but for the decease of two of the most active 
participants in the measures by which independence was achieved. 
On that day. Adams and Jefferson were both gathered to their fathers, 
within about four hours of each other. " cheered by the benediction of 
their country, to whom they left the inheritance of their fame, and the 
memory of their bright example.'* 

As lias been noticed elsewhere, Mr. Adams deemed it prudent, in 
the early part of his administration, when impending difficulties with 
France seemed to render war inevitable, to offer Washington the com- 
nissiou of lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of the army, 
*hich he accepted as a matter of duty, and held until his death, but 
Hjrtoxatelv never found it necessarv to take the field. 



THOMAS JEFFERSON. 



121 




THOMAS JEFFERSON, 

THE THIRD PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

"Was born at ShadweH, Albemarle county, Ya., (near Monti cello, the 
»eat where he died,) April 13, 1743. He was educated at William and 
Mary's college, and graduated with distinction when quite young. He 
was a great lover of learning, and particularly of natural philosophy. 
With the celebrated George Wythe, he commenced the study of the law, 
and became a favorite pupil. Mr. Jefferson was never distinguished aa 
an advocate, but was considered a good lawyer. Soon after he came to 



122 THOMAS JEFFERSON". 

the bar, he was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, and h. 
that body was duly appreciated for his learning and aptitude for business 
He at once took fire at British oppression ; and in 1774, he employed his 
pen in discussing the whole course of the British ministry. The work 
was admired, and made a text-book by his countrymen. In June, 
1775, he took his seat in the Continental Congress, from Virginia. 
In this body he soon became conspicuous, and was considered a firm 
friend to American liberty. In 1776, he was chosen chairman of the 
committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence. This instra- 
ment is nearly all his own, and was sanctioned by his coadjutors with 
few alterations. In 1778, Mr. Jefferson was appointed ambassador to 
France, to form a treaty with that government, but ill health prevented 
his accepting of this office. He succeeded Patrick Henry, in 1779, 
as Governor of Virginia, and continued in that station two years. In 
1781, he composed his notes on Virginia. In 1783, he was sent to 
France, to join the ministers of our country, Mr. Adams and Dr. 
Franklin. In 1785, he succeeded Dr Franklin as ambassador, and 
continued performing the duties of that office for two years, when he 
retired, and returned home. In 1789, he was made secretary of state, 
under Washington, in which situation he was highly distinguished for 
his talents. This station he resigned in 1793, and retired to private 
life. In 1797, he was elected Vice-President of the United States, 
and took his seat as President of the Senate, on the following 4th of 
March. In 1801, he was elected President of the United States, 
which office he held for eight years. After completing bis second 
term, he retired to private life, in which he spent his days in philoso- 
phical pursuits, until the 4th of July, 1826, when he expired, just fifty 
years after penning the Declaration of Independence. His course was 
one of his own. Never lived there a politician, who did more than 
Thomas Jefferson, to bring his fellow-citizens to his own opinions. 



JAMES MADISON. 



123 




JAMES MADISON, 

THK FOURTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was born in Orange county, Ya., March 16, 1751. His studies, 
preparatory to entering Princeton College, were pursued under the 
most favorable circumstances, he being provided with the most accom- 
plished instructors, and he graduated with hi h honor in 177] . On 



124 JAMKS MADISON. 

returning to Virginia, he zealously commenced the study of the l**r, 
which he subsequently abandoned for political life. 

In 1776, he was elected to the General Assembly of Virginia; and 
from this period, for more than forty years, he was continually in 
office, serving his state and his country in various capacities, from that 
of a state legislator to that of President. 

In 1778, he was elected by the legislature to the executive council 
of the state, where he rendered important aid to Henry and Jefferson, 
governors of Virginia, during the time he held a seat in the council ; 
and by his probity of character, faithfulness in the discharge of duty, 
and amiableness of deportment, he won the approbation of these great 
men. In the winter of 1779-80, he took his seat in the Continental 
Congress, and became immediately an active and leading member, as 
the journal of that body abundantly testifies. 

In 1784, '5, '6, he was a member of the legislature of Virginia. In 
1787, he became a member of the Convention held in Philadelphia, 
for the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the government of the 
United States. Perhaps no member of that body had more to do 
with the formation of that noble instrument, the " Constitution of the 
United States of America," than Mr. Madison. 

It was daring the recess between the proposition of the Constitu- 
tion by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the states, that 
that celebrated work, " The Federalist," made its appearance. This is 
known to be the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, 
and James Madison. This same year he was elected to Congress, and 
held his seat until the Continental Congress passed away among the 
things that were. He was a member of the state convention of Vir- 
ginia which met to adopt the Constitution, and on the establishment 
of the new Congress under the Constitution, he was chosen a member, 
retaining his seat until the close of Washington's administration. 

In 1801, as one of the presidential electors, he had the gratification 
of voting for his illustrious friend Jefferson, who immediately offered 
him a place in his cabinet, which was accepted. Accordingly he 
entered on the discharge of his duties as Secretary of State, which duties 
he continued to perform during the whole of Mr. Jefferson's adminis- 
tration, and on the retirement of that great statesman, in 1809, he 
succeeded to the Presidency, in which office he served two terms. 

Mr. Madison then retired to his peaceful home in Virginia, where ho 
passed the remainder of his days in favorite pastimes, loved by the 
many and respected by all, until the 28th day of June, 1826, when the 
last survivor of the framers of oui ConstitutioE was gathered to hia 
fathers, full ->f years an d glory. 



JA1TES MONROE 



125 




JAMES MONROE, 

THE FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

One of the few exalted characters that served his country in both a 
civil and military capacity, was born in Westmoreland county, Va., 
April 28, 1758, and was educated at William and Mary's college, 
whence he graduated in 1776, and commenced the study of the law. 
Anxious to aid in the struggle for independence, which had then just 
began, ho abandoned his studies, and entered the amy as a cadet — 
joining a corps under the gallant General Mercer. He soon distin- 
guished himself in several well-fought battles, and rapid promotion 



126 * UlfES MONROE 

followed, until he reached the rank of captain. He was at Harlem 
Heights and White Plains, and shared the perils and fatigues of the 
distressing retreat of Washington through New Jersey, as well as the 
glory of the victory over the Hessians at Trenton, where he received a 
musket-ball in the shoulder ; notwithstanding which, he valiantly 
" fought out the fight." He subsequently accepted the post of an aid 
to Lord Stirling, with the rank of major, in which position he saw 
much hard service — being engaged in almost every conflict for the two 
succeeding campaigns, and displaying great courage and coolness at 
the bloody battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. 

Aspiring to a separate command, he obtained permission to raise a 
regiment in his native state ; for which purpose he left the army, and 
returned to Virginia, where he encountered so many unexpected and 
discouraging obstacles, that he finally relinquished the enterprise, and 
resumed his law studies in the office of Mr. Jefferson. 

In 1780 he was elected to the Virginia legislature, and in the 
following year was made one of Governor Jefferson's council, in which 
he continued until 1783, when, at the age of twenty-four years, he 
became a member of the Continental Congress. After serving three 
years in that body, he was again returned to the state legislature. 

In 1788, while a member of the Convention to decide upon the 
adoption of the new Constitution, he voted in the minority against 
that instrument ; but this vote did not at all affect his popularity 
Two years afterwards he was elected United States' senator, and in 
1794 he was sent envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to 
the court of Versailles. After settling the cession of Louisiana to the 
United States, he went to England to succeed Mr. King as minister at 
the court of St. James. The affair of the frigate Chesapeake placing 
him in an uncomfortable situation, he returned to the United States, 
and, in 1810, was once more elected to the Virginia legislature. He 
was soon after chosen governor of that state, in which office be 
remained until Mr. Madison called him to assume the duties of Secre- 
tary of State i%his cabinet. In 1817, he was elected President of the 
United States, and in 1821 was unanimously re-elected, with the 
exception of a single vote in New Hampshire. His administration 
was a prosperous and quiet one. 

He united with Jefferson and Madison in founding the university of 
Virginia ; and when the convention was formed for the revision of 
the constitution of his state, he was called to preside over its action. 
Not long after this, he went to reside with a beloved daughter (the 
wife of Samuel L. Gouverneur, Esq.) in New York city, where he lived 
until the anniversary of independence in 1831, when, " amidst the 
pealing joy and congratulations of that proud day, he passed quietly 
and in glory away." 



JOHN QUISCY ADAMS. 



127 




JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, 

THE SIXTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was born at Quincy, Mass., July 11, 1767, and received the 
advantages of a pretty thorough education before entering Harvard 
college, which was not until the year 1780. After graduating with 
marked credit, he commenced the study of law at Newburyport, in the 



128 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 

office of the H(n. Theophilus Parsons, for many years afterwards 
chief justice of Massachusetts. While pursuing his studies he found 
leisure to write several newspaper essays, which attracted much atten- 
tion, and displayed a maturity of taste and judgment seldom attained 
bo early in life. " In 1794 Washington appointed him minister to the 
Netherlands, and subsequently transferred him to Portugal. He was 
afterwards, at different periods, minister to Prussia, Russia, and Eng- 
land ; and was one of the commissioners who negotiated the treaty of 
peace with Great Britain at Ghent in 1815. In 1817 he waa 
tppointed Secretary of State, in which office he continued during Mr. 
Vlonroe's administration, eight years ; when he was elected by the 
ffouse of Representatives President of the United States — the people 
saving failed in making a choice. Like his father, he encountered 
strong opposition, and only served one term in this office, being 
defeated in a re-election by General Jackson. He then retired to ma 
farm at Quincy, but did not long remain in private life ; for two years 
afterwards, he was chosen representative in Congress, and continued 
to be re-elected until his death, which occurred in the capitol at 
Washington, February 23, 1848. Two days previous to this sad event, 
while engaged in his duties in the House of Representatives, he 
received a paralytic stroke, which apparently deprived him of all con- 
sciousness. He was borne to the Speaker's room, where he received 
every attention that could be bestowed by anxious and devoted friends, 
but all in vain — his hour was come. The last words he was heard to . 
utter were, " This is the last of earth !" 

Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. A dili- 
gent student, and economical of his time, he found opportunity, amidst 
all his public cares, to cultivate his tastes for literature and the 
sciences. He was one of the finest classical and belles-lettres scholars 
of his time, and filled the chair of Professor of Rhetoric and Belles- 
Lettres in Harvard college for several years. Even in his old age, ht» 
often astonished his hearers with the elegant classical allusions and 
rhetorical tropes with which he enriched and embellished his own 
productions. 



ANDREW JACKSON" 



129 




ANDREW JACKSON, 

THE SEVENTH PRESIDENT OF THi UNITED STATES, 

A statesman of rare integrity, and a general of invincible skill and 
courage, was born at Waxhaw, Lancaster county. S. C, in 1767, and 
while yet a mere lad, did something towards achieving the independ- 
ence of his country. It is said that he commenced his military career 
at the age of fourteen years, and was soon after taken prisoner, 
together with an elder brother. During bis captivity, he was ordered 



130 ANDREW JACKSON 

by a British officer to perform some menial service, -which he promptly 
refused, and for this refusal he was " severely wounded with the sword 
which the Englishman disgraced." He was educated for the bar, and 
commenced practice at Nashville, Tenn., but relinquished his legal 
pursuits to " gain a name in arms." In the early part of the war of 
1812, Congress having voted to accept fifty thousand volunteers, 
General Jackson appealed to the militia of Tennessee, when twenty- 
five hundred enrolled their names, and presented themselves to Con- 
gress, with Jackson at their head. They were accepted, and ordered 
to Natchez, to watch the operations of the British m lower Missis- 
sippi. Not long after, he received orders from head-quarters, to dis- 
band his men, and send them to their homes. To obey, he foresaw, 
would be an act of great injustice tc his command, and reflect disgrace 
on the country, and he resolved to disobey. He accordingly broke up 
his camp, and returned to Nashville, bringing all his sick with him, 
whose wants on the way he relieved with his private means, and there 
disbanded his troops in the midst of their homes. 

He was soon called to the field once more, and his commission 
marked out his course of duty on the field of Indian warfare. Here 
for years he labored, and fought, and diplomatized, with the most con- 
summate wisdom and undaunted courage. It was about this time 
that the treaty of the " Hickory Ground " occurred, which gave him 
the familiar sobriquet of " Old Hickory." 

The crowning glory of his whole military career was the battle of 
NTew Orleans ; which will ever occupy one of the brightest pages in 
American history. 

At the close of the war he returned to his home in Nashville ; but 
m 1818 was again called on by his country to render his military ser- 
vices in the expulsion of the Seminoles. His conduct during this 
campaign has been both bitterly condemned and highly applauded. 
An attempt in the House of Representatives to inflict a censure 
on the old hero for the irreg-ularities of this campaign, after a long and 
bitter debate, was defeated by a large majority. 

In 1828, and again in 1832, General Jackson was elected to fill the 
presidential chair ; thus occupying that elevated position for eight 
successive years. He then retired to his hospitable mansion (" The 
Hermitage") near Nashville, "loaded with wealth and honors, bravely 
won," where he continued to realize all the enjoyments that are insep- 
arable from a well-spent life, until death translated him to those higher 
rewards, which " earth can neither give nor take away." He died 
Jure 8, 1845, and his last hours were soothed by a trustful reliance on 
the Saviour of the world for salvation. 



martin van buren. 



1ST 




MARTEN VAN BUREN, 

THE EIGHTH PR2SIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was bom in the flemishing town of Kinderhook, New York, Sep- 
tember 5, 1782, and early received the best education that could then 
be obtained in the schools in his immediate vicinity. Having suffi- 
ciently prepared himself for the study of law, he entered the office of 
Francis Sylvester, in his native town, where he remained about six 



132 MARTIN VAX BUREBT. 

years. Bat law did not engross his whole time : he found leisure 
occasionally to peer into the mysteries of political economy, and finally 
arrired at the conclusion that his chances for fame and fortune were 
at least equal in the arena of politics to anything he might accomplish 
by a strict adherence to legal pursuits. Fully impressed with this 
idea, he early set about cultivating what little popularity could be 
gained in his limited sphere, and so won upon the confidence of hia 
neighbors and friends as to be appointed, while yet in his teem, a 
delegate to a convention in his native county, in which important 
political measures were to be acted upon. 

In 1808 he was appointed surrogate of Columbia county, the first 
public office he ever held; and in 1812 and 1816 he was elected to 
the state senate, in which body he became a distinguished leader of 
the Madison party, and one of its most eloquent supporters. 

In 1821 he was elected to the United States Senate, in which he 
held his seat for nearly eight years, and became remarkable not only 
for his close attention to business, but also for his devotion to the 
great principles of the democratic party. 

In 1828 he was elected Governor of his native state, and entered 
upon the duties of that office on the first of January, 1829 ; but 
he filled the gubernatorial chair for only a few weeks. In March fol- 
lowing, when General Jackson was elevated to the Presidency, he 
tendered Mr. Yan Buren the post of Secretary of State, which waa 
accepted. At the expiration of two years he resigned his seat in the 
Cabinet, and was immediately appointed minister to England : but 
when his nomination was submitted to the Senate, (Jane 25, 1831.) it 
was rejected by the casting vote of the Vice-President, (Mr. Calhoun,) 
and of course he was recalled. As his friends attributed his rejection 
entirely to personal and political rancor, it only served to raise Mr. 
Yan Buren in the estimation of his political adherents ; and the result 
was, that in May following he was nominated with great unanimity 
for the Vice-Presidency by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore. 
His triumphant election was regarded not merely as a high compli- 
ment to himself, but as a wholesome rebuke to his opponents. 

In 1836 he was put in nomination for the chief magistracy, to 
which he was elected by a large majority over General Harrison ; but ■ 
at the next Presidential election, the tables were turned, and he only 
received sixty votes out of two hundred and ninety-four. 

After his defeat, he returned to Kinderhook, where he remained 
some time, and then visited Europe, with one of his sons, whose resto- 
ration to health was the principal object of his journey. 

Not long after his return, he consented to become once more a can- 
didate for the Presidency, and in 1848 received the nomination of the 
Free-soil party ; but he did not secure a single electoral vote. Since 
then, he has had little to do with political affairs ; yet it has been 
recently manifested that his^opinions have undergone some modifica- 
tion, and he is now avowedly favorable to the election of the demo- 
cratic nominee, James Buchanan, to the office of President 



WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON 



133 




WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, 

fH E.N I NTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Was born in Charles City county, Va., February 9, 1773, and was 
educated for the medical profession at Hampden Sydney college. He 
graduated at a time when cur north-western fronti°r was suffering 



134 WILLIAM HENRY HARRTSON. 

much from the neighboring Indians ; and believing that he could be 
of greater service in repelling the savage invaders than in pursuing his 
studies, he accepted an ensign's commission from President Washing 
ton, and joined the army. He was promoted to a lieutenancy in 1792, 
and his skill and bravery were highly commended by General Wayne, 
under M'hose command he was engaged in several actions. After the 
bloody battle of Miami Rapids, he was rewarded with the rank of 
captain, and immediately placed in command of Fort Washington. In 
1797 he resigned his commission, for the purpose of accepting the 
office of secretary of the North-west Territory, from which he was 
elected a delegate to Congress in 1799. 

When a territorial government was formed for Indiana, he was 
appointed the first governor, and continued in that office till 1813. 
To his civil and military duties he added those of commissioner and 
superintendent of Indian affairs ; and, in the course of his administra- 
tion, he concluded thirteen important treaties with the different tribes. 
V)u the 7th of November, 1811, he gained the celebrated battle of 
Tippecanoe, the news of which was received throughout the country 
with a burst of enthusiasm. During the war of 1812 he was made 
commander of the north-western army of the United States, and he 
bore a conspicuous part in the leading events in the campaign of 
1812-13, the defence of Fort Meigs, and the victory of the Thames. 
In 1814, he was appointed, in conjunction with his companions in 
arms, Governor Shelby and General Cass, to treat with the Indians in 
the north-west, at Greenville ; and, in the following year, he was 
placed at the head of a commission to treat with various other 
important tribes. 

In 1816, he was elected a member of Congress from Ohio ; and, in 
1828, he was sent minister plenipotentiary to the republic of Colom- 
bia. On his return, he took up his residence at North Bend, on the 
Ohio, where he lived upon his farm, in comparative retirement, till 
1837, when he became a candidate for the Presidency ; and although 
defeated on the first trial, four years afterwards he was elected by a 
large majority, and inaugurated in 1841. But lie did not long survive 
this crowning honor, as he died on the 4th of April, just one mouth 
after entering upon his duties. His funeral obsequies were performed 
on the 7th, and an immense concourse assembled to pay their testi- 
mony of respect. Funeral services and processions also took place in 
most of the principal cities throughout the country. As General 
Harrison was the first President who died while in office, his successor 
Mr. Tyler, recommended that the 14th of May be observed as a day 
of fasting and prayer, and accordingly it was so observed. 



JOHN TYLER. 



135 




JOHN TYLER, 

fBE SUCCESSOR OF GEN. HARRISON AS PRESIDENT, 

Was born at Williamsburg, Va., March 29, 1790, and at the age 
of twelve years entered William and Mary's college, where he gradu- 
ated with distinguished merit five years afterwards. Few have com- 
menced life at so early a period as Mr. Tyler — he having been admit- 
ted to the bar when only nineteen, and elected to the Virginia legisla- 
ture before attaining his twenty-second year. In 1816 he was sent to 
Congress ; in 1825, elected Governor of Virginia, and in 1827 became 
United States senator ; in which capacity he firmly supported the 
administration of General Jackson — voting against the tariff bill of 
1828, and against re-chartering the United States Bank. Notwith? 



136 



JOHN" TYLER 



Btanding this last vote, the friends of the bank, presuming upon his 
well-known conservatism, at the special session of Congress called by 
his predecessor, introduced a bill for the establishment of the " Fiscal 
Bank of the United States," which passed both houses by small 
majorities, and which Mr. Tyler felt bound to veto. But this did not 
dishearten the friends of the measure, who modified and rechristened 
their financial plan, which, under the name of "Fiscal Corporation of 
the United States," again passed both houses of Congress, and was 
again vetoed by the President, Of course, a large portion of the 
party that elected him were greatly dissatisfied with his course, and 
their denunciations of his alleged faithlessness were " loud and deep." 
To add to the embarrassments which were accumulating around him, 
the members of his Cabinet, with the exception of Mr. Webster, 
resigned their places ; but even this implied rebuke did not shake his 
integrity of purpose. An equally efficient phalanx of talent was called 
to his aid, and he had the satisfaction of seeing that his views were 
endorsed by a large number of leading statesmen. It has been often 
asserted that Mr. T. had pledged himself to sustain the financial 
schemes of the bank and its friends ; but this has always been denied, 
and circumstances certainly warrant the conclusion that the assertion 
is unfounded. So gross and bitter were the assaults made upon him, 
that he felt called upon to defend himself from their violence ; and, 
after declaringhis determination to do his duty, regardless of party 
ties, he said : " I appeal from the vituperation of the present day to 
the pen of impartial History, in confidence that neither my motives 
nor my acts will bear the interpretation which, for sinister motives, 
has been placed upon them." On the expiration of his official term, 
he retired to his estate at Williamsburg, where he still continues to 
reside, secure in the respect of a large circle of friends, and far aloof 
from Ike troublous vortex of Dolitical life. 



JlilES KNOX POLK. 



137 




JAMES KNOX POLK, 

THE TENTH PRESITZNT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

"Was bora at Mecklenburg, N. C, November 2, 1795, and thert 
received the rudiments of his early education. In 1806 his father 
removed to Nashville, Tenn., taking his family with him, and here it 
was that Mr. Polk pursued those preliminary studies which were 
requisite to qualify him for the legal profession. After due prepara- 
tion, he entered the office of the Hon. Felix Grundy, under whose able 
instruction he made such rapid progress, that he was admitted to 
practice in 1820. His duties at the bar did not prevent him fron 
taking part in the political affairs of the day ; and in this sphere hia 



138 JAMES KNOX POIK. 

comprehensive views and zealous devotion to democracy soon secured 
him a widely-extended popularity, which resulted in his election to the 
legislature of Tennessse in 1823. In 1825, while yet in his thirtieth 
year, he was chosen a member of Congress, in which body he remained 
fourteen years — being honored with the Speakership for several 
sessions. So well satisfied were his constituents with his congres- 
sional course, that he was elected Governor by a large majority, but 
some questions of local policy subsequently defeated his re-election. 
| In 1844 he was unexpectedly nominated for the office of President 
of tbe United States by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore 
and. having received sixty-five electoral votes more than his rival can- 
didate. Mr. Clay, he was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. 

Soon after Mr. Polk assumed the reins of government, the country 
became involved in a war with Mexico, which was little more than 
a series of victories wherever the American banner was displayed, and 
which resulted in important territorial acquisitions. The ostensible 
ground for this war, on the part of Mexico, was the admission of Texas 
into the Union, which was one of the first acts of Mr. Polk's adminis- 
tration. The Mexicans, however, paid dearly for asserting their 
frivolous claims to Texas as a revolted province, and the prompt and 
energetic course pursued by Mr. Polk was sanctioned and sustained 
by a large majority of the people. 

But notwithstanding the advantageous issue of the war, the acquisi- 
tion of Texas, and the satisfactory settlement of several vexed ques- 
tions ©f long standing, Mr. Polk was not nominated for a second 
term — various extraneous matters leading to the selection of another 
candidate. Perhaps it was fortunate for the country and for himself 
that he waf permitted to retire to the more congenial enjoyment of 
private life ; for hi? health had become very much impaired, and he 
did not long surrivj after reaching his home in Nashville. He died 
Jane 15, 1849. 



ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



139 




Z A CHARY TAYLOR, 

THE ELEVENTH PRESIDENT OE THE UNITED STATES, 

"Was bora in Orange county, Va., November 24, 1790, and, after 
receiving au indifferent education, passed a considerable portion of his 
boyhood amid the stirring scenes which were being enacted at that 
- me on our western border. In 1808 he was appointed a lieutenant 



140 ZACHAKY TAYLOR. 

in the United States infantry, and subsequently was promoted to % 
captaincy for his efficient services against the Indians. Soon after 
the declaration of war in 1812 he was placed in command of Fort 
Harrison, which he so gallantly defended with a handful of men 
against the attack of a large body of savages, as to win 1he brevet 
rank of major. So familiar did he become with the Indian character, 
and with the mode of warfare of that wily foe, that his services at the 
"West and South were deemed indispensable in the subjugation and 
removal of several hostile tribes. While effecting these desirable 
objects, he was occasionally rewarded for his toils and sacrifices by 
gradual promotion, and in 1840 attained the rank of brigadier-general. 
At the commencement of the troubles with Mexico, in 1845, he was 
ordered to occupy a position on the American side of the Rio Grande, 
but not to cross that river unless attacked by the Mexicans. He was 
not, however, allowed to remain long in repose : the enemy, by attack- 
ing Fort Brown, which he had built on the Eio Grande, opposite 
Matamoras, soon afforded him an opportunity to display his skill and 
valor, and gloriously did he improve it. The brilliant battles of Palo 
Alto and Resaca de la Palma, where he contended successfully against 
fearful odds, were precursors to a series of victories which have few 
parallels in military annals. The attack on Matamoras, the storming 
of Monterey, the sanguinary contest at Buena Yista, and the numerous 
skirmishes in which he was engaged, excited universal admiration ; 
and on his return home, after so signally aiding to " conquer a peace" 
with Mexico, he was everywhere received with the most gratifying 
demonstrations of respect and affection. In 1848 General Taylor 
received the nomination of the whig party for the office of President 
of the United States, and, being elected, was inaugurated the year fol- 
lowing. But the cares and responsibilities of this position were 
greater than his constitution could endure, hardened as it had been 
both in Indian and civilized warfare. After the lapse of little more 
than a year from the time he entered upon his new career, he sunk 
under its complicated trials, and his noble spirit sought refuge in s 
more congenial sphere, July 9, 1850. 



MILLARD FILLMORFT. 



141 




MILLARD FILLMORE, 

THE SUCCESSOR OF GEN. TAYLOR, AS PRESIDENT, 

"Was born at Summer Hill, Cayuga county, N.Y., January 7, 
1800, and did not enjoy the advantages of any other education than 
what he derived from the then inefficient common schools of the 
county. At an early age he was sent into the wilds of Livingston 
county to learn a trade, and here he soon attracted the attention of a 
friend, who placed him in a lawyer's office — thus opening a new, and 
what was destined to be a most honorable and distinguished career. 
In 1827 he was admitted as an attorney, and two years afterwards as 
counsellor in the Supreme Court Soon attracting attention, he 



142 JTILLARD FILLMORE. 

established himself at Buffalo, where his talents and business habits 
secured hini an extended practice. 

His first entrance into public life was in January. 1829, when he 
took his seat as a member of the Assembly from Erie county. At 
this time he distinguished himself for his untiring opposition to 
imprisonment for debt, and to this are the people indebted in a great 
degree for the expunging of this relic of barbarism from the statute 
book. Having gained a high reputation for legislative capacity, in 
1833 he was elected a member of the national House of Representa- 
tives : and on the assembling of the Twenty-seventh Congress, to 
which he was re-elected by a larger majority than was ever given 
to any person in his district, he was placed in the arduous position Of 
Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means. The measures he 
brought forward and sustained with matchless ability, speedily relieved 
the government from its existing pecuniary embarrassments. In 1847 
he was elected Comptroller of the state of Xew York by a larger 
majority than had been given to any state office for many years. In 
1848 he was selected as candidate for Vice-President, General Taylor 
heading the ticket. On his election to that high office, he resigned his 
position as Comptroller, and entered upon his duties as President of 
the United States Senate. The courtesy., ability, and dignity exhib- 
ited by him, while presiding over the deliberations of that body, 
received general commendation. Upon the sudden death of General 
Taylor, he became President, and promptly selected a cabinet, distin- 
guished for its ability, patriotism, and devotion to the Union, and 
possessing in an eminent degree the confidence of the country. 

After serving out the constitutional term. Mr. Fillmore returned to 
Buffalo, and again resumed those pursuits which had prepared the 
way to the elevated position from which he had just retired. He was 
welcomed home by troops of friends, with whom he still continues to 
enjoy an unabated popularity. 

It should be borne in mind by every aspiring young man, -that Mr. 
Fillmore is entirely indebted to his own exertions for his success in 
life. From a very humble origin, he attained the highest office in the 
world, climbing the rugged steep of fame step by step, with indefati- 
gable industry and untiring perseverance, until he at length gained 
the summit, where he is long likely to enjoy his well-earned position. 



FRANKLIN PIERCE. 



143 




FRANKLIN PIERCE, 

THE TWELFTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 

Was born at Hillsborough, N. H., November 23, 1804, and early 
received the advantage of a liberal education. After going through a 
regular collegiate course at Bowdoin college, which he entered at the 
•ge of sixteen, he became a law student in the office of Judge Wood- 
bury at Portsmouth, whence he was transferred to the law school at 



144 FRANKLIN PIERCE. 

Northampton, where he remained two years, and then finished hia 
studies with Judge Parker at Amherst. Although his rise at the bar 
was not rapid, by degrees he attained the highest rank as a lawyer 
and advocate. 

In 1829 he was elected to represent his native town in the state 
legislature, where he served four years, during the two last of which h<* 
held the speakership, and discharged the duties with universal satis- 
faction. f 

I^rom 1833 to 1837 he represented his state in Congress, and was 
then elected to the United States Senate, having barely reached 
the requisite age to qualify him for a seat in that body. 

In 1834 he married Miss Jane Means, daughter of the Rev. I)x 
Appleton, formerly President of Bowdoin college — soon after which 
he removed to Concord, where he still holds a residence. He was 
re-elected at the expiration of his senatorial term, but resigned his seat 
the year following, for the purpose of devoting himself exclusively 
to his legal business, which had become so extensive as to require 
all his attention. 

In 1846 he declined the office of Attorney-General, tendered to him 
by President Polk ; but when the war with Mexico broke out, he wag 
active in raising the Xew England regiment of voluuteers ; and after, 
wards accepted the commission of brigadier-general, with which he at 
once repaired to the field of operations, where he distinguished himself 
in several hard-fought battles. At Cerro-G-ordo and at Chapultapec 
he displayed an ardor in his country's cause which extorted praise 
from his most inveterate political opponents ; and on his return home 
he was everywhere received with gratifying evidences that his services 
were held in grateful remembrance by the people. 

At the Democratic Convention held in Baltimore in 1852, after 
trying in vain to concentrate their votes on a more prominent candi- 
date, that body unexpectedly nominated General Pierce for the office 
of President of the United States, to which he was elected by an 
unprecedented majority over his rival, General Scott — receiving 254 
votes out of 296. He was duly inaugurated on the 4th of March, 
1853, and his administration has been more remarkable for its futile 
attempts to reconcile conflicting interests, than for the achievement of 
any particular measure of grea*t public utility. However, it will 
better become his future than his present biographer to " speak of 
him as he is ; nor aught extenuate, nor aught set down in malice." 



JAMES BUCHANAN. 



145 




JAMES BUCHANAN, 

THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



For the high position he has so long maintained in the political 
affairs of this country, Mr. Buchanan is not alone indebted to his early 
and thorough education, but his entire devotion to whatever he under- 
takes, and his perseverance in surmounting obstacles which would 



146 JAMES BUCHANAN 

intimidate less determined minds, has had a large share in promoting 
his advancement. He is of Irish parentage, and was born at Stony 
Batter, Franklin county, Pa., April 23, 1791. At the age of seven 
years he removed with his father's family to Mercersburg, and there 
received an education that fitted him for entering Dickinson college in 
1805, where he graduated two years afterwards with the highest 
honors. He then studied law with James Hopkins, of Lancaster, and 
in 1812 was admitted to the bar, at which he attained a high rank 
and commanded an extensive practice. 

In 1814 he commenced political life as a member of the Pennsyl- 
vania state legislature, and in 1820 was sent as representative to Con- 
gress, where he remained for ten years — at the expiration of which, he 
declined a re-nomination. 

In 1831 he' was appointed minister to Russia by President Jack- 
son, of whom he was always the consistent friend and supporter, and 
he negotiated a commercial treaty which proved of great advantage to 
American commerce. 

In December, 1834, having been elected to the United States 
Senate, he took his seat in that body, and continued one of its most 
efficient members until 1845, when he accepted the office of Secretary 
of State under Mr. Polk. He held this responsible place until the 
expiration of Mr. Polk's term of service, when he returned home 
to repose awhile. But he did not by any means become an idle spec- 
tator in passing events : his letters and speeches show that he was no 
less vigilant as a private citizen, than as a counsellor in the Cabinet, 
or a representative and senator in Congress. 

On the accession of Mr. Pierce to the Presidency, in 1853, Mr 
Buchanan was appointed minister to England, with which country 
questions were then pending that required great prudence and dis- 
crimination for their satisfactory adjustment. In his intercourse with 
the British diplomatists he was not only discreet, but displayed sound 
sense, courtly forbearance, a just assertion of our rights, and the true 
dignity of the American character. So entirely unexceptionable was 
his whole course while abroad, that on his return to this country last 
April — he landed in New York on the sixty-fifth anniversary of hia 
birth-day — he was received with an almost universal enthusiasm, 
seldom accorded to political men. 

In June, 1856, Mr. Buchanan was nominated by the Democratic 
Convention at Cincinnati as a candidate for the Presidency ; and 
although there were powerful political elements arrayed against him 
in the succeeding campaign, he was triumphantly elected to that 
responsible and honorable office, 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



147 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN, 

FOURTEENTH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Was born in Hardin County, Kentucky, February 12th, 1809. 
The record of his boyhood and youth, so far as we have been 
ablo to trace it, is not distinguished by anything more remarka- 
ble than the usual experience of children of pioneers in a new 
country. In 1816 he removed with his parents to what is now 



148 



ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



Spencer County, Indiana. Here lie enjoyed the advantages of a 
little . schooling — less than a year, however, in all. Whatever 
else he afterward learned from books was without the aid of the 
schoolmaster — the result of his own energy and indomitable per- 
severence. 

In 1832 he served in the Blackhawk war, and on his return 
from that service, was nominated for the Illinois Legislature from 
the County of Macon. In 1834 he was elected to the Legisla- 
ture, and re-elected in 1836, 1838, and 1840. While in the Legis- 
lature he placed himself on record, regarding the questions that 
have since continued to excite the political world, and it is but 
just to say that the principles which actuated him then are the 
moving principles of the great party he to-day represents, as the 
Executive of the Nation. 

For many years Mr. Lincoln was a prominent leader of the 
Whig party in Illinois, and was on the electoral ticket in several 
Presidential campaigns. In 1844 he canvassed the entire State 
for Henry Clay, of whom he was a sincere and enthusiastic 
friend, and exerted himself powerfully for the favorite of his 
party, In 1846 he was elected to Congress, and took his seat on 
the first Monday in December, 1847, the only Whig representa- 
tive from his State. 

Mr. Lincoln has not been in public life as much as most of his 
predecessors, but his public acts are in strict accordance with 
his professions, and he has never disappointed his constituents. 

In November, 1860, he was elected President of the United 
States by the party known as Republicans, and took his seat on 
the 4th of March, 1861. 



149 




EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT 

OF THE 

UNITED STATES. 

The nineteenth Presidential terra of four years since the establishment 
of the Government of the United States, under the Constitution adopted 
March 1, 1789, began on the 4th day of March, 1861, and it will expire 
an the 4th of March, 1865. 

Salanj. 

ABRAHAM LINCOLN, of Illinois, President, $25,000 

John G. Nieolay, Private Secretary, 2,500 

William O. Stoddard, Private Secretary to sign Patents, - - - 1,500 
HANNIBAL HAMLIN, of Maine, Vice-President, 8,000 



THE CABINET. 

The following are the principal officers in the Executive Department 
of the Government, who form the Cabinet, and hold their offices at the 
will of the President : — 

Salary. 

William H. Seward, New York, Secretary of State, $8,000 

Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of the Treasury, ----- 8,000 

Edwin M. Stanton, Pennsylvania, Secretary of War, 8,000 

Gideon Welles, Connecticut, Secretary of the Navy, ----- 8,000 
John P. Usher, Indiana, Secretary of the Interior, ----- 8,000 

Montgomery Blair, Maryland, Postmaster-General, 8,000 

Edward Bates, Missouri, Attorney- General, -------- 8,000 



150 



GOVERNORS OF STATES AND TER- 
RITORIES. 



NAME. 


STATE. 


CAPITAL. 


SALARY. 


Abner Coburn 


Maine, 


Augusta, 


$1,500 


John A. Giknore 


New Hampshire, 


Concord, 


1,000 


Frederick Holbrook. . . . 


Vermont, 


Montpelier, 


1,000 


John A. Andrew 


Massachusetts, 


Boston, 


3,500 


"William Sprague £ 


Rhode Island, > 


Providence and 
Newport, 


j- 1,000 


¥m, A. Buckingham. . [• 
Horatio Seymour. 


Connecticut, Y 


Hartford and 
New Haven, 


I 1,000 


New York, 


Albany, 


4,000 


Joel Parker 


New Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 


Trenton, 
Harrisburg, 


3,000 
4,000 


Andrew G. Curtin 


"William Cannon 


Delaware, 


Dover, 


1,333 1-3 


Augustus W. Bradford . . 


Maryland, 


Annapolis, 


3,600 


Francis Pierpont 


Virginia, 


Norfolk, 


2,500 


Arthur J. Boreman 


West Virginia, 


Wheeling, 


2,500 


Andrew Johnson 


Tennessee, 


Nashville, 




Bramlette 


Kentucky, 

Ohio, 


Frankfort, 


2,500 
1,800 


David Tod 


Columbus, 


Austin Blair 


Michigan, 
Indiana, 


Lansing, 
Indianapolis, 


1,000 
3,000 


Oliver P. Morton 


Richard Tates 


Illinois, 


Springfield, 
Jefferson City, 


1,500 
3,000 


Hamilton R. Gamble. . . . 


Missouri, 


John R. Needham 


Iowa, 


Des Moines, 


2,000 


Edward Salomon 


Wisconsin, 


Madison, 


1,250 


Henry A. Swift 


Minnesota, 


St. Paul, 


1,500 


Thomas Carney 


Kansas, 


Topeka, 




Leland Stanford 


California, 


Sacramento, 


1,000 


Addison C. Gibbs 


Oregon, 


Salem, 


1,500 


Alvin Saunders 


Nebraska Tei\, • 


Omaha City, 


2,500 


William Pickering 


Washington Ter. 


Olympia, 


3,000 


James W. Nye 


Nevada Ter., 


Carson City, 


2,500 


John Evans 




Denver City, 
Salt Like City, 


2,500 
2,500 


Stephen S. Harding 


Utah Ter., 


William Jayne 


Dakota Ter., 


Yankton, 


4,000 


Henry Connelly 


New Mexico, 


Santa Fe, 


3,000 



151 



WAR DEPARTMENT 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 



AN ACT FOR ESTABLISHING RULES AND ARTICLES FOR THE 
GOVERNMENT OF THE ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES.* 

Section 1. Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, 
That, from and after the passage of this act, the following shall 
be the rules and articles by which the armies of the United States 
shall be governed : 

Article 1. Every officer now in the army of the United States 
shall, in six months from the passing of this act, and every offi- 
cer who shall hereafter be appointed shall, before he enters on 
the duties of his office, subscribe these rules and regulations. 

Art. 2. It is earnestly recommended to all officers and soldiers 
diligently to attend divine service ; and all officers who shal\ 
behave indecently or irreverently at any place of divine worship 
shall, if commissioned officers, be brought before a general court 
martial, there to be publicly and severely reprimanded by the 
president ; if non-commissioned officers or soldiers, every person 
so offending shall, for his first offence, forfeit one-sixth of a dol- 
lar, to be deducted out of his next pay ; for the second offence, 
he shall not only forfeit a like sum, but be confined twcnty^our 
hours ; and for every like offence, shall suffer and pay in like 
manner ; which money, so forfeited, shall be applied by the cap- 
tain or senior officer of the troop or company, to the use of the 
sick soldiers of the company or troop to which the offender be- 
longs. 

Art. 3. Any non-commissioned officer or soldier who shall 
use any profane oath or execration, shall incur the penalties ex- 
pressed in the foregoing article ; and a commissioned officer shall 
forfeit and pay, for each and every such offence, one dollar, to be 
applied as in the preceding article. 

Art. 4. Every chaplain commissioned in the army or armies 
of the United States, who shall absent himself from the du- 
ties assigned him (excepting in cases of sickness or leave of 
absence), shall, on conviction thereof before a court martial, be 
fined not exceeding one month's pay, besides the loss of his pay 

* These rules and articles, with the exceptions indicated by the notes, annexed to 
articles 20, G3, and 67, remain unaltered, and in force at present. 



152 ARTICLES OF WAR. 

during his absence ; or be discharged, as the said court martial 
shall judge proper. 

Art. 5. Any officer or soldier who shall use contemptuous or 
disrespectful words against the President of the United States, 
against the Vice-President thereof, against the Congress of the 
United States, or against the Chief Magistrate or Legislature of 
any of the United States, in which he may be quartered, if a 
commissioned officer, shall be cashiered, or otherwise punished, 
as a court martial shall direct ; if a non-commissioned officer or 
soldier, he shall suffer such punishment as shall be inflicted on 
him by the sentence of a court martial. 

Art. 6. Any officer or soldier who shall behave himself with 
contempt or disrespect towards his commanding officer, shall be 
punished, according to the nature of his offence,~by the judgment 
of a court martial. 

Art. 7. Any officer or soldier who shall begin, excite, cause, 
or join in, any mutiny or sedition, in any troop or company in 
the service of the United States, or in any party, post, detach- 
ment, or guard, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as 
by a court martial shall be inflicted. 

Art. 8. Any officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier, who, 
being present at any mutiny or sedition, does not use his utmost 
endeavor to suppress the same, or, coming to the knowledge of 
any intended mutiny, does not, without delay, give information 
.thereof to his commanding officer, shall be punished by the sen- 
tence of a court martial with death, or otherwise, according to 
the nature of his offence. 

Art. 9. Any officer or soldier who shall strike his superior offi- 
cer, or draw or lift up any weapon, or offer any violence against 
him, being in the execution of his office, on any pretence what- 
soever, or shall disobey any lawful command of his superior offi- 
cer, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as shall, accord- 
ing to the nature of his offence, be inflicted upon him by the 
sentence of a court martial. 

Art. 10. Every non-commissioned officer or soldier, who shall 
enlist himself in the service of the United States, shall, at the 
time of his so enlisting, or within six days afterward, have the 
Articles for the government of the armies of the United States 
read to him, and shall, by the officer who enlisted him, or by the 
commanding officer of the troop or company into which he was 
enlisted, be taken before the next justice of the peace, or chief 
magistrate of any city or town corporate, not being an officer of 
the army, or where recourse cannot be had to the civil magis- 
trate, before the judge advocate, and in his presence shall take 
the following oath or affirmation : " I, A. B., do solemnly swear 
or affirm (as the case may be), that I will bear true allegiance to 
the United States of America, and that I will serve them honestly 
and faithfully against all their enemies or opposer whatsoever ; 
and observe and obey the orders of the President of the United 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 153 

States, and the orders of the officers appointed over me, accord- 
ing to the Rules and Articles for the government of the armies 
of the United States." Which justice, magistrate, or judge ad- 
vocate, is to give to the officer a certificate, signifying that the 
man enlisted did take the said oath or affirmation. 

Art. 11. After a non-commissioned officer or soldier shall have 
been duly enlisted and sworn, he shall not be dismissed the ser- 
vice without a discharge in writing; and no discharge granted to 
him shall be sufficient which is not signed by a field officer of the 
regiment to which he belongs, or commanding officer, where no 
field officer of the regiment is present ; and no discharge shall 
be given to a non-commissioned officer or soldier before his term 
of service has expired, but by order of the President, the Secre- 
tary of War, the commanding officer of a department, or the 
sentence of a general court martial, nor shall a commissioned 
officer be discharged the service but By order of the President of 
the United States, or by sentenee of a general court martial. 

Art. 12. Every colonel, or other officer commanding a regi- 
ment, -trooj), or company, and actually quartered with it may give 
furloughs to non-commissioned officers or soldiers, in such num- 
bers, and for so long a time, as he shall judge to be most consist- 
ent with the good of the service ; and a captain, or other inferior 
officer, commanding a troop or company, or in any garrison, fort, 
or barrack in the United States (his field officer being absent), 
may give furloughs to non-commissioned officers or soldiers, for 
a time not exceeding twenty days in six months, but not to more 
than two persons to be absent at the same time, excepting some 
extraordinary occasion should require it. 

Art. 13. At every muster, the commanding officer of each 
regiment, troop, or company, there present, shall give to the 
commissary of musters, or other officer who musters the said 
regiment, troop, or company, certificates signed by himself, sig- 
nifying how long such officers, as shall not appear at the said 
muster, have been absent, and the reason of their absence. In 
like manner, the commanding officer of every troop or company 
shall give certificates signifying the reasons of the absence of 
the non-commissioned officers and private soldiers ; which reasons 
and time of absence shall be inserted in the muster rolls, oppo- 
site the names of the respective absent officers and soldiers. Tho 
certificates shall, together with the muster rolls, be remitted by 
the commissary of musters', or other officer mustering, to the De- 
partment of War, as speedily as the distance of the place will 
admit. 

Art. 14. Every officer who shall be convicted before a general 
court martial of having signed a false certificate relating to the 
absence of either officer or private soldier, or relative to his or 
their pay, shall be cashiered. 

Art. 15. Every officer who shall knowingly make a false mus- 
ter of man or horse, and every officer or commissary of musters 



154 ARTICLES OF WAR. 

who shall willingly sign, direct, or allow the signing of muster- 
rolls wherein such false muster is contained, shall, upon proof 
made thereof, by two witnesses, before a general court martial, 
be cashiered, and shall be thereby utterly disabled to have or hold 
any office or employment in the service of the United States. 

Art. 16. Any commissary of musters, or other officer, who 
shall be convicted of having taken money, or other thing, by way 
of gratification, on mustering any regiment, troop, or company, 
or on signing muster rolls, shall be displaced from his office, and 
shall be thereby uttei^ disabled to have or hold any office or em- 
ployment in the service of the United States. 

Art. 17. Any officer who shall presume to muster a person as 
a soldier who is not a soldier, shall be deemed guilty of having 
made a false muster, and shall suffer accordingly. 

Art. 18. Every officer who shall knowingly make a false 
return to the Department of War, or to any of his superior offi- 
cers, authorized to call for such returns, of the state of the regi- 
ment, troop, or company or garrison, under his command ; or of 
the arms, ammunition, clothing, or other stores thereunto be- 
longing, shall, on conviction thereof before a court martial, 
be cashiered. 

Art. 19. The commanding officer of every regiment, troop, or 
independent company, or garrison of the United States, shall, in 
the beginning of every month, remit, through the proper chan- 
nels, to the Department of War, an exact return of the regiment, 
troop, independent company, or garrison, under his command, 
specifying the names of the officers then absent from their posts, 
with the reasons for and the time of their absence. And any 
officer who shall be convicted of having, through neglect or de- 
sign, omitted sending such returns, shall be punished, according 
ing to the nature of his crime, by the judgment of a general 
court martial. 

Art. 20. All officers and soldiers who have received pay, or 
have been duly enlisted in the service of the United States, and 
shall be convicted of having deserted the same, shall suffer 
death, or such other punishment as, by sentence of a court mar- 
tial, shall be inflicted.* 

Art. 21 . Any non-commissioned officer or soldier who shall, 
without leave from his commanding officer, absent himself from 
his troop, company, or detachment, shall, upon being convicted 
thereof, be punished according to the nature of his offence, at 
the discretion of a court martial. 

Art. 22. No non-commissioned officer or soldier shall enlist 
himself in any other regiment, troop, or company, without a reg- 
ular discharge from the regiment, troop, or .company in which ho 
last served, on the penalty of being reputed a deserter, and suf- 
fering accordingly. And in case any officer shall knowingly 

* Modified by act of 20tb May, 1830. 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 155 

receive and entertain such non-commissioned officer or soldier, or 
shall not, after his being discovered to be a deserter, immediately 
confine him, and give notice thereof to the corps in which he last 
served, the said officer shall, by a court martial, be cashiered. 

Art. 23. Any officer or soldier who shall be convicted of hav- 
ing advised or persuaded any other officer or soldier to desert the 
service of the United States, shall suffer death, or such other 
punishment as shall be inflicted upon him by the sentence of a 
court martial. 

Art. 24. No officer or soldier shall use any reproachful or pro-* 
yoking speeches or gestures to another, upon pain, if an officer, 
of being put in arrest ; if a soldier, confined, and of asking par- 
don of the party offended, in the presence of his commanding 
officer. 

Art. 25. No officer or soldier shall send a challenge to another 
officer or soldier, to fight a duel, or accept a challenge if sent, 
upon pain, if a commissioned officer, of being cashiered ; if a 
non-commissioned officer or soldier, of suffering corporeal pun- 
ishment, at the discretion of a court martial. 

Art. 26. If any commissioned or non-commissioned officer 
commanding a guard shall knowingly or willingly suffer any per- 
son whatsoever to go forth to fight a duel, he shall be punished 
as a challenger ; and all seconds, promoters, and carriers of chal- 
lenges, in order to duels, shall be deemed principals, and be pun- 
ished accordingly. And it shall be the duty of every officer, 
commanding an army, regiment, company, post, or detachment, 
who is knowing to a challenge being given or accepted by any 
officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier, under his command, 
or has reason to believe the same to be the case, immediately to 
arrest and bring to trial such offenders. 

Art. 27. All officers, of what condition soever, have power to 
part and quell all quarrels, frays, and disorders, though the per- 
sons concerned should belong to another regiment, troop, or 
company ; and either to order officers into arrest, or non-com- 
missioned officers or soldiers into confinement, until their proper 
superior officers ehall bo acquainted therewith ; and whosoever 
shall refuse to obey such officer (though of an inferior rank), or 
shall draw his sword upon him, shall be punished at the discre- 
tion of a general court martial. 

Art. 28. Any officer or soldier who shall upbraid another for 
refusing a challenge, shall himself be punished as a challenger ; 
and all officers and soldiers are hereby discharged from any dis- 
grace or opinion of disadvantage which might arise from their 
having refused to accept, of challenges, as they will only have 
acted in obedienoe to the laws, and done their duty as good sol- 
diers who subject themselves to discipline. 

Art. 29>.No sutler shall be permitted to sell any kind of 
liquors or victuals, or to keep their houses or shops open for the 
entertainment of soldiers, after nine a£ night, or before the beat- 



156 ARTICLES OF WAR. 

ing of the reveille, or upon Sundays, during divine service or ser- 
mon, on the penalty of being dismissed from all future sutling. 

Art. 30. All officers commanding in the field, forts, barracks, 
or garrisons of the United States, are hereby required to see 
that the persons permitted to suttle shall supply the soldiers 
with good and wholesome provisions, or other articles, at a rea- 
sonable price, as they shall be answerable for their neglect. 

Art. 31. No officer commanding in any of the garrisons, forts, 
or barrack of- the United States, shall exact exorbitant prices for 
houses or stalls, let out to sutlers, or connive at the like exac- 
tions in others ; nor by his own authority, and for his private 
advantage, lay any duty or imposition upon, or be interested in 
the sale of any victuals, liquors, or other necessaries of life 
brought into the garrison, fort, or barracks, for the use of the 
soldiers, on the penalty of being discharged from the service. 

Art. 32. Every officer commanding in quarters, garrisons, or 
on the march, shall keep good order, and to the utmost of his 
power, redress all abuses or disorders which may be committed 
by any officer or soldier under his command ; if, upon complaint 
made to him of officers or soldiers beating or otherwise ill-treat- 
ing any person, or disturbing fairs or markets, or of committing 
any kind of riots, to the disquieting of the citizens of the United 
States, he, the said commander, who shall refuse or omit to see 
justice done to the offender or offenders, and reparation made to 
the party or parties injured, as far as part of the offender's pay 
shall enable him or them, shall, upon proof thereof, be cashiered, 
or otherwise punished, as a general court-martial shall direct. 

Art. 33. When any commissioned officer or soldier shall be 
accused of a capital crime, or of having used violence, or com- 
mitted any offence against the person or property of any citizen 
of any of the United States, such as is punishable by the known 
laws of the land, the commanding officer and officers of every 
regiment, troop, or company, to which the person or persons so 
accused shall belong, are hereby required, upon application duly 
made by, or in behalf of the party or parties injured, to use their 
utmost endeavors to deliver over such accused person or persons 
to the civil magistrate, and likewise to be aiding and assisting to 
the officers of justice in apprehending and securing the person 
or persons so accused, in order to bring' him or them to trifll. If 
any commanding officer or officers shall wilfully neglect, or shall 
refuse, upon the application aforesaid, to deliver over such ac- 
cused person or persons to the civil magistrates, or to be aiding 
and assisting to the officers of justice in apprehending such 
person or persons, the officer or officers so offending shall be 
cashiered. 

Art. 34. If any officer shall think himself wronged by his 
colonel, or the commanding officer of the regiment, and shall, 
upon due application being made to him, be refused redress, ho 
may complain to the general commanding in the state or terri- 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 157 

tory where such regiments shall be stationed, in order to obtain 
justice ; who is hereby required to examine into said complaint, 
and take proper measures for redressing the wrong complained 
of and transmit, as soon as possible, to the Department of War, 
a true state of such complaint, with the proceedings had thereon. 

Art. 35. If any inferior officer or soldier shall think himself 
wronged by his captain or other officer, lie is to complain thereof 
to the commanding officer of the regiment, who is hereby requir- 
ed to summon a regimental court martial, for the doing justice 
to the complainant ; from which regimental court martial either 
party may, if he thinks himself still aggrieved, appeal to a gen- 
eral court martial. But if, upon a second hearing, the appeal 
shall appear vexatious and groundless, the person so appealing 
shall be punished at the discretion of the said court martial. 

Art. 36. Any commissioned officer, store-keeper, or commis- 
sary, who shall be convicted at a general court martial of having 
sold, without a proper order for that purpose, embezzled, misap- 
plied, or wilfully, or through neglect, suffered any of the provi- 
sions, forage, arms, clothing, ammunition, or other military stores 
belonging to the United States to be spoiled or damaged, shall, at 
his own expense, make good the loss or damage, and shall, more- 
over, forfeit all his pay, and be dismissed from the service. 

Art. 37. Any non-commissioned officer or soldier who shall be 
convicted at a regimental court martial of having sold, or design- 
edly or through neglect, wasted the ammunition delivered out to 
him, to be employed in the service of the United States, shall be 
punished at the discretion of such court. 

Art. 38. Every non-commissioned officer or soldier who shall 
be convicted before a court martial of having sold, lost, or spoiled 
through neglect, his horse, arms, clothes, or accoutrements, shall 
undergo such weekly stoppages (not exceeding the half of his pay) 
as such court martial shall judge sufficient, for repairing the loss 
or damage ; and shall suffer confinement, or such other corporeal 
punishment as his crime shall deserve. 

Art. 39. Every officer who shall be convicted before a court 
martial of having embezzled or misapplied any money with which 
he may have been intrusted, for the payment of the men under his 
command, or for enlisting men into the service, or for other pur- 
poses, if a commissioned officer, shall be cashiered, and compelled 
to refund the money ; if a non-commissioned officer, shall be re- 
duced to the ranks, be put under stoppages until the money be 
made good, and suffer such corporeal punishment as such court 
martial shall direct. 

Art. 40. Every captain of a troop or company is charged with 
the arms, accoutrements, ammunition, clothing, or other warlike 
stores belonging to the troop or company under his command, 
which he is to be accountable for to his colonel in case of their 
being lost, spoiled, or damaged, not by unavoidable accidents, or 
on actual service 



15S ARTICLES OF WAR 

Art. 41. AH non-comniissioncd officers and soldiers who shall 
be found one mile from the camp -without leave, in writing, from 
their commanding officer, shall suffer such punishment as shall 
be inflicted upon them by the sentence of a court martial. 

Art. 42. Xo officer or soldier shall lie out of his quarters, gar- 
rison, or camp -without leave from his superior officer, upon pen- 
alty of being punished according to the nature of his offence, by 
the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 43. Every non-commissioned officer and soldier shall re- 
tire to his quarters or tent at the beating of the retreat ; in de- 
fault of which he shall be punished according to the nature of his 
offence. 

Art. 44. No officer, non-commissioned officer, or soldier shall 
fail in repairing, at the time fixed, to the place of parade, of exer- 
cise, or other rendezvous appointed by his commanding officer, if 
not prevented by sickness or some other evident necessity, or 
shall go from the said place of rendezvous without leave from his 
commanding officer, before he shall be regularly dismissed or re- 
lieved, on the penalty of being punished, according to the nature 
of his offence, by the sentence of a court-martial. 

Art. 45. Any commissioned officer who shall be found drunk 
on his guard, party, or other duty, shall be cashiered. Any non- 
commissioned officer or soldier so offending shall suffer such cor- 
poreal punishment as shall be inflicted by the sentence of a court 
martial. 

Art. 46. Any sentinel -who shall be found sleeping upon his 
post, or shall leave it before he shall be regularly relieved, shall 
suffer death, or such other punishment as shall be inflicted by the 
sentence of a court martial. 

Art. 47. Xo soldier belonging to any regiment, troop, or com- 
pany shall hire another to do his duty for him. or be excused from 
duty but in cases of sickness, disability, or leave of absence ; and 
every such soldier found guilty of hiring his duty, as also the 
party so hired to do another's duty, shall be punished at the dis- 
cretion of a regimental court martial. 

Art. 4?. And every non-commissioned officer conniving at such 
hiring of duty aforesaid, shall be reduced; and every commis- 
sioned officer knowing and allowing such ill practices in the ser- 
vice, shall be punished by the judgment of a general court martial. 

Art. 49. Any officer belonging to the service of the United 
States, who. by discharging of firearms, drawing of swords, beat- 
ing of drums, or by any other means whatsoever, shall occasion 
false alarms in camp, garrison, or quarters, shall suffer death, or 
such other punishment as shall be ordered by the sentence of a 
general court martial. 

Art. 50. Any officer or soldier who shall, without urgent ne- 
cessity, or without the leave of his superior officer, quit his guard, 
platoon, or division, shall be punished, according to the nature of 
his offence, by the sentence of a court martial. 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 159 

Art. 51. No officer or soldier shall do violence to any person 
who brings provisions or other necessaries to the camp, garrison, 
or quarters of the forces of the United States, employed in any 
parts out of the said States, upon pain of death, or such other 
punishment as a court martial shall direct. 

Art. 52. Any officer or soldier who shall misbehave himself 
before the enemy, run away, or shamefully abandon any fort, post, 
or guard which he or they may be commanded to defend, or speak 
words inducing others to do the like, or shall cast away his arms 
and ammunition, or who shall quit his post or colors to plunder 
and pillage, every such offender, being duly convicted thereof, shall 
Buffer death, or such other punishment as shall be ordered by the 
sentence of a general court martial. 

Art. 53. Any person belonging to the armies of the United 
States who shall make known the watchword to any person who 
is not entitled to receive it according to the rules and discipline 
of war, or shall presume to give a parole or watchword different 
from what he received, shall suffer death, or such other punish- 
ment as shall be ordered bv the sentence of a general court mar- 
tial. 

Art. 54. All officers and soldiers arc to behave themselves or- 
derly in quarters and on their march ; and whoever shall commit 
any waste or spoil, either in walks of trees, parks, warrens, fish- 
ponds, houses, or gardens, corn-fields, enclosures of meadows, or 
shall maliciously destroy any property whatsoever belonging to 
the inhabitants of the United States, unless by order of the then 
commander-in-chief of the armies of the said States, shall (be- 
sides such penalties as they are liable to by law), be punished 
according to the nature and degree of the offence, by the judg- 
ment of a regimental or general court martial. 

Art. 55. Whosoever, belonging to the armies of the United 
States in foreign parts, shall force a sufeguard, shall suffer death. 

Art. 56. Whosoever shall relieve the enemy with money, vic- 
tuals, or ammunition, or shall knowingly harbor or protect an 
enemy, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as shall be 
ordered by the sentence of a court martial. 

Art. 57. Whosoever shall be convicted of holding correspond- 
ence with, or giving intelligence to, the enemy, either directly or 
indirectly, shall suffer death, or such other punishment as shall 
be ordered by the sentence of a court martial. 

Art. 58. All public stores taken in the enemy's camp, towns, 
forts, or magazines, whether of artillery, ammunition, clothing, 
forage, or provisions, shall be secured for the service of the Uni- 
ted States ; for the neglect of which the commanding officer is to 
be answerable. 

Art. 59. If any commander of any garrison, fortress, or post 
shall be compelled, by the officers and soldiers under his com- 
mand, to give up to the enemy, or to abandon it, the commissioned 
officers, non-commissioned officers or soldiers, who shall be con- 



160 ARTICLES OF WAR. 

victed of having so offended, shall suffer death, or such other pun- 
ishment as shall be inflicted iipon them by the sentence of a court 
martial. 

Art. 60. All sutlers and retainers to the camp, and all persons 
whatsoever swerving with the armies of the United States in the 
field, though ^ot enlisted soldiers, are to be subject to orders, ac- 
cording to the rules and discipline of war. 

Ajkt. 61. Officers having brevets or commissions of a prior date 
to those of the regiment in which they serve, may take place in 
courts martial and on detachments, when composed of different 
corps, according to the ranks given them in their brevets or dates 
of their former commissions : but in the regiment, troop, or com- 
pany to which such officers belong, they shall do duty and take 
rank both in courts martial and on detachments which shall be 
composed of their own corps, according to the commissions by 
which they are mustered in the said corps. 

Art. 62. If, upon marches, guards, or in quarters, different 
corps of the army shall happen to join, or do duty together, the 
officer highest in rank of the line of the army, marine corps, or 
militia, by commission, there on duty or in quarters, shall com- 
mand the whole, and give orders far what is needful to the ser- 
vice, unless otherwise specially directed by the President of the 
United States, according to the nature of the case. 

Art. 63. The functions of the engineers being generally con- 
fined to the most elevated branch of military science, they are not 
to assume, nor are they subject to be ordered on any duty beyond 
the line of their immediate profession, except by the special order 
of the President of the United States : but they are to receive 
every mark of respect to which their rank in the army may entitle 
them respectively, and are liable to be transferred, at the discre- 
tion of the President, from one corps to another, regard being 
paid to rank. 

Art. 64. General courts martial may consist of any number of 
commissioned officers, from five to thirteen, inclusively ; but they 
shall not consist of less than thirteen where that number can be 
convened without manifest injury to the service. 

Art. 65.* Any general officer commanding an army, or colonel 
commanding a separate department, may appoint general courts 
martial whenever necessary. But no sentence of a court martial 
shall be carried into execution until after the whole proceedings 
shall have been laid before the officer ordering the same, or the 
officer commanding the troops for the time being ; neither shall 
any sentence of a general court martial, in the time of peace, ex- 
tending to the loss of life, or the dismission of a commissioned of- 
ficer, or which shall, either in time of peace or war, respect a 
general officer, be carried into execution, until after the wholo 
proceedings shall have been transmitted to the Secretary of War, 

* Unified fcj a«: «f 29th May, 1629. 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 161 

to be laid before the President of the United States for his con- 
firmation or disapproval, and orders in the case. All other sen- 
tences may be confirmed and executed by the officer ordering the 
court to assemble, or the commanding officer for the time being, 
as the case may be. 

Art. 66. Every officer commanding a regiment or corps may 
appoint, for his own regiment or corps, courts martial, to consist 
of three commissioned officers, for the trial and punishment of 
offences not capital, and decide upon their sentences. For the 
same purposes, all officers commanding any of the garrisons, 
forts, barracks, or other places where the troops consist of differ- 
ent corps, may assemble courts martial, to consist of three com- 
missioned officers, and decide upon their sentences. 

Art. 67. No garrison or regimental court martial shall have 
the power to try capital cases or commissioned officers ; neither 
shall they inflict a fine exceeding one month's pay, nor imprison, 
nor put to hard labor, any non-commissioned officer or soldier 
for a longer time than one month. 

Art. 68. Whenever it may be found convenient and necessary 
to the public service, the officers of the marines shall be associat- 
ed with the officers of the land forces, for the purpose of holding 
courts martial, and trying offenders belonging to either ; and, in 
such cases, the orders of the senior officer of either corps who 
may be present and duly authorized, shall be received and obeyed. 

Art. 69. The judge advocate, or some person deputed by him, 
or by the general, or officer commanding the army, detachment, 
or garrison, shall prosecute in the name of the United States, but 
shall so far consider himself as counsel for the prisoner, after the 
said prisoner shall have made his plea, as to object to any lead- 
ing question to any of the witnesses, or any question to the pris- 
oner, the answer to which might tend to criminate himself; and 
administer to each member of the court, before they proceed upon 
any trial, the following oath, which shall also be taken by all 
members of the regimental and garrison courts martial : 

"You, A. B., do swear that you will well and truly try and 
determine, according to evidence, the matter now before you, be- 
tween the United States of America and the prisoner to be tried, 
and that you will duly administer justice, according to the pro- 
visions of • An act establishing Rules and Articles for the govern- 
ment of the armies of the United States,' without partiality, favor, 
or affection ; and if any doubt should arise, not explained by said 
Articles according to your conscience, the best of your under 
standing, and the custom of war in like cases ; and you do further 
swear that you will not divulge the sentence of the court until it 
shall be published by the proper authority ; neither will you dis- 
close or discover the vote or opinion of any particular member of 
the court martial, unless required to give evidence thereof, as 
a witness, by a court of justice, in a due course of law. So help 
you God." 



162 ARTICLES OF WAR. 

And as soon as the said oath shall have been administered to 
the respective members, the president of the court shall admin- 
ister to the judge advocate, or person officiating as such, an oath 
in the following words : 

" You, A. B., do swear, that you will not disclose or discover 
the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court martial, 
unless required to give evidence thereof, as a witness, by a court 
of justice, in due course of law ; nor divulge the sentence of the 
court to any but the proper authority, until it shall be duly dis- 
closed by the same. So help you God." 

Art. 70. When a prisoner, arraigned before a general court 
martial, shall, from obstinacy and deliberate design, stand mute, 
or answer foreign to the purpose the court may proceed to trial 
and judgment as if the prisoner had regularly pleaded not guilty. 

Art. 71. When a member shall be challenged by a prisoner, he 
must state his cause of challenge, of which the court shall, after 
due deliberation, determine the relevancy or validity, and decide 
accordingly; and no challenge to more than one member at a time 
shall be received by the court. 

Art. 72, All the members of a court martial are to behave 
with decency and calmness ; and in giving their votes are to 
begin with the youngest in commission. 

Art. 73. All persons who give evidence before a court martial 
are to be examined on oath or affirmation, in the following form : 

" You swear, or affirm (as the case may be), the evidence you 
shall give in the cause now in hearing shall be the truth, the 
whole truth, and nothing but the truth. So help you God," 

Art. 74. On the trials of cases not capital, before courts martial, 
the deposition of witnesses, not in the line or staff of the army, 
may be taken before some justice of the peace, and read in evi- 
dence ; provided the prosecutor and person accused are present 
at the taking the same, or are duly notified thereof. 

Art. 75. No officer shall be tried but by a general court martial, 
nor by officers of an inferior rank if it can be avoided. Nor shall 
any proceedings of trials be carried on, excepting between the 
hours of eight in the morning and three in the afternoon, except- 
ing in cases which, in the opinion of the officer appointing the 
court martial, require immediate example. 

Art. 76. No person whatsoever shall use any menacing words, 
signs, or gestures, in presence of a court martial, or shall cause 
any disorder or riot, or disturb their proceedings, on the penalty 
of being punished at the discretion of the said court martial. 

Art. 77. Whenever any officer shall be charged with a crime, 
he shall be arrested and confined in his barracks, quarters, or 
tent, and deprived of his sword by the commanding officer. And 
any officer who shall leave his confinement before he shall be set 
at liberty by his commanding officer, or by a superior officer shall 
be cashiered. 

Art. 78. Non-commissioned officers and soldiers, charged with 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 163 

crimes, shall be confined until tried by a court martial, or re- 
Uased by proper authority. 

Art. 79. No officer or soldier who shall be put in arrest shall 
continue in confinement more than eight days, or until such time 
as a court martial can be assembled. 

Art. 80. No officer commanding a guard, or provost-marshal, 
shall refuse to receive or keep any prisoner committed to his 
charge by an officer belonging to the forces of the United States ; 
provided the officer committing shall, at the same time deliver 
an account in writing, signed by himself, of the crime with which 
the said prisoner is charged. 

Art. 81. No officer commanding a guard, or provost-marshal, 
shall presume to release any person committed to his charge 
without proper authority for so doing, nor shall suffer any per- 
son to escape, on the penally of being punished for it by the 
sentence of a court martial. 

Art. 82. Every officer or provost-marshal, to whose charge 
prisoners shall be committed, shall, within twenty -four hours 
after such commitment, or as soon as he shall be relieved from 
his guard, make report in writing, to the commanding officer, of 
their names, their crimes, and the names of the officers who 
committed them, on the penalty of being punished for disobedi- 
ence or neglect, at the discretion of a court martial. 

Art. 83. Any commissioned officer convicted before a general 
court martial of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman, 
shall be dismissed the service. 

Art. 84. In cases where a court martial may think it proper to 
sentence a commissioned officer to be suspended from command, 
they shall have power also to suspend his pay and emoluments for 
the same time, according to the nature and heinousness of the offence. 

Art. 85. In all cases where a commissioned officer is cashiered 
for cowardice or fraud, it shall be added in the sentence, that the 
crime, name, and place of abode, and punishment of the delin- 
quent, be published in the newspapers in and about the camp, 
and of the particular State from which the offender came, or 
where he usually resides ; after which it shall be deemed scandal- 
ous for an officer to associate with him. 

Art. 86. The commanding officer of any post or detachment, 
in which there shall not be a number of officers adequate to form 
a general court martial, shall, in cases which require the cogni- 
zance of such a court, report to the commanding officer of the 
department, who shall order a court to be assembled at the near- 
est post or department, and the party accused, with necessary 
witnesses, to be transported to the place where the said court 
shall be assembled. 

Art. 87.* No person shall be sentenced to suffer death but by 

* So much of these rules and articles as authorizes the infliction of corporeal pun- 
ishment by stripes and lashes, was specially repealed by act of 16th May, Jbl2. By act 
of 2d March, 1&33, the repealing act was repealed, so far as it applied to the crime of 
distortion, which of course, revived the punishment by lasbes^for that offence. 



164 ARTICLES OF WAK, 

the concurrence of two-thirds of the members of a general court 
martial, nor except in the cases herein expressly mentioned ; nor 
shall more than fifty lashes he inflicted on any offender, at the dis- 
cretion of a court martial ; and no officer, non-commissioned 
officer, soldier, or follower of the army, shall be tried a second 
time for the same offence. 

Art. 88. No person shall be liable to be tried and punished by 
a general court martial for any offence which shall appear to 
have been committed more than two years before the issuing of 
the order for such trial, unless the person, by reason of having 
absented himself, or some other manifest impediment, shall not 
have been amenable to justice within that period. 

Art. 69. Every officer authorized to order a general court 
martial shall have power to pardon or mitigate any punishment 
ordered by such court, except the sentence of death, or of cash- 
iering an officer : which, in the cases where he has authority (by 
Article 6o) to carry them into execution, he may suspend, until 
the pleasure of the President of the Un States can be known; 

which BQspensk _. : gethez with copies of the proceedings of the 
court martial, the said officer shall immediately transmit to the 
i lent for his determination. And the colonel or command- 
ing officer of the regiment or garrison where any regimental or 
garrison court martial shall be held, may pardon or mitigate any 
punishment ordered by such court to be inflicted. 

Art. 90. Every judge advocate, or person officiating as such, 
at any general court martial, shall transmit, with as much expe- 
dition as the opportunity of time and distance of place can admit, 
the original proceedings and sentence of such court martial to 
8 rcretary of War : which' said original proceedings and sen- 
ten : b shall be carefully kept and preserved in the office of said 
:ary, to the end that the persons entitled thereto may be 
enabled, upon application to the said office, to obtain copies 
there : :'. 

The party tried by any general court martial shall, upon de- 
mand thereof, made by himself, or by any person or persons in 
his behalf, be entitled to a copy of the sentence and proceedings 
of such court martial. 

Art. 91. In cases where the general, or commanding officer 
may order a court of inquiry to examine into the nature of any 
transaction, accusation, or imputation against any officer or 
soldier, the said court shall consist of one or more officers, n 
ceeding three, and a judge advocate, or other suitable person as 
a recorder, to reduce the proceedings and evidence to writing ; 
all of whom shall be sworn to the faithful performance of their 
This court shall have the same power to summon wit- 
ness— art martial, and to examine them on oath. But 
they shall not give their opinion on the merits of the case, ex- 
cepting they shall be thereto specially required. The parties 
accused shall also be permitted tc tross-examine and interrogate 



ARTICLES OF WAR. 165 

the witnesses, so as to investigate fully the circumstances in tho 
question. 

Art. 92. The proceedings of a court of inquiry must be au- 
thenticated by the signature of the recorder and the president, 
and delivered to the commanding officer, and the said proceedings 
may be admitted as evidence by a court martial, in cases not 
capital, or extending to the dismission of an officer, provided that 
the circumstances are such that oral testimony cannot be ob- 
tained. But as courts of inquiry may be perverted to dishonor- 
able purposes, and may be considered as engines of destruction 
to military merit, in the hands of weak and envious command- 
ants, they are hereby prohibited, unless directed by the Presi- 
dent of the United States, or demanded by the accused. 

Art. 93. The judge advocate or recorder shall administer to 
the members the following oath : 

"You shall well and truly examine and inquire, according to 
your evidence, into the matter now before you, without partiality, 
favor, affection, prejudice, or hope of reward. So help you G-od." 

After which the president shall administer to the judge advo- 
cate or recorder the following oath : 

" You, A. B., do swear that you will, according to your best abil- 
ities, accurately and impartially record the proceeding of the court, 
and the evidence to be given in the case in hearing. So help you God. 

The witnesses shall take the same oath as witnesses sworn 
before a court martial. 

Art. 94. When any commissioned officer shall die or be killed 
in the service of the United States, the major of the regiment, 
or the officer doing the major's duty in his absence, or in any 
post or garrison, the second officer in command, or the assistant 
military agent, shall immediately secure all his effects or equip- 
age, then in camp or quarters, and shall make an inventory 
thereof, and forthwith transmit the same to the office of tho 
Department of War, to the end that his executors or adminis- 
trators may receive the same. 

Art. 95. When any non-commissioned officer or soldier shall 
die, or be killed in the service of the United States, the then 
commanding officer of the troop Or company shall, in the pres- 
ence of two other commissioned officers, take an account of what 
effects ho died possessed of, above his arms and accoutrements, 
and transmit the same to the office of the Department of War, 
which said effects are to bo accounted for, and paid to the repre- 
sentatives of such deceased non-commissioned officer or soldier. 
And in case any of the officers, so authorized to take care of the 
effects of deceased officers and soldiers, should, before they have 
accounted to their representatives for the same, have occasion to 
leave the regiment or post, by preferment or otherwise, they 
shall, before they be permitted to quit the same, deposit in the 
hands of the commanding officer, or of the assistant military 
agent, all the effects of such deceased non-commissioned officers 



166 ARTICLES OF WAR. 

and soldiers, in order that the same may be secured for, and 
paid to, their respective representatives. 

Art. 96. All officers, conductors, gunners, matrosses, drivers, 
or other persons whatsoever, receiving pay or hire in the service 
of the artillery, or corps of engineers of the United States, shall 
be governed by the aforesaid Rules and Articles, and shall be sub- 
iect to be tried by courts martial, in like manner with the officers 
and soldiers of the other troops in the service of the United States. 

Art. 97. The officers and soldiers of any troops, whether 
militia or others, being mustered and in pay of the United States, 
shall, at all times and in all places, when joined, or acting in 
conjunction with the regular forces of the United States, be gov- 
erned by these rules and articles of war, and shall be subject to 
be tried by courts martial in like manner with the officers and 
soldiers in the regular forces ; save only that such courts martial 
shall be composed entirely of militia officers. 

Art. 98. All officers serving by commission from the authority 
of any particular state, shall, on all detachments, courts martial, 
or other duty, wherein they may be employed in conjunction with 
the regular forces of the United States, take rank next after all 
officers of the like grade in said regular forces, notwithstanding the 
commissions of such militia or state officers may be older than the 
commission's of the officers of the regular forces of the United States. 

Art. 99. All crimes not capital, and all disorders and neglects 
which officers and soldiers may be guilty of, to the prejudice of 
good order and military discipline, though not mentioned in the 
foregoing articles of war, are to be taken cognizance of by a 
general or regimental court martial, according to the nature and 
degree of the offence, and be punished at their discretion. 

Art. 100. The President of the United States shall have 
power to prescribe the uniform of the army. 

Art. 101. The foregoing articles are to be read and published, 
once in every six months, to every garrison, regiment, troop, or 
company, mustered, or to be mustered, in the service of the 
United S totes, and are to be duly observed and obeyed by all 
officers and soldiers who are, or shall be, in said service. 

Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That in time of war, all 
persons not citizens of, or owing allegiance to, the United States 
of America, who shall be found lurking as spies in or about the 
fortifications or encampments of the armies of the United States, 
or any of them, shall suffer death, according to the law and 
usage of nations, by sentence of a general court martial. 

Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the rules and regula- 
tions by which the armies of the United States have heretofore 
been governed, and the resolves of Congress thereunto annexed, 
and respectiug the same, shall henceforth be void and of no 
effect, except so far as may relate to any transactions under 
them prior to the promulgation of this act, at the several posts 
and garrisons respectively, occupied by any part of the army of 
the United States. .'Approved, April 10. 1806.1 



WAR DEPARTMENT. 167 



OFFICERS OF THE WAR DEPARTMENT. 

NAMES AND OFFICES. WHENCE APPOINTED. SALARY. 

EDWIN If. STANTON, Secretary of War Pennsylvania $8,000 

P H. Watson, Assistant Secretary of War District of Columbia.., 3,000 

John Ticker, " ** Pennsylvania 3,000 

C.P.WOLCOR, " " Ohio 3,000 

Potts, Chief Clerk District of Columbia... 2,200 

The following bureaus are attached to the War Department at Washington. 

Adjutant-General's Office. — In this office are kept all the records which refer to the 
personnel of the army, the rolls, etc. It is here where all military commissions are 
made out. The Judge-Advocate General is also connected with it. 

Commanding-GeneraVs Office. 

The other bureaus consist of — The Quartermaster-General's Office; the Paymaster 
General's Office ; the Commissary-General' 's Office ; the Surgeon- General's Office ; the 
Engineer Office ; the Topographical Bureau ; and the Ordnance Bureau. 

Maj. -Gen. Henry W. Hallece, Com.-in-Chief of Army, California $5,340 

Brig. -Gen. Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant-General Delaware 3,594 

Col. Edward D. Towxsend, Ass't Adjutant-General Massachusetts 2,532 

Maj. James B. Fry, " " Illinois 1,956 

Maj. Robert Williams, " " Virginia 1,956 

Maj. Thomas M. Vincent, " " Ohio 1,956 

Maj. Samuel Breck, " " .....Massachusetts 1,956 

James L. Addison. Chief Clerk Adj -General's Bureau. . . Maryland 1,800 

Col. Jos. Holt, Judge- Advocate General Kentucky 2,532 

Maj. Levi C. Turner, Deputy Judge Advocate New York 1,956 

Brig. -Gen. Montgomery C. Meigs, Quartermaster-Gen. .Pennsylvania 3,594 

Lieut.-Col. Ebenezer S. Sidlet, Deputy Quar.-Gen Michigan 2,244 

Capt. Alexander J. Ferry, Ass't Quartermaster Connecticut 2,532 

Capt. Benjamin C. Card, " " Kansas 2,532 

William A. Gordon, Chief Clerk Quarterm's Bureau Pennsylvania 1,800 

Gen. Joseph G. Totten. Chief Engineer Connecticut 3,594 

Capt. John D. Kurtz, Assistant Engineer. District of Columbia.. . 1,956 

F. K. Barbarin. Chief Clerk of Engineer Bureau New Jersey 1,800 

Col. Stephen H. Long, Chief Topographical Engineer. . .New Hampshire 3,594 

Maj. I. C. Woodruff, Ass't Topographical Engineer New Jersey 2,244 

George Thomson. Chief Clerk Bureau ofTop. Engiu'rs.. Maryland 1,800 

Brig. -Gen. Wm. A. Hammond, Surgeon-General Maryland 3,594 

Dr. it. C. Wood, Ass't Surgeon-General at St. Louis Rhode Island 2,532 

Dr. J •,-. R. Smith, Assistant Surgeon-General District of Columbia. . . 1,956 

Dr. ROBERTS Ba.-.tholow. Ass't Surgeon-General Maryland 1,554 

Dr. C. H. Alden, Ass't Surgeon-General Pennsylvania 1,354 

Richmond Johnson, Chief Clerk Surg -Gen'ls Bureau.. .District of Columbia. . . 1,800 

Brig.-Gen. James W. Ripley, Chief of Ordnance Connecticut 3,594 

Lieut.-Col William Maynadier, Assistant District of Columbia. .. 2,244 

Capt. r. 6. Benton, '• New Hampshire 1,554 

Capt. G. T. Balch, " Ohio 1.554 

Charles W. Morris, Chief Clerk of Ordnance Bureau.. .Pennsylvania ],800 

Vacant Paymaster-General 2,740 

Maj. Caret H. Fry, Acting Paymaster-General Kentucky 2,740 

Maj. J. Lf.dyard Hodge, Additional Paymaster District of Columbia... 2,740 

Edmund H. Brooke, Chief C'k of Paym'r-Gen's Bureau.. Maryland 1,800 

Col. Joseph P. Taylor. Coramissary-Gen'l of Subsist'e. .Kentucky 2,532 

Maj. A. E. Shiras. Ass't Commissary-General New Jersey 1,956 

Maj. M. D. L. Simpson, Second Assistant New York 1,956 

William H. Watson, Chief Clerk Com.-Geu'ls Bureau. .District of Columbia. .. 1,800 



168 



WAR DEPARTMENT. 



Table of Pay, Subsistence, etc., allowed by Law to the Officers of the Army. 



Rank and Classification 
of Officers. 



General Officers. 

Licutcnant-General 

Aides-de-camp and Military Secre- ) 

tary to Lieutenant-General, each, ) 

Major-General 

Senior Aide-de-camp to Gen-in-Chief. 
Aide-de-camp, in addition to pay, | 

etc., of Lieutenant ) 

Brigadier-General 

Aide-de-camp, in addition to pay, J 

etc., of Lieutenant ) 

Adjutant- General's Department. 
Adjutant-General — Brigadier-Gen'l. . 

Ass't Adjutant-General — Colonel 

Ass't Adjutant-General — Lieut. -Col. . 

Ass't Adjutant-General — Major 

Judge- Advocate-General — Colonel . . . 
Judge- Advocate — Major 

" " (Division) — Major 

• Inspector- General's Department. 

Inspector-General — Colonel 

Ass't Inspector-General — Major 

Signal Department. 
Signal Officer — Major 



Quartermaster's Department. 

Quartermaster-Gen'l — Brig. -Gen 

Ass't Quartermaster-Gen'l — Colonel. . 
Deputy Quartermaster-Gen'l — Lt-Col . 

Quartermaster — Major , 

Ass't Quartermaster — Captain 



Pat. 



ft 
I 

3.2 



$ c. 

270 00 



220 00 
80 00 

24 00 

124 00 

20 00 



124 00 
110 00 
95 00 
80 00 
110 00 
80 00 
80 00 

110 00 
80 00 

80 00 

124 00 
110 00 
95 00 
80 00 
70 00 



Subsistence Department. 
Commissary-Gen'l of Subs'ence — Col 
Assistant Commissary Gen'l of Sub- ) 

sistence — Lieut.-Colonel ) 

Commissary of Subsistence — Major. . 
Commissary of Subsistence — Captain 
Ass't Commissary of Subsistence, in ) 

addition to pay, etc., of Lieut ) 

Medical Department. 
Surgeon-General— Brigadier-Gen'l. . .124 00 



110 00 

95 00 

80 00 
70 00 

20 00 



Surgeons of ten years' service 

Surgeons of less than ten years' serv'e 
Ass't Surgeons of ten years' service . . 
Ass't Surgeons of five years' service. . 
Assistant Surgeons of less than five | 
years' service j 

Pay Department. 
Paymaster-Gen'l, $2,740 per annum.. 

Deputy Paymaster-Gen'l 

Paymaster 



80 00 
80 00 
70 00 
70 00 

53 33 



95 00 5 
80 00 4 



Subsist- 
ence. 



II 



$ c. 

360 00 



135 00 

36 00 



108 00 



108 00 
54 00 
45 00 
36 00 
54 00 
36 00 
36 00 

54 00 

36 00 

36 00 

I 08 00 
54 00 
45 00 
36 00 
36 00 

54 00 

45 00 

36 00 
36 00 



108 00 
72 00 
36 00 
72 00 
36 00 

3G 00 



45 00 
36 00 



$ c. 

90 00 

45 00 

90 00 
47 00 



67 50 



s - 



fc S 



$ C & for 
720 00 forage 



445 00 
163 00 

24 00 

299 50 

11* 



67 50 
47 00 
47 00 
47 00 
47 00 
47 00 
47 00 

47 00 
47 00 

47 00 

67 00 
47 00 
47 00 
47 00 
23 50 

47 00 

47 00 

47 00 
23 50 



67 50 
47 00 
47 00 
23 50 
23 50 

23 50 



- 



Forage 
furnisued 
for Horses 



299 50 
211 00 
187 00 
163 00 
211 00 
163 00 
163 00 

211 00 
163 00 

163 00 

299 50 
211 00 
187 00 
163 00 
129 50 

211 00 

187 00 

163 00 
129 50 



299 50 
199 00 
163 .00 
165 50 
129 50 

112 83 



....1288 33 
47 00 187 00 
47 00J163 00 



WAR DEPARTMENT. 



169 



Table of Pay, Subsistence, Forage, etc.— Continued. 



Rank and Classification 
of Officers. 



Officers of the Corps of Engineers, 
Corps of Topographical Engineers, 
and Ordnance Department. 

Chief of Ordnance, Brigadier-Gen'l. . 

Colonel 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

First Lieutenant 

Second Lieutenant 

Brevet Second Lieutenant 

Officers of Mounted Dragoons, Cavalry, 
Riflemen, and Light Artillery. 

Colonel 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

First Lieutenant 

Second Lieutenant 

Brevet Second Lieutenant 

Adjutant < in addition to pay ( 

Reg'l Qr. Master ( of Lieutenant. ) 

Officers of Artillery and Infantry. 

Colonel 

Lieutenant-Colonel 

Major 

Captain 

First Lieutenant 

Second Lieutenant 

Brevet Second Lieutenant 

Adjutant, in addition to pay, etc. of Lt. 
Reg'l Quartermaster, in addition to ) 

pay, etc. of Lieutenant ) 

Military Storekeepers. 

Attached to the Quartermaster's De- v 
partment ; at armories, and at ar- | 
senals of construction ; the store- I 
keeper at Watertown Arsenal,and > 
storekeepers of ordnance serving f 
in Oregon, California, and New I 
Mexico. $1,490 per annum ' 

At all other arsenals, $1,040 per ann. 

Chaplains ... 



Pat. 



Subsist- 
ence. 



S 3 

) s o 
V. « 



$ c. 

124 00 

110 00 

95 00 

bO 00 

70 00 

53 33 

53 33 

53 33 



110 00 
95 00 
80 00 
70 00 
53 33 
53 33 
53 33 

■ 10 00 



95 00 
80 00 
70 00 
60 00 
50 00 
45 00 
45 00 
10 00 

10 00 



100 00 2 18 00 



O 3 

s s 



$ c. 

54 00 
45 00 
30 Of 
36 01 
36 00 
36 Of 
36 01 



Ser- 
vants. 



S» * 



— m 

2* 



>> 



Of 

Hi 



54 00 
45 00 
36 00 
36 00 
36 00 
36 00 
36 00 



54 00 
45 00 
36 00 
36 00 
36 00 
36 00 
36 00 



$ c. $ c 
67 50 299 50 
47 00 211 00 
47 00187 00 
47 00 163 00 
23 50, 129 50 
23 50 112 83 
23 50; 112 83 
23 50112 83 



47 00 211 00 
47 00 187 00 
47 00 163 00 
23 50 129 50 



23 50 
23 50 
23 50 



45 00 
45 00 
45 00 
22 50 
22 50 
22 50 
22 50 



112 83 
112 83 
112 83 

10 00 



194 00 
170 00 
151 00 
118 50 
108 50 
103 50 
103 50 



.... io or 

10 00 



118 00 



Forage 
furnished 
for Horses 



Paymaster's clerks, $700 per annum, and one ration (75 cents) per day when on duty. 

The officer in command of a company is allowed $10 per month for the responsibility 
of clothing, arms, and accoutrements. — Act 2 March, 1827, Sec. 2. 

* Subaltern officers, employed on the General Staff, and receiving increased pay 
therefor, are not entitled to the additional or fourth ratiou provided by the act of 2 
March, 1827, Sec. 2. 

Every commissioned officer below the rank of Brigadier-General receives one addi- 
tional ration per day for every five years' service.— Act 5 July, 1836, Sec. 12, and 7 
July, 1838, Sec. 9. 

Forage is commuted only when the Government cannot furnish it in kind, and then 
at $8 per month for each horse actually kept by the officer. 

S 



170 WAR DEPARTMENT. 

Monthly Fay of Non-commissioned Officers, Privates, etc. 



Sergeant-Major $21 00 

Quartermaster-Sergeant 21 00 

Chief Bugler 21 00 

First Sergeant % 20 CO 

Sergeant 17 CO 



CAVALRY. 

Corporal...! $14 00 

Bugler 13 00 

Farrier and Blacksmith 15 00 

Private 13 00 



Sergeant . 
Corporal . 



ORDNANCE. 

^34 00 I Private, first class $17 00 

20 00 Private, second class 13 00 



ARTILLERY AND INFANTRY. 



Artificer, artillery $15 00 

Private 13 00 

Principal Musician 21 00 

Musician i 12 00 



Sergeant-Major $21 00 

Quartermaster-sergeant 17 00 

First Sergeant 20 CO 

Sergeant 17 CO 

Corporal 13 00 

SAPPERS, MINERS AND PONTONIERS. 

Sergeant $34 00 | Private, second class $13 00 

Corporal 20 00 [ Musician 12 00 

Private, first class 17 00 | 

BRIGADE BANDS. 



Leader $45 00 

Four of the Band 34 00 

Eight of the Band 17 00 

Medical Cadets (and one ration per 

day) $30 00 

Hospital Stewards 30 00 

Master Wagoners (3 Aug. 1861) .... 17 00 



Drum-Major $17 00 

Four of the Band 20 00 

Matrons $6 00 

Female Nurses, per day and; (one 

ration) 40 cents. 
Wagoners (3 Aug. 1861) 14 00 

12% cents per month is to be retained from the pay of each enlisted man of the 
army, for the support of the " Soldier's Home." 

$2 per month is allowed for re-enlistment, and $1 per month additional for each 
subsequent period of five years' service, provided the enlistment is made within one 
month after the expiration of each term. 

It would be impossible to give all the changes and modifications of army pay in this 
place. There is scarcely a year since the adoption of the Constitution in which some 
change has not been made. A few statistics, however, will enable us to link the dif- 
ferent periods together. By the Act of Congress of April 30, 1790, the following were 
the amounts received by officers : — A lieutenant-colonel commanding, $60 per month, 
with 6 rations and $12 for forage; a major, $40, with 4 rations and $10 for forage ; a 
captain, $30, with 3 rations ; a lieutenant, $22, with 2 rations'; a sergeant, $5 ; a cor- 
poral, $4, and a private, $3 ; non-commissioned officers and privates drawing one ra- 
tion from the commissary. In 1792 slight changes were made; the pay of a major- 
general was fixed»at $166 per month, and that of a brigadier, at $104. The pay waa 
slightly increased- in 1808. In 1819, it was enacted that men on fatigue duty — fortifi- 
cations, surveys, cutting roads, etc. — for not less than ten days should receive fifteen 
cents a day additional, and an extra gill of spirits. In 1838, it was enacted that all 
officers should receive an additional ration for every five years of service ; and the 
pay of the privates was fixed at $8 a month. In 1857, the pay of every commissioned 
officer, including military storekeeper, was increased by $20 a month. The changes 
since will be found in the foregoing tables. 



WAR DEPARTMENT. 



171 



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172 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



The Secretary of the Navy has charge of every thing connected with 
the naval establishment, and the execution of laws relating thereto, under 
the general direction of the President. All instructions to commanders 
of squadrons and commanders of vessels, all orders of officers, commis- 
sions of officers, both in the navy and marine eorps, appointments of com- 
missioned and warrant officers, orders for the enlistment and discharge 
of seamen, emanate from the Secretary's office. All the duties of the dif- 
ferent bureaus are performed under the authority of the Secretary, and 
their orders are considered as emanating from him. He has a general 
superintendence of the marine corps, and all the orders of the command- 
ant of that corps should be approved by him. 

Executive Officers of the Department. 

Names and Offices. Whence appointed. Salary. 

GIDEON WELLES, Seecretavy Connecticut $8,000 

Gustavus V. Fox, Assistant Secretary Massachusetts 4,000 

William Faxon, Chief Clerk Connecticut 2,200 

Joseph Smith, Chief of Bureau of Yards and Docks... .Massachusetts 3,500 

William J. Keeler, Civil Engineer " " New York 2,000 

John W. Bronaugh, Chief Clerk " " District of Columbia.. . 1,800 

Andrew H. Foote, Chief of Bur. of Equipm't & Rec'ting.Connecticut 3,500 

S. Henriques. Chief Clerk " " " New York 1,200 

Charles Henry Davis, Chief of Bureau of Navigation.. .Massachusetts 3,500 

C. E. Graves, Clerk " " ...Vermont 1,400 

John A. Dahlgren, Chief of Bureau of Ordnance Pennsylvania 3,500 

Henry A. Wise, Assistant " " New York 3,000 

Charles C. Burr, Clerk " " .Connecticut 1,400 

John Lenthall, Ch'f of Bur. of Construction and Repair. Pennsylvania 3,500 

A. B. Farwell, Chief Clerk " " " .Maine 1,800 

Benjamin F. Isherwood, Ch'f of Bureau of Steam Eng'g. New York 3,500 

Edward B. Neally, Chief Clerk "' " Iowa 1,800 

Horatio Bridge, Chief of Bureau of Provis's and Cloth'g. Maine 3,500 

Thomas Fillebrown, Chief Clerk " " Maine 1,800 

William Whelan, Chief of Bureau of Med. and Surgery. Pennsylvania 3,500 

Phineas J. Horwitz, Ass't " " " Maryland 2,80Q 



Present Naval Force. 



Description. 


No. 


Guns. 


Tons. 




74 
180 

50 
123 


1,001 

688 

■ 230 

659 


100,008 




86,910 




32,828 
•120,290 








Total February 1st, 18G3 .' 


427 


3,268 


340,036 






Increase since last reported 


163 


711 


122,020 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



173 



Added Since the 4th of March, 1861. 

(Exclusive of those lost.) 





No. 


Guns. 


Tons. 




180 
50 
123 


6S8 
230 
659 


86,910 
32,828 






120,290 






353 


1,577 


240,028 



Added by Construction. 



Description. 



Guns. 



Tons. 



Second class screw sloops-of-war 

Screw gunboats 

Side-wheel gunboats 

A rmored wooden vessels 

Armored iron vessels 



123 



116 

1C8 

296 

65 

74 



659 



16,396 
14,033 
36,337 
20,893 
32,«31 



120,290 



Iron-Clad Navy. 



Description. 


No. 


Guns. 


Tons. 


Seaboard. 


8 
20 

4 
10 
12 


56 
42 

9 
122 
32 


19,005 




22,611 

1,888 
6,284 
10,020 


Western rivers. 


Armored wooden vessels transferred from "War Department.. 






Total 


54 


261 


59,808 







Navy on Western Waters. 








Description. 


No. 


Guns. 


Tons. 


A rmored vessels 


26 
18 
10 
5 
13 


261 
79 
2 
24 
13 


59,808 
6.3S0 




9,000 




11.200 




650 






Total , 


72 


379 


87,038 



The navy on the 1st of February, 1S63, consisted of— 
Steam Vessels. 



Description. 



Screw frigates 

Screw sloops, first class 

Screw sloops, second class 

Sciew gunboats (new) 

Iron-clad vessels 

Side-wheel frigates 

Side-wheel gunboats (new) 

Side-wheel gunboats (old navy) 
Screw steamers— purchased 



No. 


Guns. 


5 


228 


6 


133 


21 


167 


27 


108 


54 


261 


4 


49 


39 


296 


5 


11 


53 


215 



Tons. 

18,272 
11,955 
23,992 
14,(33 
59,8C8 

8,003 
36.307 

2,190 
23,490 



174 NAVY DEPARTMENT, 

• Steam Vessels. — Continued. 



Description. 


No. 


Guns. 


Tons. 




63 
6 

40 


250 
27 

108 


38,617 
2,590 

26.544 




Gunboats, transports, etc., transferred from other 


depart- 








Total 


323 


1,853 


265,861 





Sailing Vessels 

Description. 

Ships-of-the-line , 

Frigates 

Sloops-of-war 

Brigs 

Ships, including store and receiving vessels 

Schooners ; 

Barks ". 

Yachts 

Total 



No. 



104 



Guns. 



6 


504 


16,094 


6 


300 


10,237 


16 


289 


14,305 


4 


20 


900 


23 


139 


18,087 


29 


69 


5,821 


18 


92 


8,432 


2 


2 


200 



1,415 



Tons. 



74,076 



Recapitulation. 


Description. 


No. 


Guns. 


Tons. 






104 
323 


1,415 
1,853 


74,175 




265,861 






Total 


427 


3,268 


340,036 







Many new vessels have been ordered constructed, and a large number pur- 
chased and fitted for service. Of those ordered over thirty are iron-clads. The 
whole number of vessels in the service and building, on the 1st of July, 1863, waa 
about 550, of which, nearly or quite, 90 were iron-clads. 



Pay of the Navy of the United States. 

Notes.— All officers, while at sea or attached to a sea-going vessel, shall be allowed 
one ration. 

So rations shall be allowed to any officers of the navy on the retired list. 

The pay of all naval officers appointed by virtue of an act entitled " An act to pro- 
vide for the temporary increase of the navy," approved July 24, 1861, shall be the 
same as that of officers of a like grade in the regular navy. (See act July 16, 1862.) 



Bear Admirals {Active List). Per ann. 

When at sea $5,000 

When on shore duty 4,000 

On leave or waiting orders 3,000 

On Retired List 2,000 

Commodores (Active List). 

When at sea 4,000 

When on shore duty 3,200 

On leave or waiting orders 2,400 

On Retired List 1,800 

Captains (Active List). 

When at sea 3,500 

When on shore duty 2,800 

On leave or waiting orders 2,100 

On Retired List 1,600 



Commanders (Active List). Per ann. 

When at sea $2,800 

When on shore duty 2,240 

On leave or waiting orders 1 ,680 

On Retired List 1,400 

Lieutenant Commanders (Active List). 

When at sea 2,343 

When on shore duty 1.875 

On leave or waiting orders 1,500 

On Retired List 1,300 

Lieutenants (Active List). 

When at sea! 1,875 

When on shore duty 1 ,500 

On leave or waiting orders 1,200 

On Retired List 1,000 



NAVY DeFaRTMENT. 



175 



Masters (Active List). Per ann. 

When at sea $1,500 

When on shore duty 1,200 

On leave or waiting orders 960 

On Retired List 600 

Ensigns (Active List). 

When at sea 1,200 

When on shore duty 960 

On leave or waiting orders. 766 

Ou Retired List 500 

MlDSUll'MEX 500 

Fleet Surgeons 3,300 

Surgeons — 

On duty at sea — 
For first five years' after date of 

commission as surgeon 2,200 

For second five years after date 

of commission as surgeon 2,400 

For third five years after date of 

, commission as surgeon . . ". 2,600 

For fourth five years after date 

of commission as surgeon 2,800 

For twenty years and upwards 

after date of commission 3,000 

On other duty — 
For first five years after date of 

commission as surgeon 2,000 

For second five years after date 

of commission as surgeon 2,200 

For third five years after date of 

commission as surgeon 2,400 

For fourth five years after date 

of commission as surgeon 2,600 

For twenty years and upwards 

after date of commission 2,^00 

On leave or waiting orders — 
For first five years after date of 

commission as surgeon 1,600 

For second five years after date 

of commission as surgeon 1,800 

For third five years after dateof 

commission as surgeon 1,900 

For fourth five years after date 

commission as surgeon 2,100 

For twenty years and upwards 
after date of commission. .... 2,300 
Retired Surgeons — 

Surgeons ranking with command- 
ers 1,100 

Surgeons ranking with lieutenants 1,000 
Retired Passed and Ass't Surgeons — 

Passed 850 

Assistant 650 

Fassed Assistant Surgeons — 

On dutv at sea. ." 1,500 

On other duty 1,400 

On leave or waiting orders 1,100 

Assistant Surgeons — 

On duty at sea 1,250 

Ou other duty 1,050 

On leave or waiting orders 800 

Paymasters — 
On duty at sea — 
For first five years after date of 

commission 2,000 

For second five years after date of 
commission 2,400 



Paymasters (Continued). Per ann. 

For third five years after date of 

commission $2,600 

For fourth five years after date 

of commission 2,9C0 

For twenty years and upwards 

after date of commission 3,100 

On other duty — 
For first five years after date of 

commission 1,800 

For second five years after date 

of commission 2,100 

For third five years after date of 

commission 2,400 

For fourth five years after date 

of commission 2,600 

For twenty years and upwards 

after date of commission 2,800 

On leave or waiting orders — 
For first five years after date of 

commission 1,400 

For second five years after date 

of commission 1,600 

For third five years after date of 

commission ■ 1,800 

• For fourth five years after date 

of commission 2,000 

For twenty years and upwards 

after date of commission 2,250 

Paymasters Retired [Under acts of 
Aug. 3 and Dec. 21, 1861]— 

Ranking with commanders 1,100 

Ranking with lieutenants 1,000 

Assistant Paymasters — 
On duty at sea — 
First five years after date of com- 
mission 1,300 

After five years from date of 

commission 1,500 

On other duty — 
First five years after date of com- 
mission 1,000 

After five years from date of 

commission 1,200 

On leave or waiting orders — 
First five years after date of com- 

niission 800 

After five years from date of 

commission i 1,000 

Chaplains — To be paid as lieutenants. 
Professors of Mathematics — 

On duty 1,800 

On leave or waiting orders 960 

Boatswains, Gunners, Carpenters, 
and Sailmakers — 
On duty at sea — 
For first three years sea-service 

from date of appointment*. . . 1,000 
For second three years sea-ser- 
vice from date of appointment 1,150 
For third three years sea-service 

from date of appointment 1,250 

For fourth three years sea-ser- 
vice from date of appointment 1,350 
For twelve years sea-service and 

upwards 1,450 

On other duty— 



* Act of July 16, 1862. 



176 



NAVY DEPARTMENT. 



Per aim. 

BOATSWAINS, GKjNNEBS, CARPENTERS, 

and Sailmakers (Continued). 
For first three years sea-service 

after date of appointment $800 

For second three years sea-ser- 
vice after date of appointment 900 
For third three years sea-service 

after date of appointment 1,000 

For fourth three years sea-ser- 
vice after date of appointment 1,100 
For twelve years sea-service and 

upwards 1,200 

On leave or waiting orders — 
For first three years sea-service 

after date of appointment 600 

For second three years sea-ser- 
vice after date of appointment 700 
For third three years sea-service 

after date of appointment. .... 800 
For fourth three years sea-ser- 
vice after date of appointment 900 
For twelve years sea-service and 

upwards 1,000 

Chief Engineers — 
On duty — 
For first five years after date of 

commission 1,800 

For second five years after date 

of commission 2,200 

For third five years after date of 

commission 2,450 

After fifteen years from date of 

commission. . 2,600 

On leave or waiting orders — 
For first five years after date of 

commission 1,200 

For second fire years after date 

of commission 1,309 

For third five years after date of 

commission 1,400 

After fifteen years from date of 

commission 1,500 

First Assistant Engineers— 

On duty 1,250 

On leave or waiting orders 900 

Second Assistant Engineers — 

On duty 1,000 

On leave or waiting orders 750 

Third Assistant Engineers — 

On duty 750 

On leave or waiting orders 600 

Navy Agents, commissions not to 

exceed 3,000 

Navy Agent at San Francisco 4,000 

Tempoe-ary Navy Agents 

Naval Storekeepers 

Officers of the navy on foreign sta- 
tions • 1,500 

Engineer-in-Chief 3,000 

Naval Constructors 2,600 

" " when not on duty l,8t)0 

Secretaries to comdrs. of squadrons 1,500 
Clerks to commanders of squadrons 

and commanders of vessels 500 

At navy yards Boston and N. York 1,200 

At navy yard Washington 1,200 

At navy yards Portsmouth, X. H., 
and Philadelphia 1,200 



Per ann. 

Clerks (Continued). 
At navy yard Mare Island $1,500 

First Clerks to commandants — 

At Boston and New York 1,200 

At Washington 1,200 

At Portsmouth and Philadelphia.. 1,200 
At Mare Island 1,500 

Second Clerks to commandants — 

At Boston and New York 960 

At Washington 960 

Clerks — 
To paymasters in ships-of-the-line 700 

To paymasters in frigates 500 

To paymasters in smaller vessels 
than a frigate 400 

. To paymasters at navy yards 500 

Yeomen — Per month. 

In ships-of-the-line $45 

In frigates 40 

In sloops 30 

In smaller vessels 24 

Armorers — 

In ships-of-the-line 30 

In frigates 25 

In sloops 20 

Mates — 

Master's (acting) 40 

Boatswain's 25 

Gunner's 25 

Carpenter's 25 

Sailmaker's •. . 20 

Armorer's 20 

Master-at-Arms 25 

Ship's Corporals . 20 

Coxwains 24 

Q uartermastf.rs 24 

quarier-gunners 20 

Captains — 

Of forecastle 24 

Of tops 20 

Of afterguard 20 

Ofhold 20 

Coopers 20 

Painters 20 

Stewards*- 

Ship's 30 

Officer's 20 

Surgeon's, where ship's complement 

is 400 and over . . : 40 

Surgeon's, where ship's complement 

is 200 and under 400 33 

Surgeon's, where ship's complement 

is under 200 25 

Pavmaster's, where complement is 

240 and over 33 

Assistant paymaster's, where com- 
plement is 100 and over 33 

Assistant paymaster's, where com- 
plement is under 100 30 

Nurses — 
Where complement is less than "00, 

one nurse 14 

Where complement is over 200, two 

nurses, each 14 

Cooks — 

Ship's 24 

Officer's , 20 

Masters of the Band 20 



WAVY DEPARTMENT. 



177 



Per month. 
Musician's— 

First class $15 

Second class 12 

Seamen is 

Ordinary Seamen II 

Landsmen 1^; 



Per month. 
Boys $8 and 9 

FlRKMEN — 

First class 30 

Second class 25 

Coal-Heavers 18 



Agents to Pay Army and Navy Pensions. 

The compensation of pension-agents is two per cent, on the amount disbursed for 
pensions, provided that no agent shall receive over $1,000 in commissions. 



Name. 



Vacant 

Thomas Lanigan 

Lloyd Bowers 

MunroeDonoho 

William H. Moore 

Guy R. Phelps 

Royal H. Waller 

George \V. Riggs 

Arthur M. Reed 

Francis H. Flagg 

Vacant 

William P. Fishback. . 

Mark Tilton". 

Solomon D. Bayless.. . 

John W. Buun 

James W. Bo,\ 

Peter Meyers 

Edward F. Gallagher.. 

Vacant 

Charles F. Potter 

Henry Willis 

Isaac 0. Barnes 

John Clark 

Vacant 

Horatio Wood 

Alexander G. Noyes... 
Augustine C. Pierce . . 
Albert H. Hoyt 




Little Rock, Ark. 
Fort Gibson, Ark. 
Mobile, Ala. 
Tuscaloosa, Ala. 
Huntsvil'e, Ala. 
Hartford, Conn. 
San Francisco, Cal. 
Washington, I) C. 
Jacksonville, Fla. 
Tallahassee, Fla. 
Savannah, Ga. 
Indianapolis, Ind. 
Madison, Ind. 
Fort Wayne, Ind. 
Springfield, 111. 
Chicago, 111. 
Des Moines, Iowa. 
Louisville, Ky. 
New Orleans, La. 
Augusta, Me. 
Portland, Me. 
Boston, 1 
Baltimore, Md. 
Jackson, Miss. 
St. Louis, Mo. 
Detroit, Mich. 
Concord, X.H. 
Portsmouth, N.H. 



Diodatus Wright 

Alpheus Fobes 

Philemon Dickinson.. 
William G Broadfoot 

R. C. Pearson 

Henry C. Borden 

August Thieme 

William T. Matlock.. 

Erastus Poulson 

Lafayette Markle. . . . 

Henry C. Hudson 

Benjamin J. Hirst. . . 

Dead 

Isaac Lewis 

Vacant 

Vacant 

John B. Reynold 

Edw'd C. Reddington 
Morris D. Newman.. . 
Nathaniel O. Arthur. 
Jeremiah B. Selby, Jr 

John I). Biles 

De WiltC. Cooley 

Agents that pay only 
Navy Pensions. 

A. E. Maxwell. 

Elisha Pendleton 



Place. 



Albany, N.T. 
New York, N.T. 
Trenton, N.J. 
Fayetteville, N.C. 
Morgantown, N.C. 
Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Cleveland, Ohio. 
Oregon City, Orgn 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Pittsburg, Pa. 
Providence, R I. 
Charleston, S.C. 
Nashville, Tenn. 
Knoxville, Tenn. 
Jouesboro'. Tenn. 
Jackson, Tenn. 
Rutland, Vt. 
St. Johnsbury, Vt. 
Richmond, Va. 
Wheeling, Va. 
Milwaukie, Wis. 
Vancouver, W.T. 
St. Paul, Min. 



Pensacola, Fla. 
Norfolk, Va. 



irs 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 



Assessors and Collectors of Internal Eevenne, in the United States. 

MAINE. 

Dma As-zss:::?. Collectors. 

: : ,:-aniel G. Marshall, Portland Hainan r J. Miller. Portland. 

2. Hannibal Belcher, Farmington Jesse S. Lyford. Lewiston. 

8. George W. Wilcox. Gardiner Pe:-: : . ; ':.: :': : : 

4. George P. Bewail, Oldtown Aaron A. Win r. B i n gi r. 

lianiel A. Joy. Ellsworth Joim West. Franklin. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

1. George M. Herring. Farmington James M Lovering. Exeter. 

2. Isaac W. Smith, Manchester John Kimball. Concord. 

8. Bolivar Lovell, Paper Mill Yillaze, ) T \„ r . i ^ t> -n-i.„,i„_ ruf„«i 

Cheshire Co . . . . „ ... J B ,Mnei R w . heeler > 0rfori 

VERMONT. 

1. "William C. Kittredge. Fairhaven Joseph Poland. Montpelier. . 

2. Thomas E. Powers, Woodstock George A. Merrill, S : Johnsbnry. 

3. Heirry C. Adams. East Alburgh Carlos Baxter, Burlington. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

1. Charles G. Davis, Plymouth Walter C. Dorfee. Fall Eiver. 

2. Elias 8. Seals, North Weymouth Charles P. Huntington, Boston. 

3. James Ritchie, Boston ..'. . James W. Stone Boston. 

± Otis Clapp, Boston John Sargent, Bis: m, 

™. Amos Noyes, ZSewburyport J. Vincent Browne, Salem. 

6. Charles Hudson, Lexington 3eorgc ; ^swelL HaverhilL 

Esty, Framingham . John~Nesmith. LowelL 

5. Ivers Phril: m Ajdra Thayer, Worcester. 

9. Amasa Norcross. Fitchburg Daniel W". Alvord. Greenfield. 

10. C. & Emerson, Pittsfieid. E. E. Tinker, North Adams. 

RHODE ISLAND. 

1. Thomas G. Turner, Providence L- B. Frieze. Providence. 

2. William A. Pirce, Johnston _ William D. Brayton, Warwick. 

CONNECTICUT. 

E Alphonso C. Crosrj. Rockviile James & Belles. Hartford. 

2. John B. Wright. Clinton John Woo.irz:?. Ne-*- Haven. 

8. Jesse BL Hy, Horwieh Ezra Dean, • ".stock. 

4. Reuben Rockwell, Colebrook David F. H : .lister, Bridgeport. 

NEW YORK. 

1. H. W. Eastman. Eoslvn. Queens C : . . . &r :r~r 7. Carman. Patchogue, Suffolk Co. 

-. -T.L- V,':;;-;.-_5. LT,-k'.-z A. 177 ' 2: ::;t 

i : . >.'.--. Hr::j 1. __ ■--.-. 7:: . 1:'.--. 

4. Pierre C. T. ." John Mack, New ^Tork. 

T -7 •-;-;' i 71 :;: , . IN ew York. 

6. JohnF. Cleveland, X. Y WilK urn Orl . N^ York. 

-teinbrtrnner. X. Y Marshall B. Blake. New York. 

8. Ant 7 Iter, X. Y George P. Putnam, Hew York. 

9. Homer Franklin. IS . Y £ isar Ketchum. New York. 

10. Abram Hyatt, 5:zg ?\zg .. John H. Morris, Yonkera. 



TREASUKY DEPARTMENT. 179 

NEW YORK— Continued. 
Cists. >sors. Collectors. 

11. J. C. Curtis, Oocheoton, Sullivan Co . John G. Wilkino, Middletown. 

18. James Markin, Fishkill Landing Joshua T. Waterman, Hudson. 

18. Frederick Cooke. Catskill William Hasten, Kingston. 

14. John (i. Treadwell, Albany Theodore Town send, Albany. 

15. P. II. Neher, Granville, Washt'n Co.. .Gideon Reynolds, Troy. 

16. Lawrence Myers, Pittsburgh Walter A. Faxon. Chestertown, Warren Co. 

IT. Uriah 1). Meeker. Malone Erasmus D. Brooks, Potsdam. 

irge T. Hanford, Schenectady James II. Burr, Gloversville, Fulton Co. 

18. II. RamsLord, Jr., Nor'h, Chenango Co. George W. Ernst, Cooperstown. 

•JO. Nelson J. Beach, Watson, Lewis Co ..Lawrence L. Merry. Lion, Herkimer Co. 

21. Charles M. Dennison, Rome Thomas R. Walker, Utica. 

82. Leonard Ames, Mexico, Oswego Co.. .Ralph H. Avery, Canastota. 

88. Wm. Candee, Svracuse Alfred Wilkinson, Syracuse. 

2-4. Joseph W. Gates, Lyons Wm. A. Halsey, Port Byron, Cayuga Co. 

25. Lewis Peek, Phelps Myron H. Clark, Canandaigua. 

26. Alfred Wells. Ithaca Simon C. Hitchcock, Binghamton. 

27. John J. Nicks, Elmira Seymour F. Denton, Corning. 

2S. John W r . Graves, Medina, Orleans Co..S. .P. Allen, Rochester. 

29. James P. Murphy. Lockport John B. Halsted, Castile, Wyoming Co. 

80. Otis F. Preseby, Buffalo Philip Dorsheimer, Buffalo. 

81. H. S. Woodruff, Franklinville, Catta- I Milton Smith Mayville, Chautauqua Co. 

rausus Co J 

82. S. P. Gilbert, N. Y Sheridan Shook, New York. 

NEW JERSEY. 

1. J. C. Sparks, Carpenter's Landing, ) William s> shark Sa i em gaiem Co. 

Gloucester Co J 

2. G. W. Cowperthwaite, Tom's River, i stephen B . g mit h, Newton. 

Ocean Co J * 

8. Robert Rusling, Hackettstown, War- \ig* ton Marsh, Plainfieli 
ren Co J ^ 

4. Nathaniel Lane, Paterson Eugene Ayres, Mornstown. 

5. George A. Halsey, Newark Daniel M. Wilson, Newark. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

1. Washington Keith, Phila Jasper Harding, Philadelphia. 

2. Thomas W. Sweney, Phila John H. Diehl, Philadelphia. 

8 Fletcher Budd, Phila William J. Wainwright, Philadelphia. 

4. Delos P. Southwortb, Phila John M. Riley, Philadelphia. 

5 Edwin T. Chase, Germantown John W. Cowell, Doylestown. 

6. Samuel McHose, Allentown David Newport, Norristown. 

7. Thomas W. Cheyney, West Chester... William Baker, West Chester. 

3. Alexander P. Jutton. Reading Diller Luther, Reading. 

9. James K. Alexander,. Lancaster Alexander H. Hood, Lancaster. 

10. John Early. Palmyra, Lebanon Co . . . .James A. Inness Pottsville. 

11. S. Oliver, Easton, Northampton Co.. .E. T. Foster, Bethlehem, Northampton Co. 

12. Wm. H. Jessup, Montrose, Susque- ) Jos H Scranton, Scranton, Luzeme Co. 

hanna Co ) 

13. Benjamin P. Fortner, Catawissa, Co- \ H L awrencc Scott, Towanda, Bradford Co. 

14. DaniS Kendig," Middletown! '.'.'.'. '. '. '. . .Adam K. Fannestock, Harrisburg. 

15. Horace Bonham T York Levi Kauffmann, Mechamcsburg. 

16. Robert G. Harper, Gettyburg Edward Scull, Somerset 

17 John Dean Holidavsburg Samuel J. Royer, Johnstown. 

18.' Geo. Boal, Boalsbuirg, Centre Co George Bubb, Williamsport, Lycoming Co. 

19. Daniel Livingston, Curwensville, I j hn W. Douglass, Erie. 

Clearfield Co S „ _ 7\, , .„ 

20. Joseph H. Lenhart, Meadville Wm. P. .Clark, Meadvil le. . 

21 D W Shryock, Greensburg Jasper M. 1 hompson, Uniontown. 

22'. Henry A. Weaver, Pittsburg John Shea Pittsburg. 

23! Samuel Marks, Freeport David K White Alleghany. 

24. Samuel Davenport, Beaver David Sankey, Newcastle. 

DELAWARE. 
1. John P. McLear, Wilmington Charles H. B. Day, Dover. 



IS'. 1 TREAHUET DEPAETMEXT. 

MARYLAND. 
P: ; r~. A>jz«>:z.;. Collectors. 

L Geo. M. Eussuro, Denton. Caroline Co.. James T. MeCnllough. Eikton. 

2. John •' Wet stex, Baltimore James L. Eidgely. Baltimore. 

3, Wm. E. Be::Ie. Baltimore .erwein. Baltimore. 

i. i '.'is _V".": 5. E :'"=": :t ' ~r!i rick. 

5. Wl. I ..rksville, Howard Co . G. "W. Dawson, PoolesrLlle, Montgo'ry Co. 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

r M. Pearson, "Washington Lewie C I sphane, "Washington. 

VIRGINIA. 
1. John Parkinson. Cameron, Marshall Co. James C. Orr, Wheeling. 

, , ..''.I '-7— -. 

3. Josiah Millard. Alexandria . H. D. Keneaster, Martinsburg. 

4. J. M. Donn, Norfolk George C. Tyler, Onaiteoek, Accomac Co. 

TENNESSEE. 

L Halsey F. Cooper, Memphis Benel Hough, Memphis. 

LOUISIANA. 

..'1l=. Hew Orleans rina. 

MISSOURI. 

I. Theophile Papin. St Louis Samcel H. Gardner. St. Louis. 

9. D. Q. ,G "::;-h W. Marphy. Wash: 

3. Joseph A. H 7 1 3i .1 E -eph, Buchanan Co. 

OHIO. 

1. Charles E. Fosdick. Cincinnati Thomas Spooner. Cincinnati. 

2. James Pullan, Cincinnati Beaten M. fkyk r, Cincinnati. 

3. "Wm. Miner, Lebanon John E 

"Talker. Bellefontaine. Logan Co . fa unpajgn Co. 

5. Georce "W. Berrv, JJj>z si "Cor. Lima. 

6. D. H Murphy, Eipley. Brown Co". . . .David Sanders. Wilmington, Clinton Co. 

Columbus. ' 

5. C. 8. Hamiltoi Union Co. Isaac Earn re. Delaware Co. 

9. Lur- . .John F. Dewey, Xorwaik, Huron Co. 

. . . >. A. Raymond, Toledo. 

II. Darjiel McFarlahd, Portsmouth John Campbell. Ironton. Lawrence Co. 

7r7. L-:.l:. - t7 

13. B. Grant Mount Vernon. Knox Co . :-. Zanesrille. 

14. A. P. 

taraelB. W3te7 Co. 

16> J '£J?!^to*7.*?^?^ K J " Albright, Cambridge, Guernsey Co. 
: ^ C ^Cle^:w^en^'J^- H . w Usho ColQmb{ana Co . 

erson Co | ' . 

15. John E. Hurlbut, Cleveland Eichard C. Parson 

19. H. Y. Beebe, Ravenna, Portage Co He: la, Ash tabula Co. 

INDIANA. 

1. James G. Hutchinson, "Vincennes Horace B. Shepherd, Yincennes. 

* Th ^™ rfbrt, Xew Albany. 

:£5r£ S^^'^T^: \ J - *• & Htmter ' Bloomington, Monroe Co. 

4. U. V. Kyger, Brookvillr. Franklin Co.. James L Yater, Aurora, Dear: n 

5. John Yaryan, Richmond, Wayne Co. . .Samuel W. Harlan, Muncie, Delaware Co 



TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 181 

INDIANA— Continued. 
Dists. As9f^ Collectors. 

* ^r^Co'"! 1 ^: 1 ^ 1 : 1 "^ 0115 :^ 1 "; [ T - p - Haughey, Indianapolis, Marion Co. 

7. James Farrington, Terra Haute John G. Crr.in, Terre Haute. 

soph Putter. Delphi, Carroll Co John L. Smith, Stockwell, Tippecanoe Co. 

P. David Turner, Crown Point. Lake Co. John F. Dodds, Logansport, Cass Co. 
10, -T. S. Frazer, Warsaw, Kosciusko C<>.. .Warren H. Withers, Fort Wayne, Allen Co. 

1L ^"sonCo. 1 . 1 : P . i . e . 1 ?": .^. U . le . r ? , . ,n :.^. di ." } D - C - Chipman, Noblesville, Hamilton Co. 
ILLINOIS. 

1. Phillip Wadsworth, Chicago George Schneider, Chicago. 

2. Duncan Ferguson. Rockford Wait Talcott, Rockford. 

3. Lester II. Robinson, Morrison, I „ A -.,. ~ ~, n „ 

• Whitesides Co f Hcn, 7 A - Mlx ' Oregon, Ogle Co. 

4. "W. D. Henderson, Aledo, Mercer Cc.Seth C. Sherman, Quincy. 

5. Thomas C. Moore, Peoria John H. Bryant, Princeton. 

6. Eri L. Waterman, Ottawa Lewis Ellsworth, Napierville, Du Page Co. 

7. George W. Rives. Paris, Edgar Co W. T. Cunningham, Danv'e, Vermilion Co. 

8. P. Folsom, Bloomington, McLean Co.. Turner R. King. Springfield. 

9. Amos C. Babeock, Canton, Fulton Co.Wm. G. Green," Petersburg, Menard Co. 

10. John Moses, Winchester, Scott Co Jediah F. Alexander, Greenville, Bond Co. 

11. Peter Smith, Sumner, Lawrence Co ..Robert D. Xoleman. Centralia, Marion Co. 

12. John Scheil, Belleville Willard C. Flagg, Moro, Madison Co. 

13. DeWitt C.Barbour, Tamaroa, PerryCo. Daniel G. Hay", Cairo. 

MICHIGAN. 

1. Joseph R. Bennet. Detroit L. G. Berry, Detroit. 

2 ' EH ren Oo^!'. _T. f^Tl T™ !^ } A " H " Morrison > St Jose P h > Berrien <*>• 
8. "Whitney Jones, Lansing, Ingham Co ..Ira Mayhew, Albion, Calhoun Co. 

4. Alonzo Sessions, Ionia, Ionia Co Aaron B. Turner, Grand Rapids, Kent Co. 

5 ' ^W Co. . 1 ' 7 .'. . Bh ' m . iDg . ham . , . ° ak : } Dexter Musse * Eomeo ' Macomb Co - 
6. Townaend Xorth, Yassar, Tuscola Co.. Samuel H". Warren, Flint, Genesee Co. 

WISCONSIN. 

1. Charles A. Bronson, Milwaukie Thomas J. Emerson, Racine. 

2. David Atwood. Madison Edwin R. Wadsworth, Madison. 

3^B. W. Brisbois, Prairie du Chien J. II. "Wan-en, Albany, Green Co. 

4 ' "dn ScCo ° Ukfid . d C f ntl ' e ' F ° nd \ J - IL B * bcock * Bea ™ r Dam * Do^ge Co. 

5. Geo. Gary, Oshkosh, Winnebago Co... .Horace Merriam, Berlin, Green Lake Co. 

6. James B." Gray, Hudson, St. Croix Co. . W. T. Price, Black River Falls, Jackson Co. 

IOWA. 

1. R. M. Pickel, Mt. Pleasant, Henry Co.. J. C. Walker, Fort Madison, Lee Co. 

2. Pliny Fay, Muscatine, Muscatine* Co. . .George W. Ells, Davenport, Scott Co. 

r. Jarret, Dubuque Levi Fuller, West Union, Fayette Co. 

4. G. 11. Jerome, Iowa City. Johnson Co. . Wm. F. Cowles, Oskaloosa, Mahaska Co. 

5. Cole Xole, Adel, Dallas' Co H. Everett, Council Bluffs, Pottawat'e Co. 

6. Delos Arnold, Marshalltown, Mar- ) 



shall 



£uom, ^ ™aw« a, ««- f s> B _ Hewitt) Eagle Gr0Tej Wright Co> 



MINNESOTA. 



1. G. W. Baker, Rochester, Olmstead Co.. J. Norris Hall, Mankato, Blue Earth Co. 

2. H. G. 0. Morrison, St. Paul Thomas G. Jones, Anoka, Anoka Co. 

KANSAS. 

1. Jame9 F. Legate, Lawrence John Speer, Lawrence. 



182 TKEASTTBY DEPARTMENT. 

CALIFORNIA. 

Dists. Assessors. Collectohs. 

1. Caleb T. Fay, San Francisco ¥m. Y. Patch, San Francisco. ' 

2. R. Savage, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz Co.. J. H. Morgan, San Jose, Santa Clara Co. 

3. D. K. Swim, San Andreas John Sedgwick, Sonora, Tuolumne Co. 

4. J. M. Avery, Sacramento J. E. Clark, Sacramento. 

5. W. A. Eliason, Petaluma, Sonoma Co . . Charles Maltby, Napa City. 

OREGON. 

Thomas Frazer, Portland Lawrence W. Coe, Portland. 

NEBRASKA. 

Joseph H. Burbank, Falls City James Sweet, Nebraska City. 

TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 

Vincent S. Vrain, Maro Charles Blumner, Santa Fe. 

UTAH TERRITORY. 

Jesse C. Little, Great Salt Lake City Robert T. Burton, Great Salt Lake City. 

COLORADO TERRITORY. 

Daniel Witter, Denver George W. Brown, Denver. 

NEVADA TERRITORY. 

Warren Wasson, Carson City . , James S. Dilley, Carsdn City. 

WASHINGTON TERRITORY. 
J. G. Sparks, Olympla : H. A. Goldsborough, Olympla. 



183 



EXPLANATION 

OP 

MILITARY AND TECHNICAL TERMS. 



A. 

Adatis. A species of intrehehraent ; it consists of trees felled, and laid 
with their branches sharpened and interwoven, so as to present a thick 
row of pointed stakes towards the enemy. They are generally used in 
front of field works ; while the enemy is removing them, he is exposed 
to a destructive fire from the defenders. 

About. A technical word to express the movement by which a body of 
troops reverses its front. . In infantry the about is always to the right ; 
in ca valrv it is either to the right or left ; and in artillery it is to the 
left. 

Accessible. A place is said to be accessible, by land or sea, when it can 
be approached by a hostile force on either of these sides. 

Accoutrements. A term denoting the belts, cartridge-box, scabbard, etc., 
of a soldier. 

Action, in military language, is an engagement between two armies, or 
any smaller bodies of troops. 

Adjutant. A regimental staff officer, who discharges all the duties of 
detail of a regiment or military post, communicates all orders, forms 
the battalion for drills, parades, etc., mounts the guards, and in the 
manoeuvres assists the lieutenant- colonel. 

Adjutant General is the chief staff-officer of the army, division, or bri- 
gade to which he belongs, and assists the general in the discharge of his 
duties ; he keeps the roster of the officers ; makes details for duty ; 
makes up morning reports, returns, etc. ; publishes the orders of the 
general ; and is the channel through which all reports to, and corres- 
pondence with the general, pass. 

Advanced. Signifies some part of the army in front of the rest, as in 
advanced-guards, which always precede the main body ; it applies also 
to any portion of the command which is thrown in front of the first 
line. 

Advantage-Ground. A ground that gives superiority, or an opportunity 
for annoyance or resistance. 

Affair. An action or engagement; generally between small bodies of 
troops. 

Aid-de-Camp. An officer appointed to attend a general officer ; he re- 
ceives and carries orders, and discharges such other duties as may be 
necessary. A Brigadier-General is entitled to one, and a Major-Gen-* 
era! to two aides-de-camp. 



184 MILITARY AND 

Aim.. The act of bringing the firearm to its proper line of direction with 
the object to be struck. 

Alarm is a sudden apprehension of an attack, by which men take to theii 
arms, and stand upon their guard. 

Alarm-Post is the place appointed for every regiment or detachment to 
assemble, in case of alarm. 

Alert. Vigilant. 

Alignment is the placing of men on the same line. In artillery it applies 
to the gun carriages, caissons, etc. 

Ally, in a military sense, implies a nation united to another under 
treaty, either offensive or defensive. 

Ambuscade. A body of men posted in some secret or concealed place, 
for the purpose of falling upon an enemy by surprise. 

Ambush. A place of concealment for a body of troops intended for a 
surprise. 

Ammunition implies everything in the way of powder, balls, shells, car- 
tridge's, canister and grape shot, etc., etc. 

Appointments. Warlike habiliments, accoutrements, etc. 

Apprehend. Seizing or confining any person. 

Approaches. The works that are carried on towards a work that is be- 
sieged 

Counter- Approaches. The works carried on by the besieged against those, 
of the besiegers. 

Apron. In gunnery, a piece of leather to cover the vent of a piece of 
ordnance. 

Arm. A term used to signify a particular kind of troops, as the infantry 
arm. cavalry arm etc. 

To Arm. To take arms, or prepare to meet an enemy. 

Armed. Something provided with, or carrying arms. 

An Armed body of men denotes a corps or detachment ready for an en- 
gagement. 

Armistice. A temporary truce. 

Armory. A place for the construction of arms ; also a place of deposit 
for arms. 

Arms. All weapons whether of offence or defence. 

Fire- Arms. Any machine discharged by inflamed gunpowder. 

Place of Arms. A part of the covered way of a fortification. (See For- 
tification.) 

Army. An organized body of armed men commanded by a general. In 
time of peace, the whole organized military force of the State is in 
tended when we speak of the army ; in time of war this force is broken 
up into several distinct bodies, each of which is an army. These armies 
are named from the particular duty assigned them, as the army of 
invasion, army of occupation, etc. ; or from the country or direction in 
which they operate— as. Army of the North, Army of Mexico, etc. ; or 
from the general who commands it — as, Army of Scott, etc. An army 
is made up of a staff and administrative departments, and four distinct 
arms — Infantry, Cavalry. Artillery, and Engineers ; each having dis- 
tinct duties, but all combining to form one and the same military body. 

Arrest. The depriving an officer of his sword, preparatory to trial, for an 
offence against military law. The order for arrest usually designates the 
particular limits within which the officer is required to confine himself. 
An officer under arrest must not call upon his commanding officer with- 
out permission, and then it must be upon business. 



I 



TECHNICAL TERMS. 185 

Breach of Arrest. Going beyond the limits prescribed in the order of 

nrrest of an officer. It is a grave oii'ence. 
Arsenal. A place of deposit for arms and other implements. Arsenals 

are sometimes arsenals of construction, a term which signifies that it is 

a place of construction as well as deposit. 
Articles of War. Rules for the better government of the army. 
Artillery. Every sort of fire-arms, of large calibre, as guns, mortars, 

howitzers, etc., together with everything necessary for serving them in 

the field, at sieges, etc. Also a term applied to the science which treats 

of the construction and service of artillery. Also a name given to the 

troops which serve artillery.' 
Assault. A furious effort to cany a fortified post, camp, or foritfication. 
Assembly. The signal to form by company. 
Attack. An onset upon the enemy, either to gain a post, or break his 

ranks ; or to divert his attention and make him divide his forces, when 

it becomes a false attack. 

B. 

Baggage. The clothing, tents, utensils, provisions, etc., of an army or 
corps. 

Band. A body of musicians attached to any regiment or battalion. 

Banquette. A small elevation of earth three or four feet wide, and four 
feet nine inches below the crest of the parapet, to enable the shortest 
men to fire over it with facility, 

Barbette-Batteries are platforms raised behind a parapet to enable the 
guns mounted on them to fire over the parapet, and sweep the sur- 
rounding country. They are usually placed in the salient points of 
works. 

Barracks. Permanent buildings for the quartering of troops. 

Barricade. To barricade, is to block up the avenues by which an en- 
emy might have ascess to any position. This is done by abatis, wag- 
ons, etc. 

Barrier. A passive obstacle. 

Bastion, in fortifications, is a work constructed at one of the angles of a 
polygon, consisting of two faces and two flanks. It is so constructed, 
that eveiy part of it is defended by the flanking fire of some other 
part of the works. 

Battalion. Any body of infantry, from two companies to ten, and serv- 
ing under the same commander. 

Batter. A cannonade of heavy ordnance. 

To Batter in breach is a heavy cannonade of many pieces directed to a 
single point in the walls of a fortification. 

Batteries. The name given to any place where guns, howitzers, or mor- 
tars, are mounted, either for the purpose of attacking the enemy, or of 
battering a fortification. When a number of pieces of artillery are 
thrown together they also constitute a battery, as a mounted battery, 
where- from four to six, or eight pieces are together, the cannoneers 
Serving on. foot; or a horse artillery bailer yj/xhere the same number of 
pieces constitute the battery, the cannoneers being mounted on horses. 

Battle. An action in which the forces of two contending armies are 
engaged. 

Bayonet. A kind of triangular dagger, with a 1 ollow shank, which fits 
over the muzzle of the musket, rifle, or carbine. It is principally used 



186 MILITARY AND 

by infantry troops. A new form of bayonet has of late years been ic 
troduced for use on the rifle ; this bayonet is in the form of a short 
sabre. It is called the sabre-bayonet, and is intended for use in the hand 
as well as on the rifle. 

Bkrm. A narrow space between the ditch and parapet of a work, to keep 
the parapet from falling into the ditch. 

To Besiege. To lay siege to, or invest any place with an armed force. 

Besieged. The garrison that defends a place. 

Besiegers. The troops that lay siege to a fortified place. 

Bivouac. An army is said to bivouac, when, instead of camping in tents, 

m the men sleep around the 'fires, or make'temporary shelters of branches 
of trees, etc. 

Body. Any number of men serving under one commander, as the main 
body, etc. 

Bombard. To throw shells from mortars. 

Breach. An opening in the works of a fortified place, made by the ar- 
tillery or mines of the besiegers, preparatory to making an assault. 

Breech of a gun. The portion from the vent to the cascable. 

Brigade. Two or more regiments of infantry or cavalry, or both, under 
the command of a Brigadier-General. 

Brigadier-General. The commander of a brigade ; an officer whose 
rank is next above that of a colonel. 

c. 

Cadence. Uniform time and pace in marching, an indispensable requisite 
in the manoeuvres of troops. 

Calibre, in gunnery, is the diameter of the bore of any piece of ord- 
nance. 

Caisson. A carriage for artillery ammunition ; each piece of field artil- 
lery is followed by its caisson. 

Camp is the extent of ground occupied by an army when under canvass. 

Campaign. The period of each year that an army is in the field. 

Cannon. A general term for every form of artillery. 

Cannoneers. Soldiers who serve or manage pieces of artillery. 

Canteen. A small vessel used by soldiers to cany water, etc. 

Cantonments. Troops are in cantonments when quartered in towns and 
villages, lying as near as possible to each other 

To Capitulate is to surrender any place or body of troops to the enemy, 
on certain stipulated conditions. 

Capitulation. The conditions on which the garrison of a besieged place 
agrees to give it up. 

Caponxiere, in fortification, is a passage from one part of the work to 
another. 

Captain. The commander of a company, 

Carbine. A species of firearms smaller than the musket, and used mainly 
by cavalry. 

Cartel. An agreement between two States at war, for an exchange of 
prisoners of war. * 

Cartridge. A case of paper, or flannel, fitted to the bore of a piece, 
and holding the exact charge of gunpowder. Cartridges for small 
arms are made of strong paper, those for artillery are made of flannel, 
or some other woolen goods. 



TECHNICAL TERMS. 187 

Cartridge-box. A box made of Btout leather, attached to a belt which 
is worn over the shoulder, or around the waist, and used to hold cart- 
ridges for small arms. 

C.vsi able, in artillery, is the knob attached to the breach of a gun. 

Casi mate. A chamber covered with a bomb-proof arch, in a fortification 
having an embrasure cut through the wall, through which the gun is 
tired. Used in fortifications on the sea coast. 

Cavalier. A work constructed in th* interior of a bastion. 

Cavalry. That portion of an army which serves and fights on horseback. 

Chamber, of a mortar or howitzer. A cavity at the bottom of the mortar 
or howitzer, intended to receive the cartridge. 

Charge. In gunnery, denotes the quantity of powder with which the 
piece is loaded. 

In the evolutions, the charge expresses the advance of a body of 
infantry to attack the enemy with bayonets fixed ; or the rapid attack 
of cavalry. 

Chase of a gun. The length from the trunions to the muzzle. 

Cheek. The pieces of timber which form the sides of gun-carriages, and 
upon which the trunnions rest. 

Chevaux-de-freize. A piece of timber some six inches square, pierced 
with many holes, through which pass pieces of wood some six feet 
long, crossing each other at right angles, and pointed at the ends. 
They are used to stop up breaches, to block up the avenues of ap- 
proach, etc. • 

Line «/CiRcrMYALLATJON. An earthen work consisting of a low parapet 
and trench, made around a place which it is intended to besiege. 

Colonel. The commander of a regiment. 

Color. Large silk flags fixed on wooden poles. 

Camp-Colors. Small flags eighteen inches square, and used to mark the 
color line, points of wheeling, etc. ; they are also carried by the mark- 
ers in the evolutions. 

Combat. A battle. 

Commissary. An officer charged with the purchase and issue of provis- 
ions for the troops. 

Company. A small body of from 50 to 100 men, and commanded by a 
captain. 

Convoy. A detachment of troops employed to guard any supply of men, 
money, ammunition, provisions, etc., conveyed in time of war to a town 
or army. 

Corporal. A non-commissioned officer of the lowest grade. 

Corps. A body of troops acting together under one commander. 

Countersign. A particular word which is exchanged between guards, 
and entrusted to those employed on duty in camp or garrison. 

Court-Marital. A military court, for the investigation and punishment 
of all offences committed by officers or soldiers, in resistance of mili- 
tary law. 

Ci'jrassikrs Heavy cavalry armed with breastplates of metal, oi cui 
rasses. 

A Curtain, in fortification, connects two contiguous bastions. 



188 MILITARY AND 



Defence, in fortification, consists of all sorts of works that cover and de- 
fend an army or place. 

Defile. A narrow passage, or road, through which troops can only 
march by flank, or with a very small front. 

Deploy. To display or spread out troops. 

Depot. A place of deposit for military stores. 

Detachment. A body of troops taken from an army for a particular 
service. 

Discipline. The instruction and government of soldiers. 

Dislodge. To drive an enemy from his position. 

Dismantle. To strip a town or fortress of its outworks. 

Ditch. An excavation or trench made around the works of a fortifica- 
tion, from whence the earth necessary for the construction of the par- 
apet is raised. . Ditches are of two kinds — wet and dry. 

Dragoons. Are a kind of cavalry, who serve both on horseback and on 
foot. 

E. 

Echelon. A position in tactics, when different bodies, whether the divis- 
ions of a battalion, battalions, or brigades, follow each other on differ- 
ent lines. By this arrangement both the front and ?ne or both ftenks 
may be protected at once. 

Elevation. In gunnery, the angle included between the horizon and the 
axis of any piece of artillery. 

Embrasure. In fortification, an opening, or aperture in the parapet of a 
work through which pieces of artillery are tired at the enemy.. 

Enciente, in fortification, is the interior wall or rampart which surrounds 
a place. 

Encounter. Combat. Fight. 

Enemy. One who is on the opposite side in war. 

To Enfilade is to throw shot along the whole length of the enemy's line. 

Engineers. Officers charged with planning, constructing, and reparing 
all fortifications and all defensive works ; with planning the attack and 
defence of military works, etc., etc. 

Epaulement. A kind of breastwork to cover troops in front, or on the 
flank. 

Epaulettes. Shoulder-knots worn by officers. 

Eprouvette. A small mortar for trying the strength of gunpowder. 

Equipage. All kinds of furniture made use of by an army. 

Establishment implies the quota of officers and men in an army, regi- 
ment, troop, or company. 

Evolution. The movement made by a body of troops when they change 
their disposition. 

Exempts. Men who, from their age or occupation, are not liable to be 
called upon for military service. 

Expedition. A voyage or march against an enemy. 

F. 

False- alarm. An alarm either designedly or unintentionally created by 
noise, reports, etc., without being dangerous. 



TECHNICAL TERMS. 189 

FA.LSE-attaek. An approach which is made for the purpose of diverting 

an enemy from the real point of attack. 

\ks. .Long cylindrical bundles of twigs intended to support the 

earth in the parapets of field fortifications, etc. 
Feint. A mock attack, made to conceal the true one. 
Field. The place of battle. A campaign, or the action of an army 

while it is in the field. 
Fiv.i.v-ojicers. The colonel, lieutenant-colonel, and major of a regiment. 
Fight. Battle. 
File. A line of soldiers drawn up behind each other. As a general 

thing, a file means two soldiers, the front and rear rank man. 
Fire-arms. Every description of arms charged with powder and ball. 
Flanks. The right and left of an army, encampment, battalion, com- 
pany, etc. 
Flank. In fortification, any part of a work defending another, by a fire 

along the outside of the parapet. 
Foil. A blunt sword used in fencing. 
Forage. The ha}-, straw, and oats required for the subsistence of the 

horses of an army. 
Force. Any body of troops assembled for military purposes. 
Forlorn hope. Men appointed to make the first attack in the day of 

battle, or to be the first to storm in a siege. 
Fort. A fortified place surrounded by a ditch, etc. 
Fortification. The art of surrounding a place by works so disposed as 

to render it capable of a lasting defence against a besieging army. 
FieW-FoRTiFiCATioN is the art of constructing all kinds of temporary 

works in the field. 
Front. A word of command signifying that the men are to turn to their 

proper front. 
Fugle-man. A well-drilled,, intelligent soldier, advanced in front of the 

line, to give the time in the manual, etc. 
Furlough. A leave of absence. 
Fuse. A tube fixed into a shell filled with combustible materia.' «, which, 

when the .shell is fired, burns and causes the shell to explode. 



G. 

Gabion. A cylindrical basket without bottom, and employed in throwing 

up intrenchments, etc. 
Gallery. A passage in a mine. 
Garrison. A place where troops are quartered. 
General-officers. All officers above the rank of colonel. The only 

grades in the U. S. service are brigadier-general, major-general, and 

lieutenant general. 
Glacis. In permanent fortifications, the parapet of the covered way. 
Grenade. A small shell thrown from the hand upon the enemy. Used 

in defending a work. 
Grape. A kind of shot. 
Guard. A body of men whose duty it is to protect an army or place 

from surprise. It also applies to troops kept to guard generals and 

other persons, or public property, etc. 
Guidons. Small silk standards for cavalry. 



190 MILITARY AND 

Gunpowder. A composition of sulphur, nitre, (or salpetre), and char- 
coal, mixed together and granulated, to which, if tire be applied, it 
burns with an explosion. 

H. 

Harass. To annoy, perplex, hang upon the rear or flanks of a body of 

men, or an army, or to interrupt the operations of a siege by repeated 

attacks. 
Hatersack. A linen bag to carry a soldier's rations on the march. 
Head-quarters. The place where the officer commanding an army or 

independent body of troops, takes up his residence. 
Hilt. The handle of a sword. 
Holsters. Cases for a horseman's pistols, fixed in the pommel of the 

saddle. 
Hospital. A place appointed for the sick and wounded. 
Host. An army. 

Hostility. Denotes a state of war between two nations. 
Howitzfr. A piece of artillery, chambered at the bottom of the bore, 

and intended for firing hollow shot, canister, etc. 



Infantry. Foot soldiers armed with the musket, or rifle. 

Inroad. Sudden and desultory invasion. 

Inspector-General. An officer whose duty it is to inspect the troops at 

stated times, and report the state of their discipline, efficiency, etc. 
Intrenchment. Any work intended to fortify a post against the attack 

of an enemy. 
Invasion'. The entrance or attack of the troops of a nation on the 

dominions of another. 
To Invest. To seize upon all the avenues of approach to a place or 

town, so as to cut it off from succor. 



Knapsack. A leather or canvas bag, worn on the backs of infantry 
soldiers, and which contains his clothing and other necessaries. 



Laboratory. A place where all sorts of fire-works are prepared, whether 

for actual service or for display. 
Lieutenant. The lowest grade of commissioned officers. 
Line of Battls is the disposition of the troops for battle. 
Links. Thongs of leather used by cavalry to fasten their horses together. 
Littf.r. A sort of bed on which wounded officers and men are carried 

off the field. 
Lodgment. Possession of the whole or a part of the enemy'i works. 
Lunette. A small field work. 



TECHNICAL TERMS. 191 

M. 

Magazine. A place in which stores, arms, ammunition, or provisions, 

are kept. 
Major. An officer next in rank to lieutenant-colonel. 
Martial Law. The law of war. 

Match. A preparation to communicate fire to guns, mortars, mines, etc. 
Mines. Subterranean passages dug under the walls of a fortification, or 

under the works of a besieging army, for the purpose of blowing them 

up by means of gunpowder. 
Mortars. Short cannon with large bores fitted with chambers, and used 

for throwing shells, stones, etc. 
Muster. A parade of troops for the purpose of inspection, and taking 

an account of their numbers, presence, etc. 
Mutiny. Any seditious or refractory conduct among soldiers. 



N. 

Nitre. A compound of nitric acid and potash, used in the manufacture 
of gunpowder. 



Orders. All such lawful directions as may be issued by a superior officer. 

Ordnance. A general term for all guns, howitzers, and mortars. 

Out-posts. Bodies of troops posted beyond the bounds or limits of the 
encampment, 

Out-works, in fortification, are the works constructed beyond the princi- 
pal works. 

P. 

Palisades. In fortifications, stakes made of strong pieces of wood, and 
set in the ground. 

Parallels. The trenches or lines made by the besiegers around the 
works of the besieged. 

Parapet. In fortification, an elevation of eartb designed for covering 
the soldiers from the fire of the enemy. 

Park of Artillery. The place appointed for the artillery. 

Parley. A conference with the enemy. 

Parole. The promise or word of honor given by a prisoner of war 
when permitted to be at large, that he will return at the time appointed. 

Parole is also a word given out in orders for the purpose of distinguish- 
ing friends from foes. 

Party. A small detachment of troops employed upon any duty, as fa- 
tigue party, etc. 

Patrol. A small party under a non-commissioned officer detached from 
one of the guards, to move from post to post, through streets, along 
roads, etc., to ensure vigilance, order, etc. 

Paymaster. An officer charged with the payment of the troops. 

Pickets. Out-guards occupying the first line beyond the police guards ; 
when attacked the outposts and grand guards fall back upon the pick- 
ets for support. 

Pillgae. Plunder. 



192 MILITARY AND 

Pioneers. A small body of soldiers, provided with saws, axes, etc., and 

intended to clear the way for troops on the march, to work on the in- 

trenchments, etc. 
Platoon. Half a company. 
Pontoons. Small boats used to sustain the bridges across streams for the ' 

passage of troops. 
Portfire. A sort of match for firing guns, etc. 
Pro yost-martial. An officer whose duty it is see punishments put in 

force, secure prisoners, etc. 
Pyrotechny. Every kind of artificial fireworks. 



Q. 

Quarter. To give quarter is to spare the life of a vanquished enemy. 
Quartermaster. An officer whose duty it is to supply the quarters, fuel, 
clothing, transportation, etc., to the troops. 



Rally. To reform disordered or dispersed troops into regular order. 

Rampart. A bank of earth raised about a place to resist the enemy's 
shot, cover the buildings, etc. 

Range. The distance from the gun to the place where the projectile 
touches the ground. 

Rank. A line of soldiers drawn up side by side. 

Rank axd File. Non-commissioned officers and privates. 

Ratiox. The daily allowance of bread, meat, etc., to the soldiers. 

Rear-Guard. A detachment of troops which brings up and protects the 
rear of an army. 

Recoxxoitre. To view and examine the country in which an enemy is 
operating ; to examine the approaches to an enemy's works ; ascertain 
his position, strength, etc., etc. 

Redoubt. A small work in fortification. 

Regiment. A body of troops composed of ten or .twelve companies, and 
commanded by a colonel. 

Reserve. A body of troops so posted as not to come into action until 
near its close, or until a critical moment in the battle. 

Retreat. To retreat is to make a retrogade movement. 

Retrenchment. Any work raised to oover a point, and fortify it against 
an enemy. 

Ricochet. ~ The rebounding of shot or shells after striking the ground. 

Rosters are lists or tables by which the details of officers, non-commis- 
sioned officers and privates, for various duties, are regulated. 

Round. A general discharge of cannon or small arms. 

Rounds. A visiting or personal inspection of the guards and sentinels on 
duty. 

Rout. The confusion created in an army or body of troops when de- 
feated or dispersed. 



TECHNICAL TERMS. 193 

S. 

Sabre. A species of sword with a broad and heavy blade, curved towards 
the point. 

Sack. An expression used when a town has been taken by storm, and 
given up to pillage. 

Safeguard. A protection granted by the general of an army, for some 
of the enemy's lands or persons, to preserve them from being insulted 
or plundered. 

Sally. A sally, or sortie, is a secret movement of attack made by strong 
detachments of troops from a besieged place, for the purpose of de- 
stroying the enemy's works. 

Salute. A discharge of artillery in compliment of some individual. It 
also means the ceremony of presenting arms. • 

Sand-bags. Bags filled with earth for the purpose of repairing breach- 
es, etc. 

Scouts. Horsemen sent in advance or on the wings of an army to dis- 
cover the enemy. 

Sentinel. A private soldier placed upon a post, whose duty it is to 
watch the motions of the enenrv, prevent surprise, and in general to 
enforce any specific order with which he may be entrusted. 

Sergeant. A non-commissioned officer. 

Sergeant-Majob. The first non-commissioned officer of his regiment, 
and assists the adjutant in the discharge of his duties. 

Service. Every kind of duty which a military man may be called upon 
to perform. 

Shells. Hollow iron balls thrown among the enemy from mortars and 
howitzers. Being filled with powder, and provided with a fuse which 
sets fire to the contents, the shell explodes. 

Siege. The art of surrounding a fortified place with an army, and at- 
tacking it by means of batteries, mines, and trenches. 

Skirmish. A loose desultory kind of combat in presence of two armies. 

Sorties. Parties that sally out of a place secretly to annoy the be- 
siegers. 

Spherical-cone Shot. Thin shells filled with musket-balls, and fired 
from a howitzer. 

Storm. A vigorous assault on a fortified place. 

Stratagem. A scheme or plan devised by a general to cover his de- 
signs daring a campaign. 

Strategy. The hostile movements of armies beyond the range of each 
other's cannon. 

Surprise. To fall upon an enemy unexpectedly. 



T, 

Traverses. Parapets of earth raised to cover troops from the enfilading 
fire of an enemy. 

Trenches. Ditches made during a siege, to enable the assailants to ap- 
proach more securely. 

Troop. A company of cavalry. 

Trophy. Anything captured from an enemy. 
9 



194 



MILITARY AND TECHNICAL TERMS. 

V. 



Vedettes. Sentries on horseback npon out-posts. 

Text. The opening in fire-arms through which the fire is communica- 
ted to the charge. 
Volley. The simultaneous discharge of a number of fire-arms. 



w. 

"Windage. The difference between the diameter of the bore, and the 

diameter of the shot or shell. 
Wings. The right or left division of an army or battalion. 
Works, fortifications. 



195 

THE SO-CALLED 
CONFEDERATE STATES GOVERNMENT. 



Jef. Davis, of Mississippi. President. 
A. H. Stephens, of Georgia, Vice-Presid't 
Jldah P. Benjamin, of La., Sec. of State. 
James A. Seddon, of Va., Sec. of \\ ar. 



C. G. Memminger, of S. C, Sec. of Treas. 
Stephen R. Mallory, of Fla., Sec. of Navy. 
Thos. H. Watts, of Ala., Attorney-Gen'l. 
Jas. H. Reagan, of Texas, Postm'r-Gen'L 



FIRST REGULAR CONGRESS.-Senate. 

Congress met at Richmond on the second Monday in January, 1863. 
A. H. Stephens, of Georgia, President. | R. M. T. Hunter, of Va., Presid't pro tern. 

NORTH CAROLINA. 

Teryi Exp. 

George Davis 1864 

Wm. S. Dortch 1866 



Term. Exp. 

Clement C.Clay 1864 

Wm. L.Yancey 1668 



Robert W. Johnson. 
C. B. Mitchell 



1864 
.1868 



J. M. Baker — 
A. E. Maxwell. 



.1864 
.1866 



Charles J. Jenkins . . 
Herschel V. Johnson. 



1864 



Term Exp, 

Wm. E. Simms Ibb4 

H. C. Burnett 1868 



LOUISIANA. 

Thos. J. Semmes 1866 

Edward Sparrow 1868 



MISSISSIPPI. 

James Phelon 1864 

Albert G. Brown 1866 



John B. Clark 1864 

Rob'tL. Y.Peyton.... 1866 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Robt. W. Barnwell . . . 
Jas. L. Orr 



1866 
1868 



TENNESSEE. 

Gustavus 0. Henry 1866 

Landon C. Haynes 1868 



Lewis T. Wigfall 1866 

Wm. S. Oldham 1868 



(Yacancv) 1866 

R. M. T.* Hunter 1868 



House of Representatives. 
Thomas S. Bocock, of Virginia, Speaker. 



1. E. L. Dargan. 

2. W. P. Chilton. 

3. James E. Pugh. 

4. Jabez L. M. Curry. 

5. Wm. R. Smith. 

6. John P. Rawles. 

7. Thomas J. Foster. 

8. David Clopton. 

9. L. F. Lyon. 



ARKANSAS. 

1. Felix J. Batson. 

2. G. D. Royster. 

3. A. H. Garland. 

4. Thomas B. Hanley. 



FLORIDA. 

1. James B. Deskins. 

2. R. B. Hilton. 



KENTUCKY. 



GEORGIA. 

1. A. H. Kenan. 

2. HinesHolt. 

3. A. R. Wright. 

4. Julien Hartridge. 

5. Lucius J. Gartrell. 

6. William W. Clark. 

7. Robert P. Trippe. 

8. David W. Lewis. 

9. J. C. Monnalym. 
Hardy Strickland. 



10, 



Willis B. Machen. 

John W. Crocket. 

H. E. Read. 

George W. Ewing. 

James S. Crisman. 

George P. Hodges. 

H. W. Bruce. 

S. S. Scott. 

E. M. Bruce. 

R. J. Breckinridge, Jr. 

John M. Elliott. 

LOUISIANA. 



1. *Duncan F. Kenner. 

2. Charles Villiers. 



* In Federal custody. 



L96 



CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT. 



House of Representatives.— Continued. 



3. John Perkins, Jr. 

4. Charles M. Conrad. 

5. Henry Marshall. 

6. Lucien Dupose. 



MISSISSIPPI. 

1. John J. McRea. 

2. J. W. Clapp. 

3. Reuben Davis. 

4. Israel Welsh. 

5. H. C. Chambers. 

6. Otho R. Singleton. 

7. E. Barksdale. 



*iIISSOURI. 

1. Wm. H. Cooke. 

2. Thomas A. Harris. 

3. Casper W. Bell. 

4. A. H. Conrow. 

5. George G. Vest. 

6. Thomas W. Freeman. 

7. tSamuel Hyer. 

8. . 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 



NORTH CAROLINA. 

1. Wm. H. N. Smith. 

2. Robert Bridges. 

3. Owen R. Eeenan. 

4. J. G. McDowell. 

5. Thomas S. Ashe. 

6. Arch. Arrington. 

7. Robert McLean. 

8. William Lander. 

9. B. S. Gaither. 
10. A. S. Davidson. 



SOUTH CAROLINA. 

1. Wm. W. Boyce. 

2. W. Porcher Miles. 

3. M. L. Bonham. 

4. John McQueen. 

5. L. M. Adger. 

6. James Farran. 



TENNESSEE. 

1. A. G. Watkins. 

2. D. M. Currin. 

3. J. D. C. Atkins. 

4. H. E. Poster. 

5. Thomas Mences. 

6. George W. Jones. 

7. Meredith P. Gentry. 

8. William G. Swann. 



9. W. H. Tibbs. 

10. X. S. Gardner. 

11. J. T. HeiskeU. 

TEXAS. 

1. John A. Wilcox. 

2. Peter W. Gregg. 

3. C. C. Herbert. 

4. W. B. Wright. 

5. Malcolm P. Graham. 

6. S. B. P. Sexton. 



VIRGINIA. 

1. John R. Chambliss. 

2. M. R. H. Garnett. 

3. James Lyons. 

4. Collier. 

5. Thomas S. Bocock. 

6. John Goode, Jr. 

7. James P. Holcomb. 

8. 1). C. Dejarnette. 

9. William Smith. 

10. A. R. Boteler. 

11. John B. Baldwin. 

12. Waller R. Staples. 

13. Walter Preston. 

14. Samuel A. Miller. 

15. Robert Johnson. 

16. Charles W. Russell. 



Order of Secession of the So-Called Confederate States. 

South Carolina Dec. 20, 1860, by Convention. 

Mississippi Jan. 8. 1861, " 

Florida Jan. 10, " " " 

Alabama Jan. 11, " " " 

Georgia Jan. 19, " " " 

Louisiana Jan. 26, " " " 

Texas Feb. 1, " by Legilature. 

Virginia April 25, '" " Convention. 

Arkansas May 6, " " Legislature. 

North Carolina May 20, " " " 

Tennessee June 8, " " 



Governors of States of the So-Called Confederate States. 



Name. State. 

John Gill Shorter Alabama.. 

Flanigan Arkansas . 

John Milton Florida . . . 

Joseph E. Brown Georgia . . , 

Thomas O. Moore Louisiana. 



Capital. Salary. 

Montgomery $4,000 

.Little Rock 2,500 

.Tallahassee 1.500 

Milledgeville ... 4,000 
, Baton Rouge .... 4,000 



Jacob Thompson Mississippi Jackson 4,000 

Z. B. Vance North Carolina Raleigh 3,000 

M. L. Bonham South Carolina Columbia 3,800 

Isham G. Harris Tennessee Nashville 3,000 

Francis R. Lubbock Texas Austin 3,000 

John Letcher Virginia Richmond 5,000 

x Missouri, under the appointment, is entitled to thirteen members. The State has 
not been districted, and the above members — self-elected to the Provisional Congress — 
hold over, t Taken the oath of allegiance to the United States. 



197 



EXCISE TAX BILL. 



Two distinct species of tax laws have been passed by Congress 
since the commencement of the Great Rebellion, and are desig- 
nated by the terms, Direct Tax and Excise Tax. The Direct 
Tax was passed August 5, 18G1. It increased the duties on 
certain imported articles, imposed duties on many articles that 
were before exempt, such as teas, etc., and also imposed a tax 
of twenty millions of dollars on the States and Territories. 
This tax was apportioned among the several States and Terri- 
tories, and the legislature of each loyal State undertook to pay 
the portion assigned to it. At the time of the passage of the 
act, the Government of the United States was indebted to each 
of the loyal States for sums of money already advanced, to pay 
■the expenses of enlisting and equipping volunteers who had been 
called into active service during that year. This indebtedness 
was principally cancelled by offsetting against it the amount of 
tax demanded from each State, with a discount of fifteen per 
centum from the tax. If the balance proved to be in favor of 
the Government, the State paid it over.; if it were in favor of the 
State, the Government paid it. Thus the only effect of this 
portion of the Direct Tax on tax-payers was the assessment and 
collection of a small State tax for 1862, in those States where 
there had previously been no such tax, and an increase in the 
State tax in others. So much of this direct tax law as imposed 
a tax of twenty millions of dollars was modified by Congress, 
July 1, 3 862, so as to authorize the levy and collection of one 
tax to that amount, and to provide that no other tax should be 
levied under the act, until April 1, 1865. 

To supply the place of this suspended act, the Excise Tax 
Bill was passed. The peculiar features of this law are as fol- 
lows : 

It imposes a tax on all spirits, ale, beer, porter, and other 
fermented liquors, distilled or brewed, after August 1, 1862. It 
requires all persons engaged in certain trades or occupations to 
obtain a license, as distillers, brewers, wholesale dealers, retail 
dealers, bankers, hotels, eating houses, brokers, confectioners, 
tobacconists, livery stable keepers, lawyers, physicians, apothe- 
caries, manufacturers, pedlars, agents, etc. It imposes a tax, 
either specific or ad valorem, upon an immense number of articles 
manufactured by the industry of the mass of the people, and 
which are largely consumed by them. It levies a specific tax 



198 EXCISE TAX BILL. 

on spring carriages, pleasure boats, each head of slaughtered 
cattle, hogs and sheep ; an ad valorem tax on the gross receipts 
of all railroads, passenger and ferry boats, on the interest paid 
on railroad bonds ; on dividends paid by railroad companies, 
banks, trust companies and savings institutions ; on the salaries 
of all officers and persons in the service of the United States ; 
and on the gross receipts for all advertisements in news and 
periodical publications. It also levies an ad valorem tax on so 
much of the incomes, gains and profits of all persons, as exceed 
$600. It requires a stamp duty to be paid on nearly all docu- 
ments relative to the transfer from one to another of anything of 
value, such as contracts, checks, drafts, bills of exchange, bonds, 
certificates of stock, conveyances, leases, telegraph dispatches, 
insurance policies, mortgages, powers of attorney, freight bills, 
etc. It also requires a stamp duty to be paid on every bottle, 
phial, box, pot, or other enclosure containing medicines or pre 
parations of persons claiming to.have any secret formula ; also, 
on every grade, style and variety of perfumery and cosmetic. 
It levies an ad valorem duty on all legacies and distributive 
shares of personal property. The act makes it the duty of all 
persons to furnish a list of all property to the assessor ; and the 
process for collecting the tax, in case of non-payment, is very 
prompt and summary. 



199 



LICENSES AND STAMP DUTIES, 

In Accordance with the Internal Eevenue Laws, as Amended March 3, 1863. 



Advertisements inserted in newspapers, magazines, reviews, or 

any other publication, on gross receipts for, 3 per ct. 

Do., all receipts for, to the amount of $1,000, ... exempt. 

Do. do., by newspapers denied the use of the mails, - - 10 per ct. 

Do., by papers whose circulation does not exceed 2,000, - exempt. 

Agents, insurance (see " Insurance agents,") for license, - $10 00 

Agreements, for each sheet or piece of paper on which writ- 
ten, stamp duty, -- 05 

Agreements for the hire, use, or rent of any land, tenement, 
or portion thereof, if for a period of time not exceeding three 
years, stamp duty, -------- 60 

Do. do., if for a period of time exceeding three years stamp 

duty, - - - ..-.-- 1 00 

Alcohol, made or manufactured of spirits or materials upon 
which the duties imposed by this act shall have been paid, 
is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Ale, per barrel of 31 gallons, fractional parts of a barrel to pay 
proportionately. (See " Malt liquors".) 

Animal oils, per gallon, _.-___- 02 

Anodynes, each package of the retail price or value of which 

does not exceed 25 cents, stamp duty, - 01 

Do., each package of, the retail pi'ice or value of which ex- 
ceeds 25 cents, and does not exceed 50 cents, stamp duty, 02 

Do., each package of, the retail price or value of which ex- 
ceeds fifty cents, and does not exceed 75 cents, stamp duty, 03 

Do. do., exceeding 75 cents, and not exceeding $1, 04 

Do., each package of, the retail price or value of which ex- 
ceeds. $1, for each and every 50 cents, or fractional part 
thereof over and above $1, an additional 6tamp duty of, 02 

Apothecaries, under which term is included every person who 
keeps a shop or building where medicines are compounded 
or prepared according to prescriptions of physicians, and 
sold. Wholesale and retail dealers who have taken out a 
license therefore, shall not be required to take out a license 
as apothecary ; nor shall apothecaries who have taken out a 
license as such be required to take out a license as retail deal- 
ers in liquors, in consequence of selling alcohol, license tax, 10 00 

Applications for boiinties, stamp duty, none. 

Do., for arrears of pay, stamp duty, ----- none. 

Do., for pensions, stamp duty, ------ none. 

Appraisinents of value or damage, on each a stamp duty of, $0 05 

Architects and Civil Engineers, under which term is inculded 
every person whose business it is to plan, design, or super- 



200 LICENSES AND 

intend the construction of buildings or ships, or of roads 
or bridges, or canals, or railroads, provided tbat this act 
shall not include a practical carpenter who labors on a 
building, for license, ---___- $10 00 

Arrears of pay, stamp duty _______ none. 

Assignment of mortgage, stamp duty same as on the original 
instrument. 

Do., of leases, do. do. 

Do., of policies of insurance, do. do. 

Attorney — No license shall be required of an attorney, hav- 
ing taken out a license as such, in consequence of being 
employed to purchase, rent, or sell real estate, or to collect 
rent thereon for others in the ordinary course of business. 
(See " Lawyers.") 

Auctioneers, under which term is included every person whose 
business it is to offer propertv for sale to the highest or best 
bidder, for license, - - " $20 00 

Auction sales of goods, merchandise, articles, and things, in- 
cluding all sales of stocks, bonds, and other securities, on 
gross amount of sales, ------ 1-10 to 1 per ct. 

Awnings, made of cotton, flax, or hemp, or part of either, or 

other material, -_-_--_-3 per ct. 

Do., the sewing of, the material whereof belonged to the em- 
ployer, shall be exempt from duty when the cloth or mate- 
rial from which made was imported or has been subject to • 
and paid a duty. 

Bags, made of cotton, flax, or hemp, or part of either, or other 

material, - - • - - - - - - -3 per ct. 

Do., the sewing of, same as "Awnings." 

Band Iron." (See "Iron.") 

Banks — Every incorporated bank, or other bank legally 
authorized to issue notes as circulation, which shall neglect 
or omit to make dividends or additions to its surplus or 
contingent funds as often as once in six months, shall, in 
lieu thereof, make returns, under oath, to the Commissioner 
of Internal Eevenue, on the 1st day of January and July in 
each year, or within 30 days thereafter, of profits, etc. ^see 
section 14 Amendatory Act), and pay on such profits, - 3 per ct. 

Banks, on all dividends, __-_-__3 per ct. 

Bankers, under which term is included every person who 
keeps a place of business where credits are opened in favor 
of any person, firm, or corporation, by the deposit or col- 
lection of money or currency, and the same, or any part 
thereof, shall be paid or remitted upon the draft, check, or 
order of such creditor, but which does not include incorpo- 
rated banks or other banks legally authorized to issue notes 
as circulation, for license, $100 00 

Bar Iron. (See " Iron."') 

Barks, hereafter built, 2 per ct. 

Barvtt-s. sulphate of, 100 pounds, 10 cento. 

Beer, per barrel of 31 gallons, fractional parts of a barrel to 
pay proportionately. (See " Malt Liquors.") 

Bend* leather, per pound, ----- 1 cent and 5 mills. 

Benzine per gallon, - - - - - - 3 per ct. ad valorem. 






STAMP DUTIES. 201 

Bicarbonate of soda, per pound, ------ 5 mills. 

Billiard tables, kept for use, for each table, - x- - $10 00 

Billiard rooms, for license, for each table, .... 5 00 

Bill of exchange (Inland), draft, or order for the payment of 
any sum of money exceeding 820. otherwise than at sight or 
on demand, and any promissory note, shall have a stamp or 
stamps affixed thereon denoting a duty, upon every sum of 
$200 or any fractional part thereof, if payable on demand 
or at any time not exceeding 33 days, including the grace, 

from the date or sight, 01 

Do., if payable at any time not less than 33 days as aforesaid, 
and not exceeding 63 days, including the grace, from date 

or sight. - 02 

Do., if payable at any time not less than 63 days, as aforesaid, 
and not exceeding 93 days, including the grace, from the 

date or sight, - £3 

Do., if payable at anytime not less than 93 days, as aforesaid, 

and not exceeding 4 months from date, or sight and grace, 04 

Do., if payable at any time not less than 4 months, as afore- 
said, and not exceeding 6 indnths from date or sight and 

grace, -- 06 

Do., if payable at any time exceeding 6 months from date or 

sight and grace, 10 

Bills of exchange (foreign) drawn in, but payable out of the 
United States, if drawn singly or if drawn otherwise than in 
sets of more than one, according to the custom of merchants 
and bankers, same as bill of exchange (inland). 
Do., do., if drawn in sets of three or more, for every bill of 
each set, where the sum made payable shall not exceed 
$150, or the equivalent thereof in any foreign currency, - 03 

Do., do., above 8150 and not above 8250, ... 05 

Do., do., above 8250 and not above 85U0, ... - 10 

Do., do., above $500 and not above 81,000, ... 15 

Do., do., above 81,000 and not above 81,500, - - - 20 

Do., do., above $1,500 and not above 82,500, ... 30 

Do., do., above 82,250 and not above |3,50l), ... 50 

Do., do., above $3,500 and not above $5,000, ... 70 

Do., do., above 85.000 and not above $7,500, ... 1 00 

Do., do., for every $2,500 or part thereof, in excess of $7,500, 30 

Bills of lading for any goods, merchandise or effects to be ex- 
ported from a port or place in the United States to any 
foreign port or place, a stamp duty of 10 

Bills of sale, by which any ship or vessel, or any part thereof, 
shall be conveyed to or vested in any other person or per- 
sons, when the consideration shall not exceed $500, stamp 

duty, 25 

Do., do., do., when the consideration exceeds $500 and does 

not exceed 81,000, stamp duty, 50 

Do., do,, do., for each and every additional amount of $1,000 

or any fractional part thereof in excess of $1,000, - 50 

Bitters, same as ••Medicines." 
Boards are not to be considered as manufactures. 

Bolts, iron, per tun, 200 

Bond or x^otj secured by mortgage, but one stamp shall be 



202 LICENSES AND 

required on such papers, provided, that the stamp duty 
placed thereon is the largest rate required for such instru- 
ments or either of them. 

Bonds of canal companies, 3 per el. 

Bonds, auction sales of, on gross amount of sales, - - 1-10 of 1 per ct 

Bonds indemnifying any person who shall have become 
bound or engaged as surety for the payment of any sum of 
money, or for the due execution or performance of the du- 
ties of any office, and to administer money received by vir- 
tue thereof, a stamp duty of $0 50 

Do., of any description other than such as are required in 
legal proceedings and such as are not otherwise charged, 
a stamp duty of 25 

Bone, manufacturers of, wholly or in part, if not otherwise * 
specified, ad valorem, 3 per ct 

B*oks are not to be regarded as a manufacture, or submitted 
to a rate of duty as a manufacture. 

Bootmakers, making articles to order, as custom work, and 
not for sale generally, shall, to the amount of $1,000 be ex- 
empt from duty, and for any excess beyond the amount of 
$1,000 shall pay a duty of - 1 per ct 

Bottles, containing medicines, etc., the retail price or value of 
which, contents included, does not exceed 25 cents, a stamp 
duty of --------- - $0 01 

Do., containing medicines, etc., the retail price or value of 
which, contents included, exceeds 25 cents, but does not 
exceed 50 cents, a stamp duty of - - - 02 

Do., containing medicines, etc., the retail price or value of 
which, contents included, exceeds fifty cents but does not 
exceed 75 cents, - - - - ■ - - - - 03 

Do., containing medicines, etc., the value of which, contents 

included, shall exceed 75 cents, and shall not exceed $1, - 04 

Do., containing medicines, etc., the value of which, contents 
included, exceed $1, for each and every 50 cents or frac- 
tional part thereof over and above §1, an additional stamp 
duty of - 02 

Bounties, application for, stamp duty, - none. 

Do., or indemnity awarded for depredations and injuries by 

certain bands of Sioux Indians, applications for stamp duty, none. 

Bowling-alleys, for each alley, duty for license, - $5 00 

Boxes, containing medicines, etc., same as " Bottles," which 
see. 

Brass, rolled, in rods or sheets, 1 per ct. 

Brass, manufacturers of not otherwise specified, - - - 3 per ct. 

Brewers, under which term is included ever person who manu- 
factures fermented liquors of any name or description for 
sale from malt, wholly or in part, for license, - $50 00 

Do., who manufactures less than 500 barrels per year, for 

license, 25 00 

Bricks are not to be considered a manufacture. 

Bristles, manufactures of, not otherwise specified, - 3 per ct. 

Brokers, auction sales by, of goods, wares, merchandise, arti- 
cles, or things, on gross amount of sale, - 1-10 of 1 per ct. 

Brokers, under which term is included every person whose 



STAMP DUTIES. 203 

luisiness it is to purchase or sell stocks, coin, money, bank 
notes, drafts, promissory notes, or other securities for the 
payment of money, for themselves or others, or who deal 
in exchanges relating to money, for license, - $50 00 

Brokers, commercial, under which term is included every 
person who purchases or sells goods or produce, or seeks 
orders therefor, in original or unbroken packages, or man- 
ages business matters for the owners of vessels, or the 
shippers or consignors of freight carried by vessels, or pur- 
chases or sells real estate for others, for license, - - 50 00 

.rokers, land warrants (see land warrant brokers), - - 25 00 

Brokers, insurance (see "Insurance agents''), for license, - 10 00 

Bullion. (See " Coin.'') 
Bullion, in the manufacture of silverware, is not to be consid 

ered a manufacture. 
Burning fluid is not to be considered a manufacture. 
Builders and contractors, under which term is included every 
person whose business it is to construct buildings, or ships, 
or bridges, or canals, or railroads by contract : Provided, 
That no license shall be required from any persons whose 
building contracts do not exceed 82.500 in any one year, 
for license, - 25 00 

Butchers, under which term is included every person who 
shall sell butchers' meat at retail: Provided, That no 
butcher having taken out a license and paid $10 therefor, 
6hall be required to take out a license as retail dealer on 
account of selling other articles at the same store, stall, or 
premises : Provided, Further, that butchers who retail 
butchers' meat exclusively from a cart or wagon, by them- 
selves or agents, shall be required to pay $5 only for each 
license, any existing law to the contrary notwithstanding, 
and having taken out a license therefor, shall not be re- 
quired to take out a licence as peddler for retailing butchers' 
meat as aforesaid : Provided. Further, that those whose an- 
nual sales do not exceed 81,000 shall be exempt, for license, 10 00 

Calf skins, tanned, each, 06 

Do., American patent, ........ fi per ct. 

Calves, slaughtered, per head, ------ $0 05 

Canal boats, hereafter built, - - - . - - - 2 per ct. 

Canal companies, interest on bonds or dividends of, - 3 per ct. 

Candles, tallow, 3 per ct. 

Do., lard, ----------3 per ct. 

Do., of whatever material made, 3 per ct. 

Candy, sugar. (See "Sugar Candy.") 

Calais, playing, per pack of whatever number, when the price 

does not exceed 18 cents, ...... $0 01 

Do., do., over 18 and not over 25 cents per pack, . 02 

Do., over 25 and not over 30 cents per pack, ... 03 

Do., over 30 and not over 36 cents, 04 

Do., over 36 cents, 05 

Carpets, the sewing of, same as " Awnings." 

Carriages, etc., valued at 875 or over, drawn by one horse, in- 
cluding the harness, 1 00 

Do., drawn by two horses, valued at $75 and not exceeding $200, 2 00 



204 



LICENSES AND 



Do., exceeding in value $200 and not exceeding $600, - - $5 00 

Do,, exceeding $600, - 10 00 

Cars, railroad. (See "Railroad Cars.") 

Cartmen and wagoners, when the vehicle is drawn by more 
than one horse or mule ; every person whose business it is 
to keep a cart, truck, dray, wagon, or other vehicle drawn 
by horses or mules, for the transportation of goods, wares, 
merchandise, or any articles of packages, for hire, or for 
the delivery of goods, wares, merchandize, articles or pack- 
ages sold, shall be considered a cartman and wagoner under 
this act — no license required. 

Cassia, ground, and all imitations of, per pound, - 01 

Castile soap. (See " Soap.") 

Cattle, horned, slaughtered, for sale, each, - 20 

Do., do., slaughtered by any person for his own consumption, 

not exceeding six, -------- free. 

Cattle brokers, including every person whose business it is to 

buy and sell and deal in cattle, hogs or sheep, for license, $10 00 

Cavendish tobacco, per pound, ------ 15 

Cement, made wholly or in part of glue, to be sold in a liquid 

state, per gallon, -------- 25 

Certificates of stock in any incorporated company, stamp duty 

on each, - - - - - -•- - -• 25 

Certificate of profits, »or any certificate or memorandums 
showing an interest in the property or accumulations of any 
incorporated company, if for not less than $10 and not ex- 
ceeding $50, stamp duty, .._--_ 10 

Do., do., for a sum exceeding $50, 25 

Certificate — Any certificate of damage, and all other certifi- 
cates or documents issued by any Port Warden, Marine 
Surveyor, or other person acting as such, stamp duty, - 25 

Certificate of deposit of any sum of money in any bank or 
trust company, or with any banker or person acting as 
such, if for a sum not exceeding $100, a stamp duty, - 02 

Do., if for a sum exceeding $100, stamp duty, - - - 05 

Certificates of measurement, stamp duty, - none. 

Certificates of profit, stamp duty, - none. 

Certificates of weight, stamp duty, none. 

Certificate of any other description than those specified in 

Schedule B, a stamp duty of $0 05 

Charcoal is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Charter Party — Contract of agreement for the charter of any 
ship, or vessel, or steamer, or any letter, or memorandum, 
or other writing between the captain, master, or owner, or 
person acting as agent of any ship, or vessel, or steamer, 
and any other person or persons, for or relating to the 
freight or charter of such ship, or vessel, or steamer, if the 
registered tunnage of such ship, or vessel, or steamer, does 
not exceed 150 tuns, stamp duty, 1 00 

Do., do., exceeding 150 tuns and not exceeding 300 tuns, - 3 00 

Do., do., exceeding 300 tuns and not exceeding 600 tuns, 

stamp duty, -- - - - - - - - 5 00 

Do., do., exceeding 600 tuns, stamp duty, - 10 00 

Charts are not to be considered a manufacture. 



STAMP DUTIES. 



205 



Cheeks drawn upon any bank, trust, company, or any person 
or persons, companies or corporations, for the payment of 
money, exeeeeing *20, at sight or on demand, - 
Cheese IB not to be considered a manufacture. 
Chemical preparations same as " Medicines." 
Chocolate, prepared, per pound, ------ 

Circuses, m.der which term is included evei*y building, tent, 
space, or acre, where feats of horsemanship or acrobatic 

sports are exhibited, for license, 

Civil Engineers (see "Architect''), for license, - 
Claim Agents, under which term is included every pei'son 
whose business it is to prosecute claims in any of the Exe- 
cutive Departments of the Federal Government, for each 
yearly license, --____._ 

Clearance, same as "Manifest." 

Clocks, 

Clock movements, sold without being cased, - 

Clocks — Any duties which may have been paid on clock 
movements used for clocks or time-pieces, upon which du- 
ties shall be assessed or paid, shall be deducted from the 
three per cent, tax on clocks and time pieces. 
Cloth, before it has been dyed, printed, bleached, or prepared 

in any other manner, - ----.- 

Cloths — On all cloths of silk, cotton, or other material dyed, 
printed, bleached, manufactured or prepared, which were 
removed from the place of manufacture- -prior to the 1st of 
September, 1862, or which have been or shall be imported, 
the duty or tax of three per cent, shall be assessed only 
upon the increased value thereof ; and, where the dyeing 
bleaching, printing, or finishing, shall be done separately 
from the weaving, knitting, or felting, the increased value 
shall be, and hereby is, declared for dyeing, bleaching, 
printing, or finishing. 
Coachmen — Hackney. (See " Hackney Coachmen.") 
Coal, all mineral, except pea coal or dust coal, per tun, 
Coal — All duties or taxes on coal mined and delivered by coal 
operators at the mines, on contracts made prior to July 1, 
1862, shall be paid by the purchaser thereof. 
Coal gas. (See " Gas.") 

Coal oil, produced by the distillation of coal exclusively, re- 
fined, per gallon, 

Coal illuminating oil, refined, produced by the distillation of 
coal, asphaltum, shale, peat, petroleum, or rock oil, and all 
other bituminous substances used for like purposes, per 
gallon, ... ------ 

Coal oil distillers, under which term is included any person 

who shall refine, produce, or distill crude petroleum or rock 

oil, or crude coal oil, or crude oil made of asphaltum, shale, 

peat, or other bituminous substances, for each license, 

Coal tar, produced in the manufacture of gas, - 

Cocoa, prepared, per pound, ------ 

Coffee, ground, per pound, - - 

Coffee — All preparations of which coffee forms a part, or 
which is prepared for sale as a substitute for coffee, per lb., 



$0 02 
01 



50 00 
10 00 



10 00 



3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 



3 per ct. 



3£ cents. 



$0 08 



10 



50 00 
exempt. 

$0 01 
3 mills. 

8 mills. 



206 LICENSES AND 

Coin — All contracts for the purchase or sale of gold or silver 
coin or bullion, and all contracts for the loan of money or 
currency, secured by pledge or deposit, or other disposi- 
tion of gold or silver coin of the United States, if to be per- 
formed after a period exceeding three days, shall be in ■ 
writing or printed, and signed by the parties, their agents 
or attorneys, and shall have one or more adhesive stamps, 
as provided in the Tax law, equal in amount to one-half 
of one per centum, and interest at the rate of six per cent. 
per annum on the amount so loaned, pledged, or deposited ; 
and if any such loan, pledge, or deposit, made for a period 
not exceeding three days, shall be renewed, or in any way 
extended for any time whatever, said loan, pledge, or de- 
posit, shall be subject to the duty imposed on loans exceed- 
ceeding three days ; and no loan of currency or money on 
the security of gold or silver coin of the United States as 
aforesaid, or of any certificate or other evidence of deposit 
payable in gold or silver coin, shall be made exceeding in 
amount the par value of the coin pledged or deposited as 
security, and any such loan so made, or attempted to be 
made, shall be utterly void. If gold or silver coin be 
loaned at its par value, it shall be subject only to the duty 
imposed on other loans. Nothing herein contained shall 
apply to any transaction by or with the Government of the 
United States. 
Coin — All contracts, loans, or sales of bullion or gold and sil- 
ver coin not made in accordance with this Act, shall be 
wholly and absolutely void ; and in addition to the penal- 
ties provided in the Act, any party to said contract may, 
at any time within one year from the date of the contract, 
bring suit before any court of competent jurisdiction to re- 
cover back, for his own use and benefit, the money paid on 
any contract not made in accordance with this Act. 
Commercial Brokers. (See " Brokers.") 
Concentrated milk is not to be considered a manufacture 
Confectioners, under which term is included every person 
who sells at retail confectionery sweet-meats, comfits, or 
other confects, in any building (confectioners who have 
taken out a license as wholesale or retail dealers are not re- 
quired to take a separate license), for each license, - - $10 00 
Confectionery, made wholly or in part of sugar, same as 

" Sugar Candy." 
Consumption entry at any custom-house, not exceeding $100 

in value, stamp duty, ___--.. 25 

Do., do., exceeding $100 and not exceeding $500, - - 50 

Do., do., exceeding $500 in value, 1 00 

Contracts, for each sheet or piece of paper on which written, 

stamp duty, - 05 

Do., for the hire, use, or rent of any land, tenement or portion 
thereof, under a period of time not exceeding three years, 

stamp duty, 50 

Do., do., for a period of time exceeding three years, - 1 00 

Contracts, brokers' note, or memorandum of sale of any 
goods or merchandise, stocks, bonds, exchange, notes of 



STAMP DUTIES. 207 

land, reft] estate, or property of any kind or description, 
issued by brokers, or persons acting as such, stamp duty, - $0 10 

r infractors (see "Builders"), for license, - - - - 25 00 

U -nveyanee — None to pay more khan -Si, 000. 

Conveyance, deed, instrument, or writing, whereby any lands, 

-tients, or other realty, sold, shall be granted, leased, 

rned, transferred, or otherwise conveyed to or vested in 

the purchaser or purchasers, or to any person or persons, 

by his, her, or their direction, when the value exceeds §100 

and does not exceed §500. stamp duty, - 50 

Do., do., exceeding $500 and not exceeding $1,000, - 1 00 

Do., do., exceeding 81,000 and not exceeding §2,500, - - 2 00 

Do., exceeding 82.500 and not exceeding §5,000, - 5 00 

Do., exceeding §5.000 and not exceeding §10,000, - - 10 00 

Do., exceeding §10,000 and not exceeding §20,000, - 20 00 

Do., for every additional §10,000, or fractional part in excess 

of §20.000, - - - ' 20 00 

Copper, in rods or sheets, 1 per ct. 

Copper, manufacture of, not otherwise provided for, ad valo- 
rem, 3 per ct. 

Cordials, medicinal, same as "Medicines." 

Cosmetics, same as "Medicines." 

Cotton, raw, per pound, £ cent. 

Cotton, raw or manufactured, the growth or produce of coun- 
tries beyond the Cape of Good Hope, when imported from 
this side of the Cape shall pay no greater duty than is im- 
posed on the same article when imported directly from the 
place beyond the Cape. 

Cotton, manufactures of, wholly or in part, not otherwise pro- 
vided for, 3 per ct. 

Cotton umbrellas, 3 per ct. 

Coupons, railroad, 3 per ct. 

Deeds, whereby any lands, tenements, or other things sold, 
shall be granted, leased, assigned, transferred, or otherwise 
conveyed to or vested in the purchaser or purchasers, or to 
any person or persons by his, her. or their direction, stamp 
duty same as " Conveyance." 

Deeds and other instruments in writing, having the fact of 
their acknowledgment, or any certificate showing that the 
acknowledgment has been made before the proper officer or 
in due form, thereon certified, shall not, in consequence of 
such certificate, be subject to an additional stamp duty. 

Deeds, none to pay a stamp duty of more than - - - §1000 00 

Deerskins, dressed and smoked, per pound, - - - - 02 

Dentifrice, each package of, the retail price or value of which 

does not exceed 25 cen.ts, stamp duty, - 01 

Do., do., exceeding 25 cents, but not exceeding 50 cents, 

stamp duty, 02 

Do., do., exceeding 50 cents, but not exceeding 75 cents, - 02 

Do., do., each package of, the value of which shall exceed 75 

cents, and shall not exceed §1, 04 

Do., do., exceeding §1, for each and every 50 cents, or frac- 
tional part thereof, over and above §1, an additional stamp 
duty of - 02 



208 LICENSES AND 

Dentists, for license, $10 00 

Deposit notes to Mutual Insurance Companies, stamp duty, none. 

Deposits of banks doing a brokerage business, - - \ of 1 per ct. 

Dispatch, telegraphic, when the charge of the first ten words 

does not exceed 20 cents, stamp duty, - §0 01 

Do, when it exceeds 20 cents, ------ 03 

Diamonds, ----------3 per ct. 

Distilled spirits, first proof, per gallon, - §0 20 

Distilled Spirits — The duty on spirituous liquors and all other 
spirituous beverages enumerated in the Tax bill, is to be 
collected at no lower rate than the basis of first proof, and 
shall be increased in proportion for any greater strength 
than the strength of proof. 

Distilled Spirits — The term first proof is declared to mean 
that proof of a liquor which corresponds to fifty degrees of 
Tralles's centessimal hydrometer, at the temperature of sixty 
degrees of Fahrenheit thermometer ; and in reducing the 
temperature to the standard of sixty, and in levying duties 
on liquors above and below proof, the table of commercial ' 
values contained in the Manual for Inspectors of Spirits, 
prepared by Prof MeColloch, under the superintendence of 
Prof. Bache, and adopted by the Treasury Department, is 
to be used and taken as giving the proportions of absolute 
alcohol in the liquid guage and proved, according to which 
duties shall be levied. 

Distillers, under which term is included every person or co- 
partnership who distills or manufactures spirituous liquors 
for sale, for license, 50 00 

Do., making less than 300 bbls. per year, - 25 00 

Do., of apples and peaches, making less than 150 bbls. per 

year, 12 50 

Dividends — Annual income from, when exceeding §600, and 

not exceeding 810,000, on the excess over 8600, - 3 per ct. 

Do., exceeding 810,000, and not exceeding $50,000 on excess 

over $600, 5 per ct. 

Dividends, annual income from, when realized by any citizen 
of the United States residing abroad, and not in the employ 
of the United States, not otherwise provided for, when ex- 
ceeding $6u0, on the excess over $600, 5 per ct. 

Dividends of canal companies, - 3 per ct, 

Documents made in foreign countries, same stamp duties as if 
made in the United States. 

Draft, drawn upon any bank, trust company, or any person 
or persons, companies, or corporations, for the payment of 

. money at sight or on demand, same as "Bill of Exchange." 

Draining-tiles are not to be considered a manufacture. 

Dressmakers, making articles to order, as custom work, and 
not for sale generally, shall to the amount of $1,000 be ex- 
empt from duty, and for any excess beyond the amount of 
81. D00, shall pay a duty of ------ 1 per ct. 

Drops, medicinal, same as "Medicines." 

Eating-houses, under which term is included every place where 
food or refreshments of every kind are provided for casual 
visitors and sold for consumption therein ; but the keeper 



STAMP DUTIES. 209 

of an eating-house, having taken out a license therefor, is 

not required to take out a license as confectioner, for license, $10 00 

Emeralds, 3 per ct. 

Enameled leather, per square foot, 5 mills. 

Enameled skirting leather, per square foot, 1£ cents. 

Engines, marine. ---------3 per ct. 

Engineers, civil, for license, see "Architects." 

Entry of any goods, wares, or mei'chandise, at any custom- 
. house, for warehousing, see " "Warehouse Entry." 

Entry for the withdrawal of any goods, wares, or merchandize 

from bonded warehouse, stamp duty, - - - - $0 50 

Elusive soap. (See "Soap."') 

Express companies, on gross receipts, instead of stamp duty, 2 per ct. 

Felloes, • - - - free. 

Ferry boats, propelled by steam or horse poAver, on gross re- 
ceipts, 1J per ct. 

Fine cut tobacco. (See "Tobacco.") 

Fire insurance companies, on all dividends, 3 per ct. 

Fish, preserved, ad valorem, ------ 5 per ct. 

Fish oil, -_.. exempt. 

Flax, manufactures of, not otherwise specified, 3 per ct. 

Do., prepared for textile or felting purposes, is not to be con- 
sidered a manufacture until actually woven or felted into a 
fabric for consumption. 

Flour, made from grain, is not to be considered a manufac- 
ture. 

Fruits, preserved, ...-_--_5 per ct 

Gains, annual, of every person, when exceeding $600, and do 

not exceed -Slo.000, on the excess of gain over $600, - 3 per ct 

Do., exceeding 610,000, and not exceeding 350,000, on excess 

over 86 00, . .5 per ct 

Gains, on annual, from property of any kind in the United 
States, realized by any citizen of the United States residing 
abroad, and not iu employ of the United States, not other- 
wise provided for, ........ 5 per ct 

Gains — Rent of residence is to be deducted from the income 
taxed. 

Gas. coal, when the product shall be not above 500,000 cubic 

feet per month, per 1,000 cubic feet, .... 5 per ct. 

Do., when the product shall be above 500,000, and not ex- 
ceeding 5,0o0,000 cubic feet per month, per 1,000 cubic 
feet, 10 per ct. 

Do., do., when the product shall be above 5,000,000, per 1,000 

cubic feet. $0 15 

Gas, all illuminating same as coal gas. 

Gelatine, of all descriptions in solid state, per pound, . . 5 mills. 

Ginger, ground, and all imitations of, per pound, '. . . §0 01 

Glass ; manu tact ures of, not otherwise specified, . . . 3 per ct 

Glue, in a liquid iorm. per gallon, §0 25 

Do., in a solid state, per pound, 5 mills. 

Goat skins, curried, manufactured, or finished, . 4 per ct. 

Gold, manufactures of, not otherwise provided for, . . 3 per ct. 

Gold Leaf, per pack containing not more than twenty books 

of twenty-five leaves, $0 15 



210 LICENSES AND 

Goods, made for the use or consumption of the maker, . . free 

Do., except spirituous and malt liquors, and leaf, and stem, or 
manufactured tobacco, where the annual product does not 
exceed $600, provided that this shall not apply to any busi- 
ness or transaction where one party furnishes the materials, 
or any part thereof, and employs another party to manufac- 
ture, make, or finish the goods, wares, or merchandize, or 
articles paying or promising to pay therefor, and receiving 
the goods, wares, and merchandize, or articles ; but, in such 
cases the party furnishing the materials and receiving the 
goods, wares, and merchandize, or articles, shall be liable to 
and charged with all accruing duties thereon, - free,. 

Grindstones, - free. 

Gunpowder, and all explosive substances used for mining, 
artillery, or sporting purposes, when valued at 18 cents per 
pound or less, per. pound, . 5 mills 

Do., do., when valued above 18 cents per pound, and not ex- 

' ceeding 30 cents, per pound, $0 01 

Do., do., when valued above 30 cents per pound, - 06 

Gutta percha, manufactures of, not otherwise provided for, - 3 per ct. 

Gypsum is not to be considered, a manufacture. 

Hackney coachman, under which term is included every per- 
son whose business it is to keep a hack, coach, omnibus or 
other carriage drawn by horses for the transportation or 
passengers for hire, — No license required. 

Hair dye, same as medicines. 

Harness leather, per pound, 7 mills. 

Harness leather, made of hides imported east of the Cape of 

Good Hope, per pound, -------5 mills. 

Headings are not to be considered a manufacture. 

Hemp, manufactures of, when not otherwise specified, - 3 per ct. 

Hog skins, tanned or dressed, --__.- 4 per ct. 

Hogs, exceeding 100 pounds in weight, without reference to 

age, slaughtered, each, for sale, $0 06 

Do., slaughtered, weighing less than 100 pounds, without re- 
ference to age, free. 

Do'., slaughtered by any person for his own consumption, to a 

number not exceeding six, -._.__ free. 

Hollow ware, iron, per tun of 2,000 pounds, - $150 

Hoop iron (see iron). 

Hoop skirts, material for the manufacture of, exclusively, - free. 

Horn, manufactures of, not otherwise provided for, - 3 per ct. 

Horned cattle, slaughtered for sale, each, - $0 20 

Horse skins, tanned and dressed, _____ 4 per ct. 

Horse shoes, per tun, - -„- - - - - - $2 00 

Horse dealers, under which term is included every person 
whose business is to buy and sell horses and mules, for each 
license, - 10 00 

Do., when they have taken out a license as livery-stable keep- 
ers, are not required to take out an additional one. 

Hostetter's Bitters, same as " Dentifrice." 

Hose, conducting, -3 per ct. 

Hotels — under which term is included every place where food 
and lodgings are provided for and furnished to travelers 



STAMP DUTIES. 211 

and sojourners, in view of payment therefor, where the rent 
or the valuation of the yearly rental of the house and pro- 
perty occupied shall be 810,000 or more for each yearly 
license, $200 00 

Do., do., where the rent or the valuation of the yearly rental 

shall be 8-5.000 and less than $10,000, for each.yearly license 100 00 

Do., do., where the rent or the valuation of the yearly rental 

shall be 82.500 and less than 5,000, for each yearly "license, 75 00 

Do., do., where the rent or the valuation of the yearly rental 
shall be -$1.00j and not less than 82,500, for each yearly 
license, 50 00 

Do., do., where the rent or the valuation of the yearly rental 

shall be §500 and less than 81,000 for each yearly license, 25 00 

Do., do., where the rent or the valuation of the yearly rental 

shall be 8300 and less than 8500, for each yearly license, - 15 00 

Do., do., where the rent or the valuation of the 'yearly rental 

shall be 8100 and less than 8300, for each yearly license, - 10 00 

Do., do., where the rent or the valuation of the yearly rental 

shall be less than 8100 for each yearly license, - 5 00 

Steamers and vessels upon waters of the United States, on 
board of which passengers or travelers are provided with 
food or lodging, shall be required to take out a license of 
the fifth class, viz., at 25 00 

Illuminating coal oil, proved to have been manufactured be- 
fore Sept, 1, 1862. free 

Income, annual, of every person, when exceeding $600 and 

not exceeding 810,000, on the excess over 8600, - - 3 per ct 

Do., exceeding 810,000 and not exceeding 850,000, on excess 

over 8600, - __-5 per ct. 

Do., annual, from property of any kind in the United States, 
realized by any citizen of the United States residing abroad, 
and not in the employ of the United States Government, 
not otherwise provided for, - 5 per ct. 

Income — Rent of residence is to be deducted from the income 
taxed. 

Indemnity — Papers relating to indemnity awarded for depre- 
dations and injuries by certain bands of Sioux Indians. 

India-rubber, manufactures of, not othei'wise specified, - - 3 per ct. 

Inns, same as ''Hotels.'' 

Instruments of attorney, made in foreign countries, same 
stamp duty as if made in the United States. 

Insurance Companies, Mutual, deposit notes to, stamp duty, none. 

Insurance policies of any. kind, on which there is a premium 

not exceeding 810, stamp duty,. $0 10 

Insurance Companies, all, on dividends, 3 per ct. 

Insurance Companies, inland or marine, upon gross receipts 

for premiums and assessments, 1 ^er ct. 

Insurance (life) — Policy of Insurance, or other instrument by 
whatever name the same shall be called, whereby any in- 
surance shall be made or renewed, marine or inland, upon 
property of any description, whether against perils by sea 
or by fire, or other peril of any kind, made by any insur- 
ance company or its agents or by any other company or 
person, ..--«-.--. $0 25 



212 LICENSES AND 

Insurance agents, under which term is included every person 
who shall act as agent of any fire marine, life, mutual and 
other insurance company or companies ; Provided, that no 
license shall be required of any insurance agent or broker, 
whose receipts, as such agent, are less than the sum of $600 
iu any one year, for licens.- - - $10 00 

Insurance, tickets or contracts of. when limited to fatal or non- 
fatal injury to persons while traveling, are not required to 
pay a stamp duty. 
Insurance, persons insuring against injury to travelers, on 

gross receipts. ... . . - . . -1 per ct. 

Insurance policies, assignment of, see " Assignment." 
Insurance policy, or renewal, see " Policy of Insurance." 
Interest, income from, when exceeding the sum of 8600 per 
annum, and not exceeding 810,000, on the excess of income 

over $600, 3 per ct. 

Do., exceeding -810.000, and not exceeding 850,C0O on the ex- 
cess over t ...__. - 5 per ct. 
Do., income from, -when realized by any citizen of the United 
States residing abroad, and not in the employ of the United 
States Government, not otherwise provided for. - 5 per ct. 
Interest on bonds and dividends of canal companies, - 3 per ct. 
Iron, manufacturers of. if not otherwise specified, - 3 per ct. 
Do., cast, used for bridges, buildings or other permanent struc- 
tures, per tun, .._...__ §1 00 
Do., casting, exceeding ten pounds in weight, not otherwise 

provided for in the Tax law (see " Railroad cars"), per tun, 1 50 

Do., railroad, per tun. 150 

Do., re-rolled, per tun. - - - -.- - - 75 

Do., advanced beyond slabs, blooms, or hoops, and not ad- 
vanced beyond bars or rods, per tun. - ... 1 50 
Do., band. hoop, and sheet, not thinner than number 18 wire 

guage. per tun. -' 150 

Do., pJate, not less than one,-eighth of an inch in thickness, 

per tun. ......... 150 

Do., band, hoop, or sheet, thinner than number 18 wire guage, 

per tun. - - 2 00 

Do., plate, less than one-eighth of an inch in thickness, per tun 2 00 

Do., nails, cut. and spikes, per tun. - .... 2 00 

Do., bars, rods, bands, hoops, sheets, plates, nails, and spikes. 
upon which the duty of $1 50 has been levied and paid, are 
only subject to an additional duty of, per tun, - 50 

Do., marine engines, - . - - - 3 per ct. 

Do., rivets, exceeding one-fourth an inch in diameter, per tun. $2 00 

Do., nuts, per tun, 2 00 

Do., railroad chairs, per tun, 2 00 

Do., bolts, per tun 2 00 

Do., horse shoes, per tun. ... ... 2 03 

Iron nuts, rivets, railroad chairs, bolts, and horse-shoes, where 
the duty upon the iron from which said aricles shall have 
been made has been actually paid, only an additional duty 

of. per tun, 50 

Iron, pig is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Ivory, manufacture of, if not otherwise specified, . . 3 per ct 



STAMP DUTIES. 213 

Jacks nnd Stallions for license, see stallions, . . . $10 00 

Jewelry, 3 per ct. 

Jute, manufacturer, if not otherwise so specified, . . . 3 per ct. 

Jugglers, including every person who performs by sleight of 

hand, for each license, $20 00 

The proprietors or agents of all other public exhibitions or 
shows for money, not enumerated in this section, shall pay 
for each license, 10 00 

Kid skins, curried, manufactured, or unfinished, . . . 5 per ct. 

Lager beer, per barrel, containing 31 gallons (fractional parts 
of a barrel to pay proportionately), see " Malt liquors." 

Lambs, slaughtered for sale, each, 03 

Lambs, exemption same as with " Sheep." 

Land warrant, brokers, under which term is included every 
person who makes a business of buying and selling land 
warrants and furnishing them to settlers or other persons, 
under contracts that the lands procured by means of them 
shall be bound for the prices agreed on for the warrants, 
for each license, - 25 00 

Lard oil, per gallon, _.. 02 

Lawyers, under which term is included every person whose 
business it is, for fee or reward, to prosecute or defend any 
cause in any court of record or other judicial tribunal of 
the United States, or of any of the States, or give advice in 
relation to any cause or matter pending therein (lawyers 
refusing to pay for this license shall not be allowed to prac- 
tice in anv such court or tribunal), for each license (see 
"Attorney"), - 10 00 

Lead, manufacturers of, if not otherwise specified, - - 3 per ct. 

Lead, white, per hundred, - $0 25 

Leaf, gold, per package, containing not more than 20 books of 

25 leaves each, 15 

Lease, for the hire, use, or rent of any land, tenement, or por- 
tion thereof, if for a period of time not exceeding three 
years, stamp duty, -- _..._ 50 

Do., do., for a period of time exceeding three years, stamp 
duty, - - - - - - - - 1 00 

Leases, assignment of, see "Assignment." 

Leather, bend, per pound, - - - - - - - . 1 J cts. 

Do., butt, per pound, - l| cts. 

Do., damaged, per pound, 5 nulls. 

Do., enameled, per square foot, 5 cts. 

Do., enameled skirting, per square foot, - 1£ cts. 

Do., harness, per pound, 7 mills. 

Do., harness, made from hides imported east of the Cape of 

Good Hope, per pound, 5 mills. 

Do., offal, per pound, --------5 mills. 

Do., oil dressed, per pound, ...... 2 cts. 

Do., patent, per square foot, 5 mills. 

Do., patent Japanned splits, used for dasher leather, square 

foot, 4 mills. 

Do., patent enameled 'skirting, per square foot, 1£ cts. 

Do., rough, made from hides imported east of the Cape of 

Good Hope, per pound, 6 mills. 



214 



LICENSES AND 



Bo., rough, all other hemlock tanned, per pound, 

Do., sole, tanned in whole or in part with oak, per pound, 

Do., tanned calf skins, each, _._._- 

Do., upper finished or curried, made from leather tanned in 
the interest of the parties currying such leather, not pre- 
viously taxed in the rough, per pound, .... 

Do., manufactories of, when not otherwise specified, 

Legacies — Any person or persons having charge or trust, as 
administrators, executors or trustees, of any legacies or dis- 
• tributive shares arising from personal property, of any kind 
whatsoever, where the whole amount of such personal pro- 
perty, as aforesaid, shall exceed the sum of $1,000 in actual 

• value, passing from any person who may die after the pass* 
age of this act, possessed of such property, either by will or 
by the intestate laws of any State or Territory, or any part 
of such property or interest therein, transferred by deed, 
grant, bargain, sale, or gift, made or intended to take effect 
in possession or enjoyment, after death of the grantor or 
bargainer, to any person or persons, or to. any body or 
bodies, politic or corporate, in trust or otherwise, are subject 
to the following taxes : Where the person or persons enti- 
tled to any beneficial interest in such property shall be 
the lineal issue or lineal ancestor, brother or sister, to the 
person who died possessed of such property, for each and 
every $100 of the clear value of such interest in such 
property, 

Do., do., when the person or persons entitled to any beneficial 
interest in such property shall be a descendant of a brother 
or sister of the person who died possessed of such property, 
for each and every $100 of the clear value of such interest, 

Do., do., when the person or persons entitled to any beneficial 
interest in such property shall be a brother or sister of the 
father or mother, or a descendant of a brother or sister of 
the father or mother of the person who died possessed of 
such property, for each and every $100 of the clear value 
of such interest, - - - - 

Do., do., where the person or persons entitled to any beneficial 
interest in such property shall be a brother of the grand- 
father or grandmother, or a descendant of the brother or 
sister of the grandfather or grandmother of the person who 
died possessed of such property, for each and every $100 of 
the clear value of such interest, 

Do., do., where the person or persons entitled to any beneficial 
interest in such property shall be in any other degree of 
collateral consanguinity than is stated above, or shall be a 
stranger in blood to the person who died possessed, as 
aforesaid, or shall be a body politic or corporate, for each 
and every $100 of the clear value of such interest, 

Do., passing by will or by the laws of any State or Territory 
to husband or wife of the person who died possessed of the 
property, - -- 

Legal documents, writ, or other original process commenced 
in any court of law or equity, stamp duty, - 

Letters of credit. (See "Bills of Exchange, foreign.") 



7 mills. 

$0 01 

06 



01 

3 per ct. 



$0 75 



1 50 



3 00 



4 00 



5 00 



free. 
$G 5P 



STAMP DUTIES. 



215 



Letters of administration — Where the estate and effects for or 
in respect of which such letters of administration applied 
for shall be sworn or declared not to exceed the value of 

$2,500 stamp duty, $0 50 

Do., do., to exce< d |2,500 and not exceeding $5,000, - 1 00 

Do., do., to exceed 8-5.000 and not exceeding $20,000, - 3 00 

Do., do., to exceed 820,000 and not exceeding $50,000, - 5 00 

Do., do., to exceed $50 000 and not exceeding $100,000, - 10 0C 

Do., do., exceeding $100,000 and not exceeding $150,000, - 20 00 

Do., do., for every additional $50,000 or part thereof, - - 10 00 

Licenses must be taken out each year by the following named 
persons, for which they are to pay the sum placed op- 
posite their names, viz. : 



Eating houses, - - - $10 00 
Horse dealers, - - - 10 00 
Hotels, see " Hotels," f m $5 to 200 
Jacks, - - - - $10 00 
Jugglers, - - - - 20 00 
Lawyers, - - - - 10 00 
Livery stable keepers, - 10 00 
Lottery ticket dealers, 1,000 00 
Manufacturers, - - - 10 00 
Peddlers, see " Peddlers," 

from $5 to 20 00 



Agents, insurance, - - $10 00 
Apothecaries, - - - 10 00 
Architects, - - - 10 00 

Auctioneers, - - - 20 00 
Bankers, - - - - 100 00 
Billiard tables, each, - - 5 00 
Brewers, see "Brewers," 25 & 50 00 
Brokers, - - - - 50 00 
Brokers, insurance, - . - 10 00 
Bowling alleys, each alley, 5 00 
Builders, - - - - 25 00 
Butchers, see "Butchers," 10 00 
Cartmen, two horse, - - 3 00 
Cattle brokers, - - - 10 00 
Circuses, - - - - 50 00 
Civil engineers, - - - 10 00 
Claim agents, - - - 10 00 
Coachmen, hackney, - 3 00 

Coal oil distillers, - - 50 00 
Commercial brokers, - - 50 00 
Confectioners, - - - 10 00 
Contractors, - - - 25 00 
Dentists, - - - - 10 00 
Distillers, see "Distiller." 
"Wholesale dealers, whose sales do 

each license, 

Do., exceeding $50,000 and not exceeding $100,000, for each 

license, .......... 

Do., exceeding $100,000 and not exceeding $250,000, for each 

license, 

Do., exceeding $250,000 and not exceeding $500,000, for each 

license, . . . 

Do., exceeding $500,000 and not exceeding one million dollars, 

for each license, 

Do., do., exceeding one million dollars and not exceeding two 

million dollars, for each license, 

Do., exceeding two million dollars, for each one million in ex- 
cess of two million dollars, for each license, 
"Wholesale dealers in liquors, same as " Wholesale Dealers." 
Life insurance companies, see " Insurance." 
Lime is not to be regarded as a manufacture. 



Photographers, 
Pawnbrokers, 
Physicians, 
Retail dealers, . 
Retail dealers in liquors, 
Rectifiers, see " Rectifiers," 
Surgeons, . 
Tobacconists, 
Theatres, . 
Tallow chandlers, 
Soap makers, 
Stallions, owners of . 
Wagoners, 
not exceed $50,000, for 



$10 00 
50 00 
10 00 
10 00 
20 00 

10 06 
10 00 
100 00 
10 00 
10 00 
10 00 
3 00 

$25 00 

50 00 

100 00 

200 00 

300 00 

500 00 

250 00 



216 LICENSES AND 

Liniments, same as " Dentifrice."' 

Linseed oil. per gallon, ..-.-.- $0 02 

Liquors, malt, until April 1, 1864, duty, per barrel, containing 

not more than 31 gallons, 60 

Liquors, malt, proved to have been manufactured before Sept. 

1, 1862, free. 

Livery stable keepers, under which term is included every 
person whose occupation is to keep horses for hire or to let, 
for license, $10 00 

Lotions, same as "Medicines. ' # 

Lotterv tickets, on each offered for sale without a stamp, 

penalty, 50 00 

Lottery tickets, when they, or any fraction of them, shall not 

exceed the retail price of 81, - 50 

Do., do., exceeding $1. tor every dollar or fraction, - 50 

Lottery ticket dealers, under which term is included every 
person, association, firm, or corporation, who shall make, 
sell, or offer to sell lottery tickets or fractional parts thereof, 
or any token, certificate, or device representing or intending 
to represent a lottery ticket, or any fractional part thereof, 
or any policy of numbers in any lottery, or shall manage 
any lottery or prepare schemes of lotteries, or superintend 
the drawing of any lottery, for license, ... - 1000 00 

Lozenges, medicinal, same as " Medicines." 

Lumber is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Magazines are not to be regarded as a manufacture of paper 
or submitted to a rate of duty as a manufacture. 

Do., for all advertisements, on gross receipts, ... 3 per ct. 

Malt is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Malt liquors, until April 1, 1861, duty, per barrel, containing 

not more than 31 gallons, ._._-. 60 

Do., do., proved to have been manufactured before Sept. 1, 

1862,' free. 

Manifest; of the cargo of any ship, vessel or steamer, for a 
foreign port, if the registered tunnage of 6uch ship, vessel 
or steamer does not exceed 300 tuns, stamp duty, - - $1 00 

Do., do., exceeding 300 tuns and not exceeding 600 tun3, - 3 00 

Do., do., exceeding 600 tuns, 6 00 

Manufacturers, under which term is included any person or 
persons, firms, corporations or companies, who shall manu- 
facture by hand or machinery, and for sale any goods, 
wares, or merchandise, or who shall manufacture by hand 
or machinery for any other person or persons, goods, 
wares, or merchandise, exceeding annually the sum of 
81,000, for license, 10 00 

Manufacturers not otherwise specified 



Of bone, 3 per ct. 

Of brass, - - - - 3 per ct. 

Of bristles, 3 per ct. 

Of copper, --- 3 per ct. 

Of cotton, 3 per ct. 

Of flax, ... 3 per ct. 

Of glass, ... 3 per ct. 

Of gold, 3 per ct. 



Of jute, 3 per ct. 

Of lead, 3 per ct. 

Of leather, 3 per ct. 

Of paper, 3 per ct 

Of pottery, 3 per ct. 

Of silk, ... 3 per ct. 

Of silver, ... 3 per ct. 

Of steeL - 3 per ct. 



STAMP DUTIES. 



217 



Of gotta porcha, - 
Of hemp, 

Of horn. 

Of india fjibbor. - 

Of iron. 

Of ivory, 



3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 



Of tin. 

Of willow, - 

Of wood, 

Of wool, 

Of worsted, - 

Of other materials, 



3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 
3 per ct. 

3 per ct. 

$0 25 

none. 

5 per ct. 

$0 01 
02 
03 
04 



Maps are not to be considered a niannfactux'e 

Marine Engines, * - 

Marine Insurance Companies. (See "Insurance.") 

Marine protest. 

Measurement, certificates of stamp duty, - 

Meats, preserved. 

^fcdieines, see when the value of the package containing same 
11 not exceed, at the retail price or value, the sum of 25 cts, 

Do., exceeding 2-3 cents and not exceeding 50 cents, 

Do., exceeding 50 cents and not exceeding 75 cents, 

Do., exceeding 75 cents and not exceeding $1, - ' 

Do., exceeding $1, for each and every 60 cents, or fractional 
part thereof over and above $1, an additional 2 cents. 

Merchandise. (See "£oods.") 

Metal, yellow sheathing, in rods or sheets, ... - 1 per ct. 

Milliners, making articles to order, as custom work, and not 
for sale generally, shall to the amount of £1,000 be exempt 
from duty, and for an}' excess beyond the amount of $1,000 
shall pay a duty of, - - - - 1 per ct. 

Mineral coal, except pea coal, per tun, - 3£ cts. 

Mineral water, per quart bottle, $0 01 

Do., do., for bottles holding more than a quart, ... 02 

Morocco, skins, cured, manufactured or finished, - -• 4 per ct. 

Mortgage — Any, or personal.bond for the payment of money, 
or as security for the payment of any definite or certain 
sum of money, shall have a stamp or stamps affixed thereon 
denoting a duty upon every sum of $200, or any fractional 
part thereof, of - - $0 10 

Mortgage — None shall be required to pay a stamp duty of 
more than $1,000. 

Movements, clock, made to run one day, each, ... 05 

Do., do., made to run over one day, each, .... 10 

Mustard, ground, per pound, 01 

Mustard-seed oil, per gallon, 02 

Mutual Insurance Companies. (See " Insurance.") 

Nails, cut, per tun, -- 2 00 

Naphtha, per gallon, 3 per ct. ad valorem. 

Newspapers are not to be regarded as a manufacture, or sub- 
mitted to a rate of duty as a manufacture. 

Newspapers, for all advertisements, on gross receipts (See 

"Advertisements "), 3 per ct. 

Notorial act. (See " Protest.") 

Note. (See " Promissory Note.") 

Nuts, iron, per tun, $2 00 

Do., do., where the duty has been paid on the material of 

which made, only an addition of, per tun, ... 50 

Oils, animal all, pure or adulterated, if not otherwise provi- 
ded for, per gallon, 02 

10 



218 LICENSES AND 

Do., illuminating, refined, produced by the distillation of coal, 
asphaltum, shale, peat, petroleum or rock oil, and all other 
bituminous substances used for like purposes, per gallon, $0 10 

Do., do,, d(fc, proved to have been manufactured before Sept.* 

1, 1862, free. 

Do., lard, pure or unadulterated, if not otherwise provided 

for, per gallon, $0 02 

Do., linseed do., per gallon, 02 

Do., mustard seed do., per gallon, 02 

Do., all vegetable, per gallon . 02 

Oils, medicinal, same as " Medicines," .... 02 

Oils, refined, produced by distillation of coal exclusively, per 

gallon, 0^8 

Oleic acid, produced in the manufacture of candles, and used 

in the manufacture of soap, ....*. free. 

Order for the payment of any sum of money drawn upon any 
Bank, Tru^t Company, or any person or persons, compa- 
nies or corporations, at sight or on demand, stamp duty 
same as "Bill of Exchange." 
Oxide of zinc, per 100 pounds, ....... $0 2b 

Packet, containing medicines, etc., same as bottles containing 

the same. (See "Bottles.'') 
Paints, dry or ground in oil or in paste, with water, not other- 
wise provided for, 5 per ct. 

Paints shall not be subject to any additional duty in conse- 
quence of being mixed or ground in oil, when the duties 
upon all the materials so mixed and ground shall have been 
previously actually paid. 
Painters' •olors, same as "Paints." 

Pamphlets are not to be regarded as manufacture or submit- 
ted to a rate of duty as manufacture. 
Do., on gross receipts" for advertisements, .... 3 per et. 

Paper of all descriptions, 3 per ct. 

Paraffine oil, ......... exempt. 

Parasols of any material, 3 per ct. 

Passport, on each issued from the office of the Secretary of State, $3 00 

Do., on each issued by Ministers or Consuls of the United States, 3 1)0 

Passage ticket, by any vessel from a port in the United States 

to a foreign port of $30 or less, 50 

Do., exceeding $30, . . • 1 00 

Pasteboard, made of junk, straw, or other material, . . 3 per ct. 
Patent leather (see "Leather"), per square foot, . . 5 mills. 

Pawnbrokers, under which term is included every person 
whose business or occupation is to take or receive by way 
of pledge, pawn or exchange, any goods, wares or merchan- 
dise, or any kind of personal property whatever, for the 
payment or security of money lent thereon, for license, . $50 00 
Pearl barley is not to be considered a manufacture. 
Pectoral balsam, same as " Dentifrice." 

Peddlers, under which term is included every person who 
sells, or offers to sell, at retail, goods, wares or other com- 
modities, traveling from place to place, in the street, or 
through different parts of the country, when more than two 
horses, for each license, 20 00 



STAMP DUTIES. 



219 



Do., do., when traveling with two horses, for each license, - 
Do., when traveling with one horse, for eaeh license, 

lo., when traveling on foot, for eaeh lie* 

Do., who sell newspapers, Bibles, or religious tracts, 

Do., who sell, or offer to sell, dry goods, foreign or domestic, 
by one or more original packages or pieces at one time to 
the Bame person, for each license, 

Do., who peddle jewelry, for each license, - 

Pensions, applications for stamp duty, .... 

Popper, ground, and all imitations of, per pound, 

Perfumery, same as " Medicines." 

Petroleftii, refined, per gallon, - 

Phial, containing medicines, etc., same as " Bottles,'' which see. 

Photographers, under which term is included every person 
who makes for sale photographs, amhrotypes, or pictures 
on glass, metal or paper, by the action of light, for each 
license, when the receipts do not exceed $500, 

Do., do., when the receipts are over 8500 and under $1,000, 
for license, --------- 

Do., do., when the receipts are over $1,000, for license, 

Physicians, under which term is included every person (ex- 
cept apothecaries) whose business it is to, for fee or reward, 
prescribe medicine or perform any surgical operation for 
the cure of any bodily disease or ailing, dentists included, 
for each license, -------- 

Pickles, - 

Pig iron is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Pills, same as " Dentifrice.'' 

Pimento, ground, and all imitation of, per pound, 

Pins, solid head or other, ------- 

Do., solid head or other, in boxes, packages, bundles or other 
form, 

Plaster is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Plaster same as " Dentifrice." 

Plate of gold, kept for use, per ounce troy, - 

Plate of silver, do., per ounce troy, 

Plate, silver, as above, to the extent of 40 ounces, 

Plate, belonging to religious societies, - - . - 

Plate iron, see " Iron." 

Playing cards, see " Cards." 

Plug tobacco, see " Tobacco." 

Policy of insurance (life), see "Insurance." 

Do. (marine or inland), see " Insuranoe." 

Do. (fire), see " Insurance." 

Do., of any kind on which there is a premium not exceeding 
$10, stamp duty, 

Porter, per barrel of 31 gallons, fractional parts in proportion, 
see "Malt Liquors." 

Pot, containing medicine, etc., same as "Bottles." 

Pottery ware, if not otherwise specified, - 

Power of attorney for the sale or transfer of any scrip, or cer- 
tificate of profits, or memorandum, showing an interest in 
the profits or accumulation of any corporation or associa- 
tion, for a sum less than $50, 



$15 00 


10 00 


5 00 


exempt. 


$50 00 


25 00 


none. 


$0 01 # 



10 



10 00 

15 00 
25 00 



10 00 

5 per ct. 

I 

$0 01 

5 per ct. 

5 per ct. 



$0 50 
03 
free, 
free. 



$0 10 

per ct. 

SO 10 



220 LICENSES AND 

Power of attorney for the sale or transfer of any stock, bonds, 
or scrip, or for collection of any dividend, or interest there- 
on, stamp duty, -__-____ $0 25 

Power of attorney or proxy for voting at any election for offi- 
cers of any incorporated company or society, except chari- 
table, religious, literary and cemetery societies, stamp duty, 10 

Power of attorney to sell and convey real estate, or to rent or 
lease the same, or to perform any and all other acts not 
specified, stamp duty, .--_.-- 100 

Power of attorney to receive or collect rents, 6tamp duty, - 25 

Power of attorney made in any foreign country, same stamp 
duty as if made in the United States. 

Preparations, medical, same as "Medicines." 

Preparations of which coffee forms a part, or which are pre- 
pared for sale as a substitute for coffee, per pound, - 3 mills. 

Preserved fish, --- 5 per ct. 

Preserved fruit, --------- 5 per ct. 

Preserved meats, _._ 5 per ct. 

Printed books are not regarded as manufacture, or submitted 
to a rate of duty as a manufacture. 

Do., on all advertisements, on gross receipts for, - 3 per ct. 

Printers' ink is not to be considered as a manufacture. 

Probate of will, where the estate and effects fur or in respect 
of which such probate applied for shall be sworn or de- 
clared not to exceed the value of -$2,500, stamp duty, - $0 50 

Do., do., to exceed 82.500 and not exceeding §5.000, - - 81 00 

Do., do., to exceed 85.000 and not exceeding 820,000, - - 2 00 

'Do., do., to exceed 820,000 and not exceeding $50,000, - 5 00 

Do., do., to exceed 830.000 and not exceeding $100,000, - 10 00 

Do., do., exceeding 8100,000 and not exceeding 8150,000, - 20 00 

Do., do., for every additional 850,000, or fractional part thereof, 10 00 

Profits, annual, of every person when exceeding 8600 and not 

exceeding 810,000, on the excess over 8600, 3 per ct. 

Do., exceeding 810,000 and not exceeding 850,000, on the ex- 
cess over 8600, -------- 5 per ct. 

Do., annual, when received by any citizen of the United 
States, resident abroad, and- not in employ of the United 
States, not otherwise provided for, ----- 5 per ct. 

Promissory note — Any memorandum, check, receipt, or other 
written or printed evidence of an amount of money to be 
paid on demand, or at a time designated, shall be consid- 
ered as a " Promissory Note," and re-stamped accordingly. 
See " Bill of Exchange (inland)." 

Property, annual income from, same as "Profits." 

Property, left by legacy, see " Legacies." 

Protest of every note, bill of exchange, acceptance, check, or 

draft, 80 25 

Publications, same as " Printed Books." 

Railroads — On gross receipts from carrying passengers, - 3 per ct. 

Do., the motive power of which is not steam, on gross receipts 

from carrying passengers, 1^ pel ct. 

Railroads — On bonds or other evidences of indebtedness upon 
which interest is stipulated to be paid, on the amount of in- 
terest, ---. 3 per ct. 



STAMP DUTIES. 221 

Railroad cars — Th?re shall be deducted from duties assessed 
upon railroad ears any duties which may have been assessed 
and paid upon ear wheels. 

Railroad chairs, per tun. ------- $2 00 

Do., do., where the duty has been paid on the material of 

which made, only an additional duty of, per tun, - 0/50 

Railroad iron, per tun. 150 

Do., re-rolled, per tun, ....... 075 

Receipt, warehouse, stamp duty, 25 

Receipt (other than charter party) for any goods, merchan- 
dise, or effects to be exported from a port or place in the 
United States to any foreign port or place, stamp duty, - 10 

Do., for any goods, merchandise or effects to be carried from 
one port or place in the United States to any other port or 
place in the United States, either by land or water, except 
when carried by an express company or carrier, Stamp duty repealed. 

Receipts of express companies, gross, - - - - 2 per ct. 

Receipts, gross, of ferry-boat companies, - l£ per ct. 

Rectiricrs, under which term is included every person who 
rectifies, purifies or refines spirituous liquors, or wines, by 
any process, or mixes distilled spirits, whisky, brandy, gin 
or wine with any other materials for sale under the name of 
rum, whisky, brand}', gin, wine, or any other name or 
names, for each license to rectify an} T quantity of spirituous 
liquors not exceeding 500 barrels, containing not more than 
forty gallons to each, __...._- $25 00 

Do., for each additional 500 barrels, or any fraction thereof, 25 00 

Red oil, used as material in the manufacture of soap, - - free. 

Refiners 9 Sugar, see "Sugar Refiners." 

Renewal of insurance, see " Policy of Insurance." 

Rents, annual income from, when exceeding $600, on the ex- 
cess over $600 (see " Incomes"), ----- 3 per ct. 

Rents, annual income from, when realized by a citizen of the 
United States residing in a foreign country and not in the 
employ of the United States, ------ 5 per ct. 

Rent of residences is to be deducted from income before levy- 
ing the tax thereon*. 

Retail dealers, under which term is included every person 
whose business or occupation it is to sell or offer for sale 
any goods, wares, or merchandise of foreign or domestic 
production, not including wines, spirituous or malt liquors, 
but not excluding drugs, medicines, cigars, snuff or tobacco, 
and whose annual sales exceed $1,000 and do not exceed 
$26,000, for license, - - - > - - - - $10 00 

Retail liquor dealers, under which term is included every per- 
son other than a distiller or brewer who shall sell or offer 
for 6ale any distilled spirits, fermented liquors, or wine of 
any description in quantities of three gallons or less, and 
Whose annual sales do not" exceed 825,0U0 ; but nothing 
herein contained shah authorize the sale of any spirits, 
liquors, wines or malt liquors to be drunk on the premises. 
Provided, That no person licensed to keep a hotel, inn, or 
tavern sha¥. be allowed to sell any liquors to be taken off 
thj premise, and no person licensed to keep an eating- 



222 LICENSES AND 

house, shall be allowed to sell spirituous or vinous liquors, 
and no person who has taken out a license to keep a hotel, 
inn, tavern or eating-house shall be required to take out a 
license as a tobacconist because of any tobacco or cigars 
furnished in the usual course of business as a keeper of a 
hotel, inn, tavern or eating-house, $20 00 

Reviews, same as " Pamphlets." 

Rivets, exceeding one-fourth of an inch in diameter, per 

tun, 2 00 

Rivets, exceeding one-fourth of one inch in diameter, iron, 
where the duty has been paid on the material of which 
made, only an additional duty, per tun, - 50 

Rock oil, refined, see "Oils." 

Roman Cement is not to be regarded as a manufacture. 

Sail boats, hereafter built, -2 per ct. 

Sails made of cotton, flax or hemp, or parts of either, or other 

material, . - _ 3 per ct. 

Sails, see " Awnings." 

Salaries, annual income from, when exceeding $600, on the 

excess over $600, --3 per ct. 

Do., all, of persons in employ of the United States, when ex- 
ceeding the rate of $600 per year, on the excess above $600, 3 per ct. 

Saleratus, per pound, --------5 mills. 

Sales, auction, of goods ; etc., on gross amount of sales, 1-10 of 1 per ct. 

Do., of stocks, etc., - 1-10 of 1 per ct. 

Sales made by public officers, etc., - exempt. 

Salt, per hundred pounds, - -$0 04 

Savings institution, on all dividends, ----- 3 per ct. 

Schooners, hereafter built, -------2 per ct. 

Screws, called wood screws, per pound, 1^ cts. 

Scrip, paper, for the sale or transfer of, stamp duty, - - $0 10 

Segars valued at not over $5 per 1,000, per 1,000, - 1 50 

Do., valued at over $5 per 1,000 and not over $10 per 1,000, 2 00 

Do., valued at over $10 and not over $20 per 1,000, per 1,000, 2 50 

Do., valued at over $20 per 1,000, 3 50 

Shades, same as "Awnings." 

Sheathing metal, yellow, . . . . , . .1 per ct. 

Shell Fish, in cans or air-tight packages, .... 5 per ct. 

Sheep, slaughtered for sale, per head, .... $0 03 

Sheep, slaughtered by any person for his own consumption, 
to a number not exceeding .six, ..... free. 

Sheep-skins, tanned, curried, and finished, .... 4 per ct. 

Sheet iron, see " Iron." 

Shingles are not to be considered a manufacture. 

Ships, hereafter built, . 2 per ct. 

Shoemakers, see "Bootmakers." 

Silk parasols, 3 per ct. 

Silk umbrellas, ......... 3 per ct. 

Silk, manufactures of, not otherwise specified, . . . 3 per ct. 

Silver bullion, rolled or prepared for plater's use exclusively, free. 

Silver, manufactures of, when not otherwise specified, . 3 per ct. 

Skins, calf, tanned, each, $0 06 

Do., American patent, 5 per ct. 

Do., goat, curried, manufactured or finished, ... 4 per ct. 



STAMP DUTIES. 



223 



Do., kid, do„ 4 per ct. 

J)o., morocco, do., 4 per ct. 

])o., sheep, tanned, curried, or finished, .... 4 per ct. 

l»o., deer, dressed and smoked, per pound, .... $0 02 

Do., hog, tanned and dressed, ...... 4 per ct. 

Do., horse, do 4 per ct. 

Skirts, hoop, materials for the manufacture of, exclusively, . free. 

Slates are not to be considered a manufacture. 
Slaughtered cattle, see " Cattle." 
Do., hogs, see "Hog^." 
Do., sheep, see " Sheep." 

Sloops, hereafter bnilt, 2 per ct. 

Smoking tobacco, see " Tobacco." 

Banff, manufactured of tobacco, or stems, or of any substitute 

for tobacco, ground, dry or damp, of all descriptions, per 

pound, - - - - $0 20 

Soap, castile, valued not above 3} cents per pound, per pound, 1 mill. 

Do., castile. valued above 3,} cents per pound, per pound, 5 mills. 

Do., cream per pound, ------- $0 02 

Do., erasive. valued a,t not above S\ cts. per pound, per pound, 1 mill. 

Do., erasive. valued above 3£ cents per pound, per pound, 5 mills. 

Do., fancy, per pound, ------- $0 02 

Do., honey, per pound, - 02 

Do., palm-oil, valued not above 3$ cts. per pound, per pound, 1 mill. 

Do., palm-oil, valued above S\ cents per pound, per pound, 5 mills. 
Do., scented, per pound, ------- $0 02 

Do., shaving, per pound, -• 02 

Do., toilet, of all descriptions, per pound, - 02 

Do., transparent, per pound, 02 

Do., of all other descriptions, white or colored, except soft 

•eoap. and soap otherwise provided for, valued not above 3£ 

cents per pound, per pound, 1 mill. 

Do., do., valued above '6\ cents per pound, per pound, - 5 mills. 

Soapmakers, under which is included every person whose 

business is to make or manufacture soap, for each license, $10 00 

Soda, bi-carbonate of, per pound, 5 mills. 

Sole-leather see " Leather." 

Spikes, per tun. $2 00 

Spindles, exclusively for articles on which duties are paid, and 

articles manufactured from material already taxed, where 

the increased value does not exceed 5 per cent., - - free. 

Spirits, distilled, per gallon, - - " - - - - §0 20 

Spirits, medicinal, same as " Dentifrice." 
Split peas are not to be considered a manufacture. 
Sugar candy, made wholly*or in part of sugar valued at 14 

cents per pound or less, per pound, ... - 02 

Do., valued at exceeding 14 cents, and not exceeding 40 cents 

per pound, per pound, ------- 03 

Do., valued at exceeding 40 cents per pound, or when sold 

otherwise than by the pound, ------ 5 per ct. 

Sugar-coated pills, same as " Dentifrice." 

Sulphate of barytes, per 100 pounds, ----- $0 10 

Surgeons, for each license, -----.-- 10 00 

Tailors, same as "Milliners." 



224 LICENSES AND 

Tallow chandlers, tinder which term is included every person • 
whose business it is to make or manufacture candles, for 
each license, - - $10 00 

Tar. coaL produced in the manufacture of gas, ... exempt. 

Taverns, same as " Ho: 

Telegraphic dispatches, see M Dispatch/' 
same as "Awnings." 

Theatres, under which term is included every place or edifice 
erected for the purpose of dramatic or operatic represen- 
tations, plays or performances, and not including halls 
rented or used occasionally, for concerts or theatrical repre- 
sentations, for each license, -.._.- $100 00 

Ticket, passage, by any -vessel from any port in the United 

States to a foreign port, if less that 30 dollars, - 50 

Do., exceeding 30~dollars, 1 00 

Timber is not to be considered a manufacture. 

Timepieces, see •' Ck : - 3 per ct. 

Tin. manufactures of. when not otherwise specified, - 3 per ct. 

Tobacconists, under which term is included every person who 
shall offer for sale, at retail, seears. snuff, or tobacco in any 
form (wholesale and retail dealers, keepers of hotels, inns 
and taverns, or eating-houses, having taken out a license, 
are not required to take out a license as tobacconists), for 
each license, --_. §10 00 

Tobacco, cavendish, per pound, ..... 15 

Do., fine cut, per pound, ..-._.. 15 

Do., ground, dry or damp of all descriptions (except aromatic 
or medicinal snuff in phials, pots, boxes or packets), per 
pound, # - 03 

Do., manufactured of all kinds, not including snuff, seg'ars. or 
smoking tobacco, prepared with all the stems, or made ex- 
clusively of stems, per pound, ..... 15 

Do., smoking tobacco, prepared with all the stems in, or 

made exclusively of stems, per pound. - 05 

Do., plug, same as "Tobacco, Cavendish." 

Do., twist, same as " Tobacco. Cavendish. 7 ' 

Trust companies, on divider.". ---"__ 3 per ct. 

TTmbrellas, made of cotton, ------ 3 per ct. 

Do., made of any other material, 3 per ct. 

Spokes. __-__-._--_ free. 

Stallions and Jacks, owners of, under which term is included 
every person who keeps a male horse or a jackass for the 
use of mares, requiring or receiving pay therefor, shall be 
required to take out a license under this act, which shall 
contain a brief description of the animal, it^age, and place 
or places where used or to be used : Provided. That all ac- 
counts, notes, or demand for the use of any such horse or 
jack, without a license, as aforesaid, shall he invalid, and of 
no force in any court of law or equity, for license, - - 610 00 

Starch, made. of corn, per pound, - - - - lh mills. 

Do., made of potatoes, per pound, .... - 1 mill. 

Do., made of rice, per pound, ------ 4 mills. 

Do., made, of wheat, per pound. 1| mills, 

Do., made of any other material, per pound, 4 mill* 



STAMP DUTIES. 225 

"Steamboats, except ferry boats, on gross receipts, - - 3 per ct. 

iboats hereafter built, not including the engines, - -2 per ct. 

Steel, manufactures of, when not otherwise specified, - 3 per ct. 

Steel, in ingots, bars, sheets or wire, not Jess than one- quarter 
of an ineL in thickness, valued at 7 cents per pound or less, 
per tun, - $4 00 

Do., do, valued above 7 cents and not above 11 cents per 

pound, per tun, - -. 8 00 

Do . d.\, valued above 11 cents per pound, per tun, - - 10 00 

Stills used in distilling spirituous liquors, for each yearly license 50 00 

Do., do., used in distilling spirituous liquors, for each half 

yearly license. 25 00 

Do., used by distillers of apples and peaches may be licensed 
for the space of three months, upon paying for each license, 
for such time, _.__ 12 50 

Stock insurance companies, see "Insurance." 

Stoves, per tun of 2,1)00 pounds, 1 50 

Sugar refiners, under which term is included every person 
whose business it is to advance the quality and value of 
sugar by melting and recrystalization, or by liquoring, clay- 
ing, or any other washing process, or by any other chemi- 
cal or mechanical means, or who shall advance the qtiality 
or value of molasses and concentrated molasses, melado or + 
concentrated melado, by boiling or other process, on the 
gross amount of the sales of all the products of their manu- 
factures, 1J per ct. 

Sugar, brown, muscovado or clarified, produced directly from 
the sugar cane, and not from sorghum and imphee cane, 
per pound, $0 01 

Umbrella stretchers are not to be considered a manufacture. 

Varnish, made wholly or in part of gum copal, or of other 

gums or substances, .-___-- g per ct. 

Do., made of other gums or substances, .... 5 per ct. 

Vegetable oils, per gallon, -_-'_.. $0 02 

Vessels, hereafter built, 2 per ct. 

Warehouse entry, at custom-houses, not exceeding $100 in 

value, stamp duty, $0 25 

Do., exceeding §100 and not exceeding 8500, - 50 

Do., do., exceeding $500 in value, ----- 1 00 

Warehouse receipts, stamp duty, 25 

Whale oil, exempt. 

Whisky, per gallon, $0 20 

Do., rectified, is not to pay an additional duty. 

Wholesale dealers, under which term is included every person 
whose business or occupation it is to sell or offer to sell any 
goods, wares or merchandize of foreign or domestic produc- 
tion, not including distilled spirits, fermented liquors or 
wines, but not excluding drugs, medicines, ^egars, snuff, or 
tobacco, whose annual sales exceed $25,000 and do not 
exceeding §50,000, for each license, - - - - 25 00 

Do., do., do., if exceeding 850,000 and not exceeding $100,000, 

for each license, .... ... 50 00 

Do., do., do., if exceeding $100,000 and not exceeding $250,000, 
for each licenBe, 100 00 



226 



LI 



HfN 



SES AND STAMP DUTIES. 



Do., do., do., exceeding $250,000 and not exceeding $500,000, 

for each license, - .... $200 00 

Do., do., do., exceeding $500,000 and not exceeding $1,000,000, 

for each license, 300 00 

Do., do., do., exceeding $1,000,000 and not exceeding $2,000,- 

000, for each license, 500 00 

Do., do., do., exceeding $2,000,000, for every $1,000,000 in 

excess of $2,000,000, in addition to the 3500, - - - 250 00 

Wholesale dealers — The license required by any wholesale 
dealer, shall not be for a less amount than his sales for the 
previous year, unless he has made or proposes to make 
some change in his business that will obviously reduce the 
amount of his annual sales, nor shall any licensed or whole- 
sale dealer allow any such person to act as commercial bro- 
ker : Provided, That any license understated may be again 
assessed. 

Wholesale dealers in liquors, under which term is included 
every person other than the distiller or brewer, who shall 
sell or offer for sale any distilled spirits, fermented liquors, 
and wines of all kinds, in quantities of more than three gal- 
lons at one time, or whose annual sales exceed shall $25,000, 
shall pay for each license the amount required for license 
to " Wholesale Dealers." 

Willow, manufactures of, -------3 per ct. 

Wine, made of grapes, per gallon, $0 05 

Withdrawal entry at custom-house, stamp duty, - 50 

Wood, manufactures of, if not otherwise provided for, - - 3 per ct. 

Wood screws, - 1J cents. 

Wool, manufactures of, not otherwise specified, ... 3 per ct. 

Worsted, manufactures of, not otherwise specified, - 3 per ct. 

Worm lozenges, same as " Dentifrice." 

Writ, stamp duty, -^ $0 50 

Yachts, under the value of $600, 5 00 

Do., value above $600 and not above $1,000, ... 10 00 

Do., for each additional $1,000 in value, .... 10 00 

Yellow sheathing metal, -------- 1 per ct. 

Zinc, manufactures of, not otherwise specified, ... 3 per ct. 

Do., oxide of, per 100 pound?, -._..- $0 25 



TABLE OF GOLD AND SILVER COINS, 

WITH THEIR CURRENT VALUE, ACCORDING TO WEIGHT. 



GOLD COINS. 

lets. 

United State* Double Eagle 20 00 

United States liagle (since 1831) .. .10 00 
United States Eagle (before 1834) . .10 50 
United States Half-Eagle (since 

1834) 5 00 

United States Half-Eagle (before 

1S34) 5 25 

United States Quarter-Eagle 2 50 

California Half-Eagle 4 90 to 5 00 

Uuited States Gold Dollar 1 00 

Doubloon, Mexico, Central America, 
New-Granada, Ecuador, Colum- 
bia, Peru, Bolivia, Chili 15 60 

Doubloon. Spun 16 00 

Halt-Doubloon, Bolivia, Peru, &c 7 To 

Half-Doubloon, Spain 8 00 

Quarter-Doubloon, Mexico, Colum- 
bia, Peru, Bolivia, Chili, &c... 3 75 

Quarter-Doubloon, Spain 4 00 

Eighth-Doubloon, Spain 2 00 

Sixteenth-Doubloon, Mexico, Cen- 
tral Americi, New Granada, &c. 90 

Sixteenth-Doubloon, Spain 100 

Half-Joe. Brazil 8 50 

Half-Joe, Portugal ."6 to 8 50 

Eighth-Joe, Portugal 1 75 

Muidore, Brazil and Portugal.4 75 to 6 00 
Tenth-Moidore, Brazil and Portugal 50 

Crown, Portugal 5 75 

Dobraon, Portugal 34 00 

Five Sovereigns, England 24 20 

Double Sovereign • 9 67 

Sovereign 4 80 to 4 83 

Half-Sovereign 2 41 

Guinea 5 00 

Half-Guinea 2 50 

Third of a Guinea 1 60 

One Mohur, East India Company... 6 75 

Double Louis d'or, France 9 00 

Loui- d*or 4 50 

Forty Francs 7 66 

Twenty Fiancs 3 83 

Six Francs 1 12 

Ten Thalers, Germany 7 80 

Five Thalers 3 90 

Frederick d'or, Prussia 3 90 

Don i le Frederick d'or 7 80 

Soveroign 6 50 

Half-lovereign 3 25 

Ten Giblers 3 98 

Five Gilders 1 98 

Carolin 4 75 

Half-Carolin 2 85 

Qua. ter-Cai olin 1 18 

Twelve Marks. ... 1 55 

Ducu 2 20 

Quadruple Ducat, Austria 8 80 

Twenty-five Francs.... > 4 75 

Imperial, Russia 7 78 

Half Imperial, or Five Roublee 3 90 

Hundred Lire, Italian States 19 15 

Eighty Lire 15 32 



Forty Lire $7 Gt 

Twenty Lire ^.. 3 81 

Ten Lite 1 9« 

Sequin 2 20 

Ton Scudo 10 00 

Tweuty Drachms, Greece 3 30 

Turkish Gold Coin 24 

SILVER COINS. 

United States Dollar 1 00 

Half-Dollar 50 

Quarter-Dollar 25 

One Dime 10 

Half-Dime & 

Dollar, Mexico, Central America, 
New-Granada, Columbia, Peru, 
Chili, Argentine Confederation, 

&c. .: i oo 

Base Dollar, New-Granada 65 

Base Dollar, Bolivia 90 

9(50 Reis, Brazil and Portugal 98 

1,200 Reis 1 00 

One Real, South American States, 

6 to 12 

Half-Dollar J30 to 50 

Quarter-Dollar 22 to 24 

Spanish Dollar 1 00 

Half-Dollar 40 to 50 

Quarter-Dollar 23 to 24 

Head Pistareen 18 

Pistareen 18 

Hali-Pistareen 8 

Five Pecetas 90 

One Peceta 16 

Crusado, Portugal 50 

Six Vintems 12 

Testoon 6 

Crown, England 1 00 to 1 12 

Half-Crown .50 to 56 

Shilling ... 23 

Sixpence 12 

Rupee, East India Company 47 

Crown, France 1 00 

Five Francs 93 

Two Francs 34 

One Franc 17 

Crown, Italy 98 to 97 

Scudo 88 to 97 

One Livre 17 

Rix-Dollar 93 

Florin 20 

Crown, Germany 1 00 to 1 02 

Thaler 66 to 1 02 

Florin 40 to 45 

Gilder 36 

Six Stivers fc 6 

Six Kreutzers 2 

Ducatoon, Germany . *. 1 15 

Ducatoon, Belgium 93 

Crown, Switzerland . 1 00 

Rix-Dollar, Denmark, Sweden, Nor- 
way, &c. 75 to 1 10 

Rouble, Russia 7* 

227 



IMPORTANT EVENTS 



IN 

AMERICAN HISTORY, 

EMBRACING A PERIOD OF 250 YEARS, FROM THE FIRST 

SETTLEMENT OF THE COUNTRY TO THE PRESENT 

TIME ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. 

1606. A charter granted to a company in England for the settlement of Vir- 
ginia, and a colony dispatched, who landed at Jamestown, and chose Edwara 
Wingfield ruler. 

1607. Soon after their arrfVal, Captain John Smith and others visited the 
native chief, Powhatan, at his principal residence, near the present site of 
Eichmond — Wingfield was deposed, and Smith appointed in Ids place ; but 
he was soon alter captared by the Indians, and detained among them for 
some time. He was about to be slain by the savages, when Pocahontas, a 
favorite daughter of Powhatan's, rushed between him and the clubs of his 
enemies, and finally saved his life. 

160?. When Smith returned, he found the colonists in a very bad condition ; 
after alleviating it as far as practicable, he explored the Chesapeake B :y 
and its tributary rivers. 

1609. A new charter granted to the London Company enlarging their limits, 
&c, and LOrd De la War appointed Governor for life. 

1610. In consequence of being injured by an explosion «f powder, Capt. Smith 
returned to England, delaeating his authority to George Percy. — Lord De ia 
War arrived just as the colonist were about leaving for England, after having 
greatly suffered from disease and famine — A few Dutch traders settled in 
New Amsterdam, now New York City. 

1611. Under the new governor, order and contentment were again restored ; 
but his health rapidly failing, he returned home, and Percy again administered 
the government until the arrival of Sir Thomas Daly, by whom«hewas super- 
seded. 

1612. The king granted the London Company another new charter, making 
important changes in the power3 of the corporation, but not affecting the 
political rights of the colonists. 

1613. John Rolfe, a young English officer, married Pocahontas, an event which 
had a beneficial influence on" the relations of the colonists and Indians. 

1614-16. Gov. Dale returned to England, after appointing George Yeardley in 
his place. The culture of tobacco was introduced, and soon became, rot 
only the principal article of exDort, but even the currency of the colony. The 
Dutch began a settlement in Albany, N. Y. 

1617. Yeardley was displaced for a short time by Argall, who ruled with such 
tyranny and injustice as led to the reinstatement of the former. 

1619. The first colonial assembly ever convened in America was held at 
Jamestown. 

i620. In August, a Dntch man-of-war landed twenty negroes for sale at James 
to>vn. which was the commencement of negro slavery in the colonies. — Nim <j 

228 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 229 

young women of respectable character were sent from England as wives fot 
the colonists, the prices for whom were lixed at from 120 to 150 pounds of 
tobacco. — Dec. 21, a body of Puritans, dissenters from the Church of England, 
landed at Plymouth, and commenced the settlement of New England. . 

1621. The London Company granted to the Virginia colony a written constitu- 
;ion. — A treaty of friendship was concluded between the Puritans' and the 
principal chief of the Massachusetts tribe (Massasoit) , and similar treaties 
concluded with other chiefs. 

1622. April 1st, 347 'men, women and children of the Virginia colony were 
savagely butchered by treacherous Indians; but Jamestown and the neigh- 
boring settlements were saved by the plot being revealed, the evening before 
its intended consummation, by a friendly Indian, thus putting the inhabitants 
on their guard. 

1623. Miles Standish saves the settlement of Weymouth, Mass., from destruc- 
tion by the Indians, and kills their chief. — First settlement formed at Dorer, 
New Hampshire. 

1624. The London Company was dissolved, and King James assumed the gov 
ernment of the Virginia coluuy. — New Jersey settled by the Dutch. 

1G27. Delaware settled by Swedes and Danes. 

1635. Maryland settled by IrHr Catholics., and Connecticut settled by a branch 
of Puritans from Massachusetts. 

1636. Rhode Island settled by Roger Williams, who was banished for his liberal 
religious sentiments by the Puritans of Massachusetts. 

1637. The magistrates of the three infant towns of Connecticut — Windsor, 
Hartford, and Wethersfield— formally declared war against the Pequod Indians. 

1643. The colonies of Masachusetts, Connecticut, Plymouth, and New Haven, 
form themselves into one confederacy, by the name of " United Colonies of 
New Eugland.*' 

1644. Another' Indian massacre in Virginia, followed by a border warfare, 
which continued about two years. 

1648. An individual accused of witchcraft was executed at Charlestown, and 
for several years after (until 1793) numerous others suffered imprisonment 
and death for the like alleged crime. 

1650. North Carolina settled by the English. 

' 1656. First arrival of Quakers in Massachusetts, who were sent back to Eng 
lend in the ves-els in which they came, and the four united colonies concurred 
in a law prohibiting their introduction ; notwithstanding all which, they con- 
tinued to arnve. 

165R. By advice of commissioners of the four colonies, the legislature of Mas- 
sachuseits denounced the punishment of death upon all Quakers- returning 
from banishment. 

LG^JO. Sir William Berkely elected Governor by the people~/>f Virginia, but he 
afterwards disclaimed the authority to which he owed his elevation, and 
issued writs for an assembly in the name of King Charles II. 

1661. Edward Whalley and William Goffe, two of the judges who had con- 
demned Charles I. to death, arrived at Boston, and were kindly received by 
the people. Messengers were sent to arrest them, but they were concealed 
and ended their days in New England. 

16G3. North Carolina settled by colonists from Virginia, near the village of 

Edenton. 

1664. An English force, sent to take possession of the whole territory from 
the Connecticut River to the shores of the Delaware, captured " New Amster- 
dam '' from the Dutch, and changed its name to " New York." 



230 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



1670. South Carolina settled by the Huguemots. 

1873. The Virginians remonstrated against the unjust taxation on their com- 
mercial business, but obtained no redress. — The Episcopal Church became 
the religion of the State. A war having broke out between England and 
Holland, the Dutch reconquered New York, but it was again surrendered to 
the English the \ear following. 

1675. The war with the Wampanoags and other tribes, commonly called 
" King Philip's War,'' commenced, and was marked by much barbarity. 

1676. King Philip was shot by a faithless Indian of his own tribe, but this did 
not end the war, which was continued till 1678, when a treaty of peace was 
concluded — The people of Virginia, led by Nathaniel Bacon, took up arms in 
defence of their rights. 

1677. Massachusetts purchased'the pro rince of Maine from the heirs of Gorges" 
1680. New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts by a royal commiS' 

sion, and made a royal province ; but the first law adopted by the legislature, 
which soon after met at Portsmouth, declared " That no act, imposition, law, 
or ordinance, should be made or imposed upon them but such as should be 
made by the assembly, and approved by the President and Council." 
1682. Pennsylvania settled by Wm. Penn, who founded Philadelphia the yeai 
following. 

1686. The charter government of Massachusetts was revoked, and the King 
appointed a President over the country from Narragansett to Nova Scotia. 

1687. Governor Andros attempted to reclaim the charter granted to Connecti- 
cut, but it was secretly taken from the assembly chamber at Hartford by Capt 
Wadsworth while the subject was under discussion, and hidden in a hollow 
tree, since celebrated as the Charter Oak, which was an object of curiosity 
until 1856, when it was blown down. 

1689. " King William's War" with France began, and was continued till 1697, 
during which all the English colonies suffered by ravages of the French and 
Indians. 

1690. The people of New Hampshire took the government into their own 
hands, and placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts. — The 
conquest of Canada was undertaken by the people. of New England and New 
York acting in concert. An armament, under Sir William Phipps, made an 
unsuccessful demonstration against Quebec, and then returned to Boston. 
The first emission of bills of credit in the colonies was made by Massachusetts 
to defray the expenses of this expedition. 

1701. " Queen Anne's War," waged against France and Spain, was commenced 
this year, and only terminated in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht. 

1733. Georgia settled by Gen. Oglethorpe, who landed at Savannah with about 
120 emigrants, and began building the town. 

1741. A supposed negro plot occasioned great excitement in the city of New 
York, and between 30 and 4=0 persons were executed before it subsided. — The 
provinces of Massachusetts and New Hampshire were separated. 

1744. " King George's War," which originated in European disputes relative to 
Austria, again gave the French and Indians many opportunities^ harassing 
the colonists. The most important event of the war in America was the 
siege and capture of Louisburg, which was restored to France in 1748 by the 
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

J754. " The French and Indian War," arising from disputed claims to Ameri- 
can territory by the English and French, again plunged the colonies in diffi- 
culties, and materially injured their prosperity, until 1763, when oeace was 
concluded. 

i759. Quebec surrendered to the English forces under Gen. Wolfe, who was 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 231 

killed on the battle field, and all the other French posts in Canada were cap- 
tured soon after. « 

17G4. A resolution imposing certain stamp duties on the colonies was adopted 
by the House of Commons, but it did not become a law till next year. 

A general indiguation spread through the colonies when it was known 
that the " Stamp Act" had passed. At Boston and Philadelphia the bella 
were muffled, and rune: a funeral peal ; and at New York the Act was carried 
through the streets, with a death's-head affixed to it, and styled " The folly 
of England and the ruin of America." The stamps themselves, in many 
places, were seized and destroyed, and the doctrine that England had no right 
to tax America was boldly avowed. — The first Colonial Congress met in 
New York, nine colonies being represented, and agreed on a " Declaration of 
Eights," and other energetic measures 

The Stamp Act was repealed, through the exertions of Mr. Pitt. 

1767. Parliament passed a bill imposing a duty on glass, paper, painters' 
colors, and tea, which oocasion'd as much excitement as the Stamp Act. and 
the colonial assemblies adopted spirited resolutions for resisting its operation. 

176S. A vessel was seized by the custom house officers in Boston for violating 
some of the odious commercial restrictions, but'the people compelled them to 
abardon their prize, and seek refuge in Castle William. 

1770. In March, an affray occurred in Boston between some citizens and the 
soldiery stationed there, which produced a great sensation throughout Ameri- 
ca. — Parliament passed a bill repealing all duties imposed by the act of 1767, 
except that on tea, which they allowed the British East India Company to 
export to America , free from the duties which they had before paid in England < 

1773. The ports of New York and Philadelphia were cHsed against vessels 
having cargoes of tea, and they were compelled to return to England. At 
Boston, a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded several vessels, and 
broke open 342 chests of tea, which they emptied into the harbor in the pres- 
ence of thousands of spectators. 

1774. Parliament passed the Boston Port Bill, which forbade the landing and 
shippingof goods, wares, and merchandise at Boston. The provincial assem- 
bly resolved that " the impolicy, injustice, inhumanity, and cruelty of the 
act exceeded all their powers of expression." 

} 775. An oppressive bill was passed by Parliament, restricting the commerce 
of all the provinces, except New York and North Carolina. The inhabitants 
of Massachusetts were declared rebels, and 10,000 troops were ordered to 
America, to aid in reducing the rebellious colonies. — April 19. The first blood 
in the cause of Independence was shed at Lexington, about ten miles from 
Boston, where a party of militia intercepted a division of English soldiers 
on their way to Concord for the purpose of destroying some military stores 
which the people had collected there. At Concord, a smart skirmish took 
place, and the British made a hasty retreat, after partially accomplishing 
their object. — May 10. The Continental Congress assembled at Philadelphia, 
and, after electing John Hancock president of the body, among other impor- 
tant measures, voted to raise an army of 20.000 men.— June 17. A sanguinary 
battle took place on Breed's Hill, (ejenerally now regarded a3 Bunker Hill,) 
in which the British were severely cut up, but they finally gained possession 
of the hill, the Americans retiring across Charlestown Neck with incon- 
siderable loss. — July 12. Washington, having been appointed commander ia- 
chief, arrived at Cambridge, and entered upon his duties.— Georgia joined the 
confederation ; after which, the style of the " Thirteen United Colonies" was 
adopted. — An unsuccessful attempt was made by the Americans for the con- 
quest of Canada, in which Gen. Montgomery was killed during an assault on 
Quebec (Dec. 31), and a portion of his troops were taken prisoners. 

1776. March 4. Gen. Washington gained possession of Dorchester Heights, and 



- r 2 CKROXQLOGICAX mSHMCr. 

the I T: --_-- <m the 17 ' — " nada evacuated by the 

America*— -.i-.ation of L :s, by the Conti- 

neal . 

r- : - - :•' — -- ' ' - - - ' _ - . :• : : _ _ -- 

xork on the 

delphia, where Congress was in ses- 

'-_"-■— -.urned to Baltimore, and soon after invested 

s recrossed the Delaware on the previous night, surprised and 
saptured a laage body of He -ton, and returned to Pennsylvania, 

ri >■: £ e rs . — 1 > z ■:• . - : :_.:I.-_::u 

1 ". Jam. If nearly surrounded by a force far superior to 

: 
and ate rapidly advanced upon Princeton, where he 

zg, the Marquis de la Fayette 
hawing G ted* oat a vessel at his own ex- 
■ 

. h had returned to Philadelphia, soon 
—-lay 6. Gen. Burgoyne, with apower- 

— June 30. The British army, 

cider General H \iten Island, leaving Washington in 

. -andoned Ticonderoga, 

B :hoy3er on the Hudson, 
havi:. j Lost . - - — . 

hi e in bed, and conducted 
him sal back to the mainland. 

1 it not only cheered the American army, but secured an officer of 
— 
- 
- 
sf .rf ; t place*— £ Brandywine. in which Count 

Pll • unanimously joined the Americans, 

rank of brigadier, 
with the command of the cavalry. Gsx. Lafayette was severely wounded 
wnu : | L 13. Burgoyne crossed the 

Hue book a pod lion on the heights and plains of 

entered Philadel- 

Lao .a eked a large British force at German- 

tc--vE . ~. '. ::_t _ :_ ■: - ' - 

— 

refic ho had recently been appointed 

to the command : n, whereby the Americans acquired 

E I — 

whi amounted to little more than a league of friendship b- 

11. Washington retired into winter-quarters at VaJley Forge. 

binary, Parliament passed two bills, virtually conceding all that 

cen the cause of controversy, and sent commissioners to acja~t existing 

in their objects by private infeigoe and 

■ to the knowledge of Congress, that body declared it 

Lh their honor to hold any intercourse with them. — Ft 

-aowledged n erica, and conch-ded a treaty 

of alliance and commerce.— June 18. The British army evacuated Philade.- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 233 

phia, and retreated to New York, followed cautiously by Washington with 
the main body of bis army. — June 28. Battle of Monmouth, in which tha 
British were signally defeated with great loss, and retreated to Sandy Hook, 
whence they were taken to New York by their fleet. — July 3 Wyoming waa 
attacked by a large body of British, tones, and Indians, who, after the place 
had been surrendered, perpetrated the most inhuman atrocities: men, women, 
and children were shut up in the houses and barracks, and consumed in one 
general conflagration. — Dec. 29. An English army of 2,000 men lauded near 
Savannah, then defended by only (500 troops, and, after a severe battle, took 
possession of the city, the Americans retreating. 

779. May 11. Gen. Provost, with a large British force, having invested 
Charleston, summoned the city to surrender; but the approach of Gen. Lin- 
coln, who bad been appointed to the command of the southern army, com* 
pelled him to retreat. — July 5. Gen. Tryon made another descent on Connec- 
ticut, and plundered and burned the towns of New Haven, East Haven, Fair- 
field, and Norwalk. — July 16. 'Stony Point, which had been previously taken 
by the enemy, was gallantly recaptured by Gen. Wayne, the British losing 
upwards of 600 men in killed, wounded, and prisoners. — Sept. 23. One of the 
most bloody battles on record was fought on the coast of Scotland between 
the American frigate Bon Homme Richard, Captain Paul Jones, and two 
British frigates, the Serapis and the Countess of Scarborough, which resulted 
in a victory for the Richard, which waa so cut up, tha* she soon after sunk. 
Of a crew of 375, 300 were either killed or wounded — Oct. 9. After a month's 
siege, a combined attack of the French and Americans, under Count D'Estaing 
and General Lincoln, was made on Savannah, but it proved unsuccessful, and 
Gen. Lincoln retired into S. Carolina, while Count D'Estaing withdrew his 
fleet from the American coast. Count Pulaski was mortally wounded during 
the battle, and a monument has since been erected to hi3 memory on the spot 
where he fell. 
1780. During the most of this year, military operations were confined to the 
Carolinas. — April 9. Admiral' Arbuthnot, with a powerful fleet, which had 
transported Sir Henry Clinton with the bulk of his forces from New York to 
the South, anchored in Charleston harbor, and summoned the city to surren- 
der. This was rejected, and Gen. Lincoln and his troops made a gallant de- 
fence, until May 12, when, mos,t of the fortifications having been beaten down, 
and the euemy being about to make an assault, a compliance was unavoidable, 
and the royal government was again established in South Carolina.— May 12. 
Charleston surrendered after more than a month's siege. — July 10. A French 
squadron, under Admiral de Ternay. arrived at Newport, having on board 
C.000 men, commanded by Count de Rochanibeau. — August 16. Gen. Gates, 
who was advancing with a considerable force for the relief of the South, 
encountered the British, under Lords Rawdon and Gornwallis, near Camden, 
S. C., and after a desperate engagement, was compelled to draw off, with 
the loss of 1,000 men, and all his artillery, ammunition wagons, and most of 
his baggage. Baron de Kalb, second in command, was mortally wounded, 
dying on the 19th.— Sept. 23. Major Andre, adjutant-general of the British 
army, was arrested near Tarrytown, N.Y., by three militiamen, John Paulding, 
David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. He was returning from a visit to Gen. 
Arnold, then in command of West Point, with whom he had successfully 
negotiated for the surrender of that post. He was soon after tried, convicted, 
and executed as a spy,, while the traitor Arnold unfortunately escaped. Being 
allowed to write to Arnold, that officer of course found that his treason waa 
discovered, and precipitately fled on board the sloop of-war Vulture, then 
lying in the Hudson. 

The traitor Arnold, as one of the rewards of his cripe, was made a 
brigr.dier in the British service, and early in January he made a descent upon 
inia, ravaging the coasts, and plundering and destroying .public and pri- 
vet property to a vast amount. — Jan. 17. The Engli h cavalry, under CoL 



234 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Tarleton, were severely beaten at the Battle of Cowpens by the Americans, 
under Gen. Morgan, and lost 300 in killed and wounded, 500 prisoners, 100 
horses, and a large quantity of baggage. Morgan's loss was 1 >. men killed and 
60 wounded. — Jan. 31. Gen. Greene, who had been appointed to supersede 
Gen. Gates in the South, arrived at Cheraw, and took command of Morgan's 
division.— -March 15. Gen. Greene encountered the army of Lord Cornwallis 
at Guilford Court House ; but neither party gained a decided advantage, 
and Greene withdrew into South Carolina, encamping on Hobkirk's 
Hill, about a mile from Camden, where Lord Rawdon was then posted 
— April 25. Lord Rawdon made an attack on Hobkirk's Hill, but with so 
little success, that he soon after evacuated Camden, and retired beyond 
the Santee River. — Oct. 8. The Americans and British, under Gen. Greene 
and Col. Stewart, met at Eutaw Springs, and a sanguinary conflict, 
of nearly four hours, ensued ; when Greene drew off his troops, and 
Stewart retired to Monk's Corner. — Sept. 6. The traitor Arnold villanously, 
burned New London, and destroyed much private and public property indis- 
criminately. — Sept. 30. The combined American and French army, under 
Washington and Rochambeau. suddenly appeared before Yorktown, where 
Cornwallis had concentrated his forces, and immediately commenced the 
construction of batteries and other works for the effectual siege of that 
place. A French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse, had previously 
entered the Chesapeake, and, by blocking up James and York rivers, 
prevented the enemy's escape by sea.— Oct. 19. Finding retreat impossible, 
and resistance vain, Cornwallis surrendered the post, and thus 7,000 troops 
and the shipping in the harbor were secured to the victors, and the revo- 
lutionary struggle virtually ended.— -Dec. 12. A resolution passed the British 
House of Commons that those who should advise the king to continue the 
war in America, should be declared enemies of the sovereign and of the 
eountry. 

1782. The independence of America was acknowledged'by Holland, Sweden, 
Denmark, Spain, and Russia. — Early in May, Sir Guy Carleton, successor of 
Sir Henry Clinton as commander, of all the forces in America, arrived in New 
York, with instructions to promote an accommodation with the United States, 
and of course there were no subsequent military operations of importance.— 
Nov. 30. Preliminary articles of peace were signed at Paris by Mr. Oswald, 
commisisoner on the part of Great Britain, and by John Adams, Benjamin 
Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens, on the pait of the United States. 

1783. April 19. On the eighth anniversary of the battle of Lexington, a 
cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the American army. — Sept. 3. 
Definitive treaties of peace were signed by the commissioners of England with 
those of the United States, France, Spain, and Holland. — Nov. 25. New York 
was evicnated by the British troops. — Dec. 4. Washington took leave of the 
army, and the soldiers of the Revolution returned peaceably to their homes. 
—Dec. 23. Washington resigned his commission into the hands of Congress, 
then sitting at Annapolis, Md., and retired to private life. 



Events subsequent to Independence, 

1784. Nov.l. Congress convened at Trenton, N. J., but transacted little busi- 
ness of permanent importance. 

1785. June 2. John Adorns, first minister from the United States to Great 
Britain, had his first audience with the king. 

1786. Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. 

J 787. Sept. 17. The Constitution of the United States was adopted at Phil* 
delphia.— - Daniel Shay and his party dispersed by Gen Lincoln. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 235 

Eleven States ratified the Constitution — Election for President of the U 
States. 

March 4. Congress assembled at New York, but did not organize till 
April 6. — April 30. George Washington was sworn into office as the first 
President, and John Adams as tne first Vice-President of the U. States. 

790. In May. Rhode Island acceded to the Constitution, — Sept. 30. Gen. 
Harmer defeated by the Indians near Chilicothe. — The first census completed, 
showing— population, 3,921,326 revenue, $4,771,000 ; exports, $19,000,000 ; 
imports, $20,000,000. 

791. Vermont, having acceded to the Constitution, was admitted into the/ 
Union. — The first U. S, Bank was chartered by Congress, but not without 
powerful opposition. 

792. The Mint w*s established. — Kentucky admitted into the Union. 

793. April 22. President Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in 
regard to the affairs of France, which were beginning to affect American 
politics. — Washington and Adams \%eie re-elected. 

1794. Aug. 20. Gen. Wayne obtained so decisive a victory over the hostile 
Indians, as to produce a salutary effect upon all the tribes north-west of the 
Ohio. 

1795. • Treaties were concluded with Spain and Algiers. 

1796. Sept. 17. Washington signified his intention to retire from public life, 
and published his Fare-veil Address. — Tennessee was admitted into the Union. 

1797. March 4. John Adams was inaugurated as President, and Thomas 
Jefferson, Vice-President. 

1798. Congress again elected Gen. Washington commander-in-chief of the army 

1799. Dec. 14. Gen. Washington died at Mount Vernon, after a very short illness. 
1800? The seat of government was transferred to Washington City. — Sept. 30. 

A treaty was concluded with the French Directory.— President Adams signed 
the alien and sedition laws. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson was elected President, and Aaron Burr Vice-Presi" 
dent. — Congress declared war against Tripoli. — The second census was com- 
pleted, and 3ho^ed— population, 5,319,762 ; revenue, $12,945,000 ; exports. 
$94,000,000. 

1802. New Orleans was ceded by Spain to France, and the Mississippi closed 
against the United States. — Ohio admitted into the Union. 

L803. Louisiana was purchased of the French by the United States for 
$15,000,000. — Com. Preble sailed with a squadron for Tripoli ; the frigate 
Philadelphia got aground in the harbor, and was captured by the barbarians. 

L804. Capt. Eaton was appointed navy agent for the Barbary powers. — Lieut- 
(afterwards Com.) Decatur recaptured and destroyed the frigate Philadelphia, 
under a terrific fire from the enemy's guns. 

1805. Thomas Jefferson was re-elected President, and George Clinton Vice- 
President.— Peace was concluded with Tripoli, and 200 prisoners were given 
up to the United States. 

1806. England began to impress American seamen, on the plea of their having 
been born in that kingdom. — Nov. 21. Berlin decree issued by Bonaparte, 
crippling American commerce. 

1807. Aaron Burr, formerly Vice-President, was tried at Richmond for high 
treason, but was acquitted, owing to the insufficiency of evidence. 

180^. June 22. The American frigate Chesapeake was fired into by the 
British nhip-of-war Le/>pard, for refusing to deliver up four men who werfl 
claimed as English subjects ; three men were killed and eighteen wounded— 
In November, the British government issued the celebrated " Orders in Coun 



236 CHBOXOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

rffc" prohibiting all trade with France and her allies ; and in December, 
Bonaparte issued the retaliatorj " Milan decree,"' forbidding ail trade with 
England and her colonies. — Dec. 22. Congress decreed an embargo, the de- 
sign of which was to retaliate on France and England for unjust commercial 
prohibitions. 

March 1. Congress repealed the embargo act,. but at the same time 
interdicted all commercial intercourse with France or England. 
1810. In November, all decrees of the French were revoked, and 

amearcial intei Jolted States was resumed: butth: 

iindwere not only continued. I war were stationed near the 

i ripal American parts ::r the pnrpaBe of intercepting our merchantmen, 
which were captured, and seat to British ports as legal pri 

1511. May 16. The ""lo-of-war Little Belt, Capt. Bingham, was hailed 

: the coast of Virginia by the U. S. frigate President, Capt. 
Eodgers, but instead of receiving a satisfactory answer, a shot was fired in 
return, when a brief engagement followed, in which eleven of the enemy were 
killed and twenty-one wounded. The President had only one man wounded 

1512. June 17. President Madison issued a proclamation of war agains 
rfond, and exertions were immedately made to enlist 25,000 men, to raise 

] volunteers, and to call out 100,000 militia. 

1514. In August. Washington City surrendered to a British army, who des- 
troyed theCapitol, President's Mansion, and many other valuable buildings, 

— Dec". 24. Treaty of peace with Great Britain concluded at Ghent. 

1515. Jan. 5. Battle of New Orleans, in which the British, under Sir E. 
Packenham were signally repulsed by the Americans, under Gen. Jackson. 

1816. In April, Congress chartered the U. S. Bank, with a capital of $35, 
000,000. — Indiana admitted into the Union. — American Colonization Society 
formed. 
1517. Mar "a 4. James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins were inaugurated as 

President and Vice-President — Mississippi admitted into the Union, 
1515. Sekixole Waf.. in which Gen. Jack-on obtained many important vic- 
: = . and finally '■ conquered peace. "— J oly 4. Ground first broken in New 
: Hudson and I.:e"CanaL — Illinois and Alabama admitted into 
_"nion. 
1819. Feb. 23. Th eded by Spain to the United States for $5,000,000, 

which Bum was to be paid to American citizens as indemnities for spoliations 
. ceir commerce during the Peninsular war. 
Maine and Missouri were admitted into the Union. — The Compromise 
A :: passed, by which slavery was excluded fr-->m ail territory lying north of 
36° 30' N. latitude. 

1521. James Monroe and Daniel D. Tompkins were re-elected President and 
Vice-President. 

1522. Ministers plenipotentiary sent to Mexico, Buenos Ayres, Colombia, and 
G nil;.— Convention of Navigation and Commerce between the United States 
and France. — Piracy was alarmingly prevalent in the West Indies. 

Ausr. 15. Gen. Lafayette arrived in New York from France, and spent 
the year in traveling ttu ng received atwery place with 

f Adams and John C. Calhoun inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President.— - s\ L 7. Gen. Lafayette embarked for France^ 
in the frigate Brandy wine, which had bees i his accon 

modation. 

4. Centennial Anniversary of American Independence.— Eemark- 
abte coincidence in the death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, eacho/ 
whom died that day. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 237 

1S29. March 4. Andrew Jackson aud John C Calhoun inaugurated as Prert 
dent and Vice-President— the latter re elected. 

1832. The Sacs, Foxes, Winnebagoes, and some other Indian tribes, under 
the Chief Black Hawk, made war on the north-western frontier, but were 
soon brought to submission. — A Convention in South Carolina threatened to 
dissolve the Union, but the President issued a proclamation (Dec. 12) which 
allayed all apprehension of trouble. 

1833. March 4. Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Baren were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President — the former re-elected. — The public funds were 
removed from the U. S. Bank, which occasioned much excitement. 

1S35. The Florida War was commenced by Indian hostilities against the settle- 
ments. Dec. 24. Major Dade and upwards of 100 men were unexpectedly 
attacked, and all savagely butchered, except four, who were so horribly man- 
gled that they died soon afterwards. On the same day, while Gen. Thompson 
and eight friends were dining together near Fort King, they were fired upon 
by a party of warriors under Osceola, and five out of the nine were kilied and 
scalped. Gen. T.'s body was pierced by fifteen bullets. 

1836. The Florida war was vigorously prosecuted by Generals Gaines, Clinch, 
Jesup, and Call, and several desperate battles were fought, but without any 
material advantage to the whites. — Arkansas was admitted into the Union. 

1S37. March 4. Great commercial distress prevailed, and nearly all the 
banks in the country suspended specie payments. — An extra session of 
Congress was held in September, but nothing was done, except authorizing 
the government to issue $10,000,000 in Treasury notes. — Oct. 21. The Indian 
chief Osceola was captured, and died the following January.— Michigan was 
admitted into the Union. 

1840. Geaeral Macomb, who took command of the* army in Florida (numbering 
about 9,000), concluded a treaty of peace with several Indian chiefs. — The* 
Independent Treasury Bill became a law. 

1841. March 4. William H. Harrison and John Tyler were inaugurated aS 
President and Vice-President. — April 4. President Harrison died, and was suc- 
ceeded by Mr. Tyler. — May 31. An extra session of Congress convened, but 
they did little, except to pass the Bankrupt Bill. 

1842. A treaty adjusting the N. E. boundary of the U. S., concluded with Great 
Britain. 

1845. March 4. James K. Polk and George M. Dallas were inaugurated as 
President and Vice-President. — Texas was annexed to the United States, and 
this led to a War with Mexico, which resulted in a series of brilliant victories, 
and in the extension of American territory on the Pacific ocean. Florida was 
admitted into the Union. 

1846. Iowa was admitted into the .Union. 

1847. Wisconsin was admitted into the Union. 

1849. March 4. Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore were inaugurated aa 
President and Vice-President. 

1850. July 9. President Taylor died, after a very brief illness, and was suc- 
ceeded by Mr. Fillmore.— Sept. 18. Fugitive Slave Law approved California 

admitted into the Union. 

1853. Franklin Pierce and William R. King, having been elected President 
and Vice-President, the former was duly inaugurated, but the latter, being 
absent in Cuba, whither he had gon^ for the benefit of his health, was not 
sworn into office until some time in April. He did not live long after reaching 
home, and Je3se D. Bright, President of the Senate, assumed his office during 
the remainder of the term. 

1854. Congress passed an Act to Organize the Territories of Nebraska and 
Kansas, and abb to repeal the Missouri Compromise Act 



238 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

1857. James Buchanan and John C. Breckinridge inaugurated as President 
and Vice-President of the United States. — A year of severe embarrass- 
ments and financial distress throughout, the country. Nearly all the 
Banks in the United States suspended specie payments, as in 1S37, and 
many heavy failures occurred. — Minnesota admitted into the Union. 

1858. Specie payments resumed. — Atlantic Telegraph laid. — Crystal Pal- 
ace burned. 

1859. Oregon admitted into the Union. 

1860. May. Visit of the Ambassadors of the Japanese Government to the 
U.S. 

June. Arrival of the steamship Great Eastern at New York. 

Nov. 8. The election of Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin as Presi- 
dent and Vice President of the United States, announced at Washing- 
ton.— 9-11. James Chesnut, Jr., and James H. Hammond, U. S. Senators 
from South Carolina, resigned their seats in the Senate. 

Dec. 3. The Second Session of the 36th Congress opened at Washington. — 10. 
U. S. House of Representatives appointed a Committee of 33 on the State 
of the Union.— Howell Cobb, of Georgia, Secretary U. S. Treasury, re- 
signed his office. John A. Dix, of New York, appointed his successor. — 
14. Lewis Cass, of Michigan, Secretary of State, resigned.— 20. The South 
Carolina " Ordinance of Secession " passed. — 23. Discovery of a large 
embezzlement of the Indian Trust Funds, in charge of Jacob Thompson, 
Secretary of the Department of the Interior. — 24. Resignation of the 
South Carolina Representatives in Congress, — 26. Major Anderson re- 
moved his command from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumpter. — Messrs. 
Barnwell, Orr, and Adams, Commissioners appointed by South Carolina 
to treat with the Federal Government, arrived at Washington. — 27. Cap- 
tain N. L. Coste, U. S. R. service, in command of the cutter William 
Aiken, betrayed his vessel into the hands of the State authorities of South 
Carolina. — 28. The palmetto flag raised over the custom-house and post- 
office in Charleston, S. C, and Castle Pinckney and Fort Moultrie occu- 
pied by the South Carolina Military. — 29. John B- Floyd resigned his 
position as Secretary of War. — 30. South Carolina troops take possession 
of the U. S. Arsenal at Charleston, containing many thousand stand of 
arms and valuable military stores. 

1861. Jan 3. Fort Pulaski, at Savannah, Ga., taken possession of by Georgia 
troops. — South Carolina Commissioners left Washington for Charleston, 
the President declining to receive any official communication from them. — ■ 
4. United States Arsenal at Mobile seized by secessionists. No defence. — ■ 
Fort Morgan, at the entrance of Mobile Bay, taken by Alabama troops. — 
8. Jacob Thompson resigned his place in the Cabinet, as Secretary of the 
Interior. — United States sub-Treasury at Charleston seized. — 9. Missis- 
sippi Ordinance of Secession passed.— Steamship Star of the West, with 
supplies for Fort Sumter, fired into from Morris Island aud Fort Moul- 
trie, and driven from Charleston harbor. — 11. Louisiana State troops, 
under Captain Bradford, took possession of the U. S. marine hospital, 
two miles below New Orleans. — Florida Convention adopted an Ordinance 
of Secession by a vote of 62 to 7. — Alabama Convention adopted an Ordi- 
nance of Secession by a vote of 61 to 39. — 12. Fort Barrancas aud the 
Navy Yard at Pensacola, Fla., seized by rebel troops. — 15. Col. Hayne, 
Commissioner from South Carolina to Washington, demanded the with- 
drawal of the garrison of Fort Sumter. — U. S. coast survey schooner 
Dana seized by Florida State authorities. — 19. Convention "of Georgia 
adopted a secession ordinance by a vote of 208 to 89. — 21. Jefferson Davis, 
of Mississippi, withdrew from U. S. Senate. — 24. U. S. arsenal at Augusta, 
Ga., surrendered to the State authorities. — 26. Louisiana State Conven- 
tion passed an Ordinance of Secession by a vote of 113 to 17.— 29. U. S. 
revenue cutter Robert McClelland, Captain Breshwood, surrendered to 
State of Louisiana. — Secretary Dix's dispatch to Hemphill Jones at New 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 239 

Orleans, " If any one attempts to haul down the American flap:, shoot him 
on the spot." — 31. South Carolina authorities otter to buy Fort Sumter. — 
I. S. branch mint and custom-house at New Orleans seized by State au- 
thorities. 

Feb. 1. Texas Convention at Galveston passed an Ordinance of Secession, 
to be voted on by the people on the 23d of February, and to take effect 
March 9. — U. S. revenue cntter Lewis Cass, Captain Morrison, surren- 
dered to the State of Louisiana.— 8. Congress at Montgomery adopted a 
Constitution for a provisional government, Jeti'erson Davis, President ; 
Alex. H. Stephens, Vice President. — U. S. arsenal at Little Rock, Ark., 
with 9,000 stand of arms and 40 cannon, *xc, surrendered to State authori- 
ties. — 13. The election of Lincoln and Hamlin, as President and Vice 
President of the United States, formally declared in the Senate by John 
C. Breckinridge, Vice President. — 18. Jefferson Davis inaugurated Presi- 
dent of the Southern Confederacy. — 23. U. S. property to a great amount, 
together with various army posts in Texas, surrendered to the rebels by 
General Twiggs. Property valued at $1,500,000, besides buildings.— 27. 
Peace Convention, at Washington, submitted to the Senate a plan of ad- 
justment of the national difficulties, involving seven amendments to the 
Constitution. 

March 1. General Twiggs expelled from the army of the United States. — 2. 
Kevenue cutter Dodge seized in Galveston Bay by Texas authorities. — 4. 
Abraham Lincoln inaugurated 16th President of the United States, at 
Washington. — A State Convention declared Texas out of the Union. — 5 
Gen. P. T. Beauregard took command of the forces investing Fort Sumter, 
S. C. — 6. Fort Brown, Texas, surrendered to State troops. — 18. Supplies 
cut off from Fort Pickens and the Federal fleet in the Guif of Mexico, by 
rebel authorities at Pensacola. — 20. Sloop Isabel, at Pensacola, with pro- 
visions for the Federal fleet, seized by the rebels. — 30. Mississippi State 
Convention ratified the Constitution of the C. S., by a vote of 78 to 7. 

April 3. South Carolina Convention ratified the Constitution of the C. S. by 
a vote of 114 to 16. — Militia organized in District of Columbia for defence 
of the capital. — 12. Attack on Fort Sumter. — Reinforcement of Fort 
Pickens.— 14. Evacuation of Fort Sumter. — 15. Seventeen vessels from 
Southern ports, without U. S. clearances, seized at New York and fined 
$100 each. — President's proclamation, calling for 75,000 volunteers to 
suppress insurrection, and also calling an extra sessiou of U. S. Congress 
on July 4. — 16. The government of the Southern Confederacy call for 
32,000 men. — New York Legislature appropriated s3,000,UOO for war pur- 
poses. — 17. State Convention ofVa., in secret session, passed an ordi- 
nance of secession. — 18. 500 volunteers from Pennsylvania, and 300 regu- 
lars, arrived at Washington. — Lieut. Jones, in charge of Harper's Ferry 
arsenal, hearing of the advance of a large Virginia force to seize the es- 
tablishment, set fire to it, and retreated to Carlisle, Pa. — 19. Seizure of 
the U. S. transport Star of the West, at Indianola, by Texas troops. — 
Sixth Massachusetts regiment, on its way to Washington, attacked by a 
mob in Baltimore, and 3 killed and 7 wounded. In defending themselves, 
7 rebels were killed and 8 wounded. — Clearances refused to vessels in 
northern ports to ports south of Maryland.— 20. 600 kegs of gunpowder, 
destined for New Orleans, seized, by the U. S. - Marshal at New i'ork. — 
U. S. arsenal at Liberty, Mo., seized. — Steamship Star of the West^ hav- 
ing been seized by secessionists, was taken into New Orleans. — The ports 
of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and 
Texas ordered to be blockaded by the President. — Bridges on Pennsylva- 
nia Northern and. Philadelphia Railway, near Baltimore, burned by a 
mob from that city. — 21. Gospcrt Navy Yard, opposite Norfolk, Va., set 
on fire, and vessels scuttled and sunk, by U. S. officers in charge.— 
Branch Mint of the U. S. at Charlotte, N. C, seized by order of the Gov- 
ernor.— Philadelphia and Baltimore Railway taken possession of by U. S. 



240 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

government. — 22. U. 5. arsenal at Fayetteville, N. G, containing "" 
stand of arms, 3,000 kegs of powder, and a large quantity of shot and 
shell, seized by State authority. — Depot of U. S. stores at Napoleon, A 
seized under orders of Henry M. Rector, Governor of that State. — Em- 
bargo laid, by the Mayor and Police Board of Baltimore, on provisions 
and steamboats, thus withholding the government stores in thai — 
M. Fort Smith, Ark., seized by a rebel force under Col. Borland. — 25. A 
large amount of arms removed to Alton, HI., from St. Louis arsenal, by 
Illinois volunteers. — CoL Van Dorn, of ; troops : 

U. S. troops at Salurla. — Gov. Letcher, of Ya., by proclamation, b 
ferred that commonwealth to the Southern Confederacy. — . - c r. Brown, 
of Georgia, by proclamation, prohibited the payment of all de": 
Northern creditors till the end of hostilities. — Bridges over Gunpowder 
Creek, on Philadelphia and Baltimore Railway, and bridge over Bush 
River, on the same route, destroyed by the rebels. — 2? Tpart- 

ment of Washington assigned to Col. Mansfield ; Department : 
lis to Gen. Butler ; Department of Pennsylvania to Maj. Gen. Patten — 
Five men arrested at the Navy Yard, Washington, for filling bombshells 
with sand and sawdust. — A number of Southerners employed in the De- 
partments at Washington refused the oath of allegiance prescribed by the 
Government, and resigned. — The ports of Yirginia and North Carolina 
were included in the blockade by the President. — 8 
in Maryland House of Delegates by a vote of 53 t: ] 
May _. Col. F. P. Blair, Jr., announced that the four regiments called for 
from the State of Missouri, by the President, were enrolled, armed, and 
mustered into the service within one week from the call. — 3. Gov. Jack- 
son, of Missouri, in a message to the legislature, recommended arming 
the State, and a union of sympathy and destiny aveholding 

States. — President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling into service 
42,000 volunteers for thi ee yeai 3 
lar army and navy of the United States. — Private 

by the U. S. brig'Perry. — 6. The sis regiments called for from Indiana, 
were mustered into service in one week from date of the call. — Yirginia 
admitted into the Southern Confederacy in secret session of Confederate 
Congress. — Police Commissioner: rmanded of C 

Lyon the.removal of U. S. troops from all places and ba: *e ::.ipied 

by them in that city outside the Arsenal grounds.— Confedei 
Congress recognized" war with United States, and authorized issue of let- 
-~of marque and reprisal. — Legislature of Arkansas passed an uncon- 
ditional ordinance of secession, 69 to 1. — 7. Command of Her.: 
military assigned to Mai. Anderson. — League between Tennessee an 
ities and Confederate States — J :: : I : iris, I r:::. ; :f by 

rebr!; — the Confederal . - wis I 

such force for the war as he should deem expedi-:- . — I 3 ships Cum- 
berland, Pawnee, Monticello and Yankee, enforcing the blockade off 
Fortress Monroe. — Steamers Philadelphia, Baltimore, Powhatan and 
Mount Yernon, armed by U. S. Government, cruising on the Potorci: — 

^-inians have bat ::folk harbor, at 

Point, the Hospital, Fort 1 I Uiffs —10. Maj. Gen. R. E. 

Lre appointed to command the rebel forces in Yirginia. — Maj.-Gev- 
Clellan appointed to command the Department of Ohio. — The Pies 
dfrected that all officers in the army should take anew the oath of alle- 
giance to the United States. — The secession military, under Gen. F 
at St. Louis, Mo., surrendered to Capt. Lyon, commanding I" 
A mob assailed the U. S. military fcfter the surrender, and were fired on 
by them, and mauy killed and wounded. — The Winans steam gun cap- 
tured by Gen. Butler, three miles from the Relay House, Md.— 11. 
steam frigate Niagara off Charleston, S. C, began the blockade of that 
port.— 14^ Gen. Butler seized a large quantity of arms stored in Balti 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 241 

more, and a schooner loaded with arms. — 15. A proclamation ot neu- 
trality witb respect to the civil war in the U. S. was issued by Queen 
Victoria, in which the subjects of Great Britain were forbidden to take 
part in the contest, or endeavor to break a blockade " lawfully and effec- 
tually established."— The town of Potosi, Washington co., Mo., taken pos- 
session of by (7. S. troops, and rebel prisoners and munitions of war 
taken to St. Louis.— 16. Gen. Butler appointed Maj.-Gen. of Volunteers. — 
IS. Arkansas admitted to the Southern Confederacy. — Military Depart- 
ment of Virginia organized, embracing E. Virginia, N. Carolina and Ten- 
nessee, Maj. Gen. Butler in command. — 19. Shots exchanged between U. 
S. steamers Freeborn and Monticello, and the rebel battery at Sewall's 
Point, Va. — Eight thousand rebel troops at Harper's Ferry. — 20. Seizure 
by the Government of principal telegraph offices throughout the free 
States, and of the accumulated dispatches for twelve months.— Ordinance 
of secession passed by North Carolina State Convention. — Seizure of 
1,000 muskets and 4,000 pikes by Federal troops in Baltimore. — Gen. 
Cadwallader, successor to Gen. Butler, occupied Federal Hill, Baltimore.-— 
Fort McHenry reinforced. — 22. Erection of rebel batteries at Aquia 
Creek. — Fort at Ship Island, Mi-<s., destroyed to prevent its falling iuto 
rebel hands.— 23. A battery of Whitworth guns, 12-pounders, arrived in 
N.Y. city, a present to the Government from patriotic Americans abroad. — 
At Clarksburgh, Harrison co., Va., two companies of secession troops 
surrender.— 24. — All vessels from the Northern States which arrived at 
New Orleans after the 6th inst., were seized by the Confederate States 
Marshal. — Assassination of Col. Ellsworth, at Alexandria, Va. — 25. De- 
struction of seven bridges and five miles of rails from Alexandria to Lees- 
burgh, Va., by the 69th N. Y. S. M.— 26. Confederate privateer Calhoun 
arrived at New Orleans with three whaling vessels and cargoes as prizes. — 
27. U. S. steamer Brooklyn commenced the blockade of the Mississippi 
river. — Brig.-Gen. McDowell took command of the Federal forces in Vir- 

§inia. — The blockade of Mobile, Ala., commenced. — 28. Blockade of 
avannah initiated by U. S. gunboat Union. — The rebels erected barri- 
cades at Harper's Ferry and Point of Rocks ; Manasses Junction fortified. — 
31. Steamers Freeborn and Anacosta attacked rebel batteries at Aquia 
Creek, Va. — Gen. Harney superseded by Gen. Lyon in Missouri. — Gens. 
Bauks and Fremont commissioned as Major-Generals. 
June 1. British Government prohibited U. S. and rebel armed vessels from" 
bringing any prizes to British ports. — Charge of U. S. cavalry at Fairfax 
Court House, Va., Lieut. Tompkins.— 2. Federal batteries erected at tho 
Rip Raps, near Fortress Monroe. — 3. Gen. Beauregard took command of 
rebel forces at Manasses Junction. — Surprise of rebel troops at Philippi, 
Va., by U. S. forces under Cols. Dumout, Kelly and Lander. — Hon. Ste- 
phen A. Douglas died at Chicago. — 4. Chief-Justice Taney's protests 
against the suspension of the habeas corpus by the President. — 5. Gun 
factory and arms of Merrill and Thomas, Baltimore, seized by U. S. Gov- 
ernment. — 6. Gov. Pickens, of S. C, forbade the remittance of funds to 
Northern creditors. — Thirty-five Virginia cavalry captured at Alexan- 
dria.— Secession camp at Ellicott's Mills, Ky., broken up by troops under 
Gen. Prentiss. — 8. Bridges at Point of Rocks and Berlin, on the Potomac 
river, burned by order of rebel Gen. Johnston. — Four bridges on the 
Alexandria and Hampshire Railway, Va., burned by rebel troops. — 
Seizure of arms at Easton, Md., by U. S. troops. — Vote of Tennessee in 
favor of secession. — 10. Gen. Banks assumed command in Baltimore. — 
Repulse of Federal troops at Great Bethel, near Fortress Monroe. — 11. 
Surprise aud route of armed rebels at Romney, Va., by Col. Wallace's 
Indiana regiment. — 12. Gov. Jackson, of Missouri, issued a proclamation 
calling 50,000 State militia into service, to protect the " lives, liberty and 
pioperty ot the citizens of the State." — West Virginia State Convention 
^solved to elect loval State officers — 13. Skirmish at Seneca Mills, on 

11 



242 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

the Potomac, 25 miles above Washington. — 14. Gen. J. A. Dix, of 5ew 
York, appointed Maj.-Gen. off U. S. Volunteers. — Harper's Ferry evacu- 
ated by the rebel forces. — Maryland election resulted in the triumph of 
all the Union candidates but Winter Davis. — 15. Jefferson City, Mo., occu- 
pied by U. S. troops, under Gen. Lyon. — 16. Skirmish at Seneca Mills, 
Md. — 17. Skirmish at Edward's Ferry, on the Potomac, between th^ 
Pennsylvania regiment and a body of rebels. — Surprise at Vienna. Va. 
First Ohio regiment fired into by a masked battery, S killed, 6 "wounded. — 
Western Virginia Convention unanimously declared their independence 
of the Eastern section of the State. — Rebel forces at Booneville, Mo., de- 
feated by Gen Lyon. 35 rebels killed or wounded, and 30 prisoners. 
Federal loss, 2 killed and 8 wounded. — 18. First balloon ascension : : 
S. military purposes, by Prof. Lowe, at Washington. — Surp 
Union Home Guards, under Capt. Cook, at Camp Cole, Mo. 25 killed, 52 
wounded, 23 prisoners ; 45 of the enemy killed or wounded. — Thirty-five 
rebels, with arms and ammunition, captured at Liberty, Mo. — Railway 
bridge orer Xew Creek, Va., burned by rebels. — 20. Senator Lane, of 
Kansas, appointed brigadier-general. — General McClellan took command 
of the Federal army in Western Virginia. — 23. Forty -eight locomotives, 
and a large quantity of other railway property of the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railway, destroyed by rebels at Martinsburgb. V .. — 24. Riot in Mil- 
waukee, Wis., occasioned by the backs refusing to receive on deposit 
certain bills comprising an important part of the currency, and their con- 
sequent depreciation. — Rebel batteries at Mathias Point, Va., shelled by 
U. S. steamers Pawnee and Freeborn.— Engagement of U. S. steamer 
Monticello with rebels at Carter's Creek, V a.— Se : ; ~:on of Ten.: 
proclaimed by Gov. 1 Vote, 104,913 for, :; 47,338 igainst — 25. 

Virginia vote announced to be 125,534 for, and 32,134 against secession. — 
Western Virginia government recognized by the President. — 26. Brilliant 
skirmish of Corp. Hayes and 12 men of CoL Wallace's Indiana regiment, 
scouting on Patterson Creek, Md. — 27. John C. Fremont arrived at~Boston 
from Liverpool, bringing a large quantity of arms for the government. — 
Marshal Kane, of Baltimore, arrested by order of Gen. Banks, and John 
R. Kenly appointed provost marshal. — Engagement between gunboat 
reborn and rebel batteries at Mathias Point. Captain Ward of the 
Freeborn killed. — Cols. Mag-ruder and Hardee appointed brigadier-generals 
in Confederate army. — 25. Skirmish at Snorter's Hill. Va —29. Steamer 
St Nicholas aad three brigs captured by secessionists on the Chesa- 
peake. 
July 1. Skirmish at Farmington, Mo. — 2. Rebels driven from Martinsburgb, 
Va.. by Abercrombie's brigade. Union loss. 3 killed and 1-0 wounded ; 
rebel less, 30 killed and wounded, 20 prisoners. — i. U. S. C: 
in special session. — Passenger trains on Louisville and Nashville railway 
seized by rebels. — Skirmish at Harp- :etween N. V. £th and 

rebels. — Rebel battery erected at Mathias Point. Va. — 5. Battle at Car- 
thage, Mo. Union forces, under Col. Sigel, 1,500 ; rebels, 4,000. Union 
loss, 13 killed aud 31 wounded ; rebel loss, 250 killed and wounded.-— 
Skirmish at >~ewpor: News, Va., between a detachment of Hawkins' 
Zouaves and rebels. — 6. Skirmish of 45 men, 3d Ohio, at Middle Fork 
Bridge, 12 miles east of Buckhannon, Va. — Western Military Depart- 
ment constituted : Llinois, and the States and Territories west of the 
Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, includiug New Mexico, Maj.-Gen. 
Fremont commanding. — 7. U. 5. steamer South Carolina captur: 
destroyed 11 vessels^off Galveston. — Skirmish at Grr 
Skirmish at Bealington, Western Va., 14th Ohio, and 7th and S?th Indiana, 
and Col. Barnett's"lst Ohio battery. Rebels defeated with loss of 20 
killed. 40 wounded ; Union loss, 2 killed, 6 wounded. — 10. Loan bill 
passed by House of Representatives, authorizing the Secretary of the 
Treasury to borrow $250,000,000, redeemable in 20 years. — Bill author- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 243 

izing $500,000,000 and 500,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion, passed 
the Senate.— House of Representatives empowered the President to close 
the ports of seceded States. — Skirmish at Monroe Station, Mo. — Skirmish 
at Laurel Hill, Va., Cols. McCook and Andrews.— 11. Battle of Rich 
Mountain, Va. Defeat of the rebels under Col. Pegram, 60 killed, 150 
■wounded, and 150 prisoners. Capture of 200 tents, 60 wagons, 6 cannon, 
and other stores. Union loss, 11 killed and 85 wounded. — 12. Fight at 
Barboursville, Va. Six companies of Col. Woodruff's 2d Kentucky 
attack and defeat 600 rebels. — 600 rebels, under Col. Pegram, surrendered 
to Gen. McClellan, at Beverly, Va.— Twelve of Col. Bendix's N. Y. regi- 
ment captured at Newport News. — IS. Battle of Carrick's Ford, Va., and 
death of Gen. Garnett, rebel commander. Defeat of the rebels with a 
loss of 150 killed and wounded, and 800 prisoners. Federal loss 13 killed, 
40 wounded. — 15. Skirmish at Bunker Hill, Va. Rout of rebel cavalry 
by fire of R. I. battery. — 16. Railway cars, containing Union troops, fired 
into at Millsville, Mo. 3 soldiers killed, 7 wounded; 7 rebels killed. — 
Bill authorizing the President to call out militia to suppress the rebellion, 
passed the House of Representatives, and the bill to accept services of 
500,000 volunteers. — Tilghman, a negro, killed 3 of a rebel prize crew on 
the schooner S. J. "Waring, and brought the vessel into New York on the 
22d. — 17. Battle at Scarytown, Va. Repulse of Federals with loss of 9 
killed, SS wounded, and 9 missiug. 3 Federal colonels and 2 captains cap- 
tured.— Skirmish at Fulton, Mo.— 18. Kansas City, Mo., Home Guards under 
Major Van Horn, attacked near Harrisonville ; rebels defeated. — Battle at 
Blackburn's Ford. Attack on the rebel entrenchments at Bull Run by a por- 
tion of Gen. Tyler's division, repulsed with a loss of 83 men killed, wounded 
and missing. Rebel Joss, 68 killed and wounded. — 19. Six Federal officers, 
near Hampton, Va., fired on by rebels in ambush. Major Rawlings killed, 
and Lieut. Johnson and Mr. Shurtliffe wounded and captured. — By Gen. 
Order No. 46 of War Department, Maj.-Gen. Patterson was honorably 
discharged, and Maj.-Gen. Banks appointed his successor in the Depart- 
ment of the "Shenandoah ; " Gen. Dix appointed to succeed Gen. Banks 
in the Department of Maryland.— The Captain-General of Cuba liberated 
all the vessels brought into Cuban ports by privateer Sumter as prizes. — 
20. Rebel Congress met at Richmond, Va.— 21. Battle of Bull Run. Gen. 
McDowell. After a desperate struggle, the Union forces were routed, with 
a loss of 481 killed, 1,011 wounded, 1,216 missing. Rebel loss, 393 killed, 
1,200 wounded. — 22. Brig.-Gen. Beauregard promoted to the rank of 
" General " in the rebel army, the highest grade. — 22. Maj.-Gen. McClellan 
assigned to command the Department of the Potomac. — Rebels attacked 
and dispersed at Forsyth, Mo. — 24. Naval expedition from Fortress Mon- 
roe to Black river, by Lieut. Crosby and 300 men. Nine sloops and 
schooners of the rebels burnt. — U. S. steamer Resolute, Lieut. Budd, 
brought two schooners and one sloop prizes to Washington. — Gen. Mc- 
Clellan arrived at Washington, and Gen. Fremont at St. Louis, and Gen. 
Banks at Harper's Ferry, to take charge of their respective departments. — 
26. Skirmish at Lane's Prairie, Mo. — Three rebels captured by Col. 
McLeod Murphy, of New York, in Virginia, scouting alone. — 28. A de- 
tachment of Col. Mulligan's Chicago regiment, aided by Home Guards, 
captured 28 rebels, 40 horses and 2 teams, at Hickory Hill, Mo.— 29. A 
rebel battery at Aquia Creek, Va., engaged by four U. S. steamers for 
three hours, with slight damage. — 30. Three hundred kegs of powder and 
six cannon captured from the rebels near Warsaw, Mo. — The Confederate 
forces occupy New Madrid, Mo.— 30-31. Missouri State Convention abol- 
ished the State Legislature, declared the offices of Governor, Lieut. -Gov. 
and Sec. of State vacant, appointed special state officers, and provided for 
a special election by the people in Aug. 1862. 
1861. August 1. Rebel privateer Petrel sunk by U. S. frigate St. Law- 
rence, near Charleston.— 2. Fort Fillmore, New'Mexico, with 750 men, 



244 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

surrendered by Major Lynde, U. S. A. Schooner Enchantress, with a 
valuable cargo, recaptured by U. S. steamer Albatross, Captain Prentiss, 
off Charleston, S. C— Defeat of rebel forces at Dug Spriog, Mo., by Gen. 
Lvon. Federal loss, 9 killed, 30 wounded. Rebel loss, 40 killed, 80 
wounded. — Lieut.-Col. Baylor, commanding the rebel forces in Arizona, 
issued a proclamation taking possession of New Mexico, in the name of 
the Confederate States, declaring all Federal offices vacant, and appoint- 
ing a secretary, attorney-general and other officers. Skirmish at Mesila, 
N. M. — 5. The bark Alvarado, having a rebel prize crew, chased ashore 
near Fernandina, Fla., and burned by sailors from U. S. ship 7*incennes. — 
Skirmish at Poiut of Rocks, Md. Sixty men of New York 2Sth attacked 
rebel cavalry, killing 3, wounding 2 and capturing 7 men and 20 horses, 
without loss themselves. — Skirmish at Athens, Mo. 300 Home Guards, 
under Col. Moore, defeated a force of 1,000 rebels, killing 23 and wound- 
ing 50. 10 Federals killed a^d 10 wounded.— Election In Kentucky for 
members of the Legislature, the returns showing a large Union majority. 
— 6. Adjournment sine die of Special Congress at Washington. — 7. The 
village of Hampton, Ya., burned by rebel forces under Gen. Magruder. — 
The privateer York burned by gunboat Union, which also recaptured the 
schooner G. Y. Baker. — 8. Rebel cavalry routed at Lorrettsville, Ya., 
with loss of 1 killed and 5 wounded, bylOO men of ISth N. Y., under 
Capt. Kennedy. — 9. Skirmish at Potosi, Mo. — 10. Battle of Wilson's 
Creek, Mo. Gen. Lyon, with 5,2o0 men, was defeated by the combined 
forces of Gens. Price and McCuiloch, 20,000. Gen. Lyon was killed. 
Federal loss, 223 killed, 721 wounded, 292 missing. Rebel loss, 265 killed, 
800 wounded, 30 missing. — 12. C. J. Faulkener, ex-minister of C. S. to 
France, arrested on a charge of treason. — 13. Skirmish near Grafton, Ya. 
200 rebels routed, 21 killed and wounded, by Capt. Dayton's company of 
4th Virginia. — 14. Gen. Fremont declares martial law in St. Louis, Mo. — 
All loyal men notified by Jeff. Davis to leave the Confederate States in 
40 days. — 15. Skirmish at Mathias Point, Ya. — 16. Col. Hecker's regi- 
ment surprised 400 rebels at Fredeiicktown, Mo., capturing 12 men and 
all the camp equipage. — §5-3,000 seized by U.S. troops at Genevieve, Mo., 
and taken to St. Louis — Proclamation of President Lincoln, declaring 
commercial intercourse with the eleven States in rebellion unlawful, ex- 
cepting such parts thereof as have or may become restored to loyal gov- 
ernment, and forfeiting all vessels therefrom or bound to the same, after 
15 days. — 17. Railway train near Palmyra, Mo., fired into by rebels. — 
18. Gen. Wool assumed command at Fortress Monroe. — 19T Skirmish 
at Charleston, Mo. Two hundred aud fifty of 22d Illinois, under 
Col. Dougherty, and Lieut.-Col. Ransom of 11th Illinois defeated 300 
rebels under Col. Hunter of Jeff. Thompson's army. 20 rebels killed 
and wounded, aud 17 prisoners taken. — " Passports" required, by notice 
from the Department of State, from all persons leaving or arriving within 
the United States. — 20. Skirmish at Hawk's Nest, in the Kanawha Valley, 
Ya. A body of rebels attacked the 11th Ohio, but were driven back with 
loss. — The Wheeling, (Ya.,) Convention passed an ordinance to erect a 
new State, to be called Kanawha. — A railway train from Jefferson City, 
Mo., fired into by rebels. — Gen. McClellan assumed command of the army 
of the Potomac. — Gen. Butler assumed command of U. S. Yolunteer 
forces near fortress Mouroe. — 21. Surprise of part of company K, Ohio 
7th, near Cross Laue, W. Yirginia, 2 killed and 9 wounded. — 22. Steamer 
" Samuel Orr" seized at Paducah, Ky., by rebels. — 24. A portion of the 
Cherokee Indians made an alliance with the " Southern Confederacy." 
The Cherokees and Creeks raised 2,000 men for the rebel army. — 25.' A 
band of rebels at Wayne Court-House, Ya., routed by 53 Federals under 
Capt. Smith. — All vessels and boats on the Potomac seized by Govern- 
ment authorities. — 26. Surprise of 7th Ohio, Col. Tyler, at Cross Lanes, 
near Summers ville, W. Yirginia, by a large force of rebels. — The War 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 245 

Department prohibited the transmission or publication of any intelli 
genee of arn y or naval movements calculated to give information to the 
euemy. — The Postmaster-General directed postal agents to arrest express 
agents or others engaged in transmitting letters to seceded States in 
violation of the President's proclamation of 16th inst.— Com. Foote 
ordered to the command of U. S. naval forces on the Western waters. — 
A naval and military expedition to N. Carolina coast sailed from Hamp- 
ton Roads, Ya., under command of Com. Stringham and Maj.-Gen. But- 
ler.— Skirmish of two companies of N. Y. 23d, with a large force of 
rebels at Ball's Cross Roads, Ya. — 23. A party of Federal troops under 
Capt. Smith, attacked and dispersed -a force of rebels at Wayne Court- 
House, W. Virginia. — 28-29. Bombardment and capture of Forts Hat- 
teras and Clark, at Hatteras Inlet, N. C. 30 pieces of cannon, 1,000 
stand of arms, 3 vessels with valuable cargoes, and 750 prisoners taken. 
— 29. Fight at Lexington, Mo. The rebels driven off .with loss of S killed 
and several wounded. — 30. Martial law proclaimed throughout Missouri, 
by Gen. Fremont, and the slaves of all persons found in arms against 
the U. S. declared free. 
September 1.— Skirmish at Bennett's Mills, Mo.— Fight at Boone Court- 
House, Ya. . Rebels defeated, with a loss of 30. — 2. Fight near Fort 
Scott, Mo.— The Mass. 13th captured 20 Charleston, S. C, cavalry, after 
killing 3 and wounding 5, 2i miles from Harper's Ferry .—Col. Crossman, 
of Gen. Kelly's staff, with two companies, attacked 400 rebeis, at Wor- 
thington, Marion co., Va., by whom he was repulsed. — 3. Passenger train 
on the Hannibal and St. Joseph railway, Mo., thrown into the Platte 
river, by the giving way of a bridge, partly burned by the rebels. 17 
persons were killed and 60 wounded. — 4. Engagement on the Mississippi 
river, near Hickman, Ky., between national gunboats Tyler and Lexing- 
ton and the rebel gunboat Yankee and shore batteries. — 6. Paducah, K} r ., 
occupied by Federal forces under Gen. Grant. — 7. Gens. Pillow and Polk 
occupied Columbus, Ky., with 7,000 rebels. — Five schooners captured by 
Federal officers at Hatteras Inlet. — S. General Pope broke up a camp of 
3, OuO rebels near Hunneville, Mo. — 9. A government steamer conveying 
prisouers from Lexington, Mo., to Fort Leavenworth, broke her rudder, 
vessel seized by the rebels. — 10. Battle of Caruifex Ferry, near Sum- 
mersville, Va. 'Federal loss, 16 killed, 102 wounded.— 11. Skirmish at 
Lewinsville, Va. Federal loss,' 6 killed, 10 wounded.— The Kentucky 
Legislature, by a vote of 71 to 26, ordered the Confederate troops to leave 
the State.— 12. A rebel camp at Petersburg, Hardy co., Va., broken up 
by Capt. Kid's cavalry, large amount of stores captured. — Skirmish at 
Black river, near Ironton, Mo. A detachment of Indiana cavalry, under 
Major Gavitt, defeated a body of rebels, under Ben. Talbot.— 13. A large 
body of rebels, under Col. Brown, repulsed from Booneville, Mo., with a 
loss of 12 killed and 30 wounded, by Home Guards under Capt. Eppstein. 
12-14. Two engagements occurred on Cheat Mountain, Western Virginia, 
in which the rebels, under Gen. R. E. Lee, were defeated with a loss of 
100 killed and wounded, among the former, Col. J. A. Washington, and 
20 prisoners. The Federal forces, under Gen. J. J. Reynolds, lost 13 
killed, 20 wounded and 60 prisoners. — 13. An expedition under Lieut. J. 
H. Russell, destroyed the privateer Judah at Pensacola. Federal loss, 3 
killed and 15 wounded.— 14. A rebel- camp near Kansas City, Mo., broken 
up ; 7 men killed and 6 taken prisoners. — 15. A body of rebels attacked 
Col. Geary's 2Sth Pennsylvania regiment, stationed on the. Potomac, and 
were repulsed with severe loss. — 10. A naval expedition from Hatteras 
Inlet, Lieut. J. Y. Maxwell, destroyed Fort Ocracoke, on Beacon Island, 
N. C. — The Federal gunboat Conestoga captured the steamers V. R. 
Stephenson and Gazelle, on Cumberland liver, Ky.— Ship Island, near 
the mouth of the Mississippi river, occupied by Federal forces from the 
steamer Massachusetts. — 17. A tight at Mariatown, Mo., between 600 



246 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Federals, under Cols. Montgomery and Johnson, and 400 rebels, who 
were defeated with a loss of 7 killed, and 100 horses and their tents and 
supplies captured. — A train on the Ohio and Mississippi railway, with a 

?art of. the 19th Illinois regiment, broke through a bridge near Huron, 
nd., by which 26 soldiers were killed and 112 wounded.— 500 of the 3d 
Iowa, under Lieut. -Col. Scott, repulsed by 3,000 rebels at" Blue Mills 
Landing, Mo. Federal loss, 100 killed and wounded.— 18. Skirmish at 
Barboursville, Ky. — Eighteen secession members of the Maryland Legis- 
lature lodged in Fort McHenry. — 20. Surrender of Col. Mulligan's com- 
mand, at Lexington, Mo., to the rebel General Price, after 4 days' siege. — 

21. Gen. Lane's command surprised a superior force of rebels at Papins- 
ville, Mo., routing them with a Union loss of 17 killed and 40 wounded ; 
rebel loss, 40 killed, 100 prisoners, and all their tents and supplies. — Gen. 
Robert Anderson assumed command of Federal and State troops in Ky. — 

22. Skirmish of the 7th Iowa, at Elliott's Mills, Ky.— 23. Capt. Golds- 
borough succeeded Com. Stringham in command of the Chesapeake 
blockading fleet. — Detachments of 8th and 4th Ohio, and Ringgold's Cav- 
alry, drove out 700 rebels from Mechanicsville Gap. — 25. Engagement at 
Chapmansville, Western Va. Col. Pratt, with 560 of the 34th Ohio, de- 
feated a body of rebels under Col. J. W. Davis, killing 29, and wounding a 
large number. Col. Pratt's loss, 4 killed, 8 wounded. — A body of rebels 
were defeated near Osceola, Mo., by Federal troops under Col. Mont- 
gomery, who set fire to the town. 10 rebels killed ; 1 Federal killed, 4 
wounded- — James B. Clay (son of the illustrious Henry) and 16 other 
rebels captured near Danville, Ky. — 26. At Lucas Bend, Ky., 75 of Cap- 
tain Stewart's cavalry attacked and routed 40 rebel cavalry, killing 4 and 
capturing 5. — 27. A body of Kansas troops, under Montgomery and 
Jamison, engaged the advance guard of McCullough's rebel army near 
Shanghai, in Benton co., Mo., and drove them back with loss. — Gen. Fre- 
mont, with 15 steamers and 15,000 men, sailed from St. Louis up the 
Missouri river — Munson's Hill, Va., cocupied by Federal troops. 

Oct. 1. U. S. steamer Fanny, with 35 men of the 9tt N. Y. volunteers, was 
captured by the rebels on the north coast of Hatteras Inlet. She was 
loaded with government stores. — 2. A camp of secessionists at Charleston, 
Mo., broken up, and 40 rebels captured. — $33,000, deposited in the St. 
Louis Building and Savings Association, for the part payment of a U. S. 
annuity to the Cherokee Indians, declared confiscated to the Government 
in consequence of the secession of that tribe.— 3. Attack on an entrenched 
camp commanded by Gen. H. A. Jackson, at Greenbrier, Western Va.,by 
Union forces under Gen. J. J.Reynolds. Union loss, 8 killed, 32 wounded. 
A drawn battle. — Gustavus Smith, formerly Street Commissioner of New 
York, was appointed a major general in the rebel army. — 4. Commander 
Alden, U. S. steamer South Carolina, captured two schooners off the S. 
W. pass of the Mississippi, with four to five thousand stand of arms. — A 
company of 110 Texas rangers were defeated by 100 U. S. troops. 10 
Texans killed, and 30 wounded. — Two boats from U. S. steamer Lou- 
isiana, Lieut. A. Murray, destroyed a rebel schooner, being fitted out for 
a privateer at Chincoteague Inlet, Va. — A large force of rebels, under 
Col. Wright, attacked the 20th Indiana, Col. Brown, at Chicamacomico, 
near Hatteras Inlet. Federals retreated, leaving their pickets, wounded, 
and camp equipage in the hands of the enemy. — 5. The rebel forces 
under Col. Wright were driven from the Chicamacomico, with severe 
loss, by U. S. steamer Monticello. — 7. John Ross, principal Chief of the 
Cherokee Indians, negotiated a treaty of alliance on behalf of that people 
with the Confederate Government. — 57 released prisoners, taken by 
the rebels at the battle of Bull Run, arrived at Fortress Monroe from 
Richmond.— U. S. gunboats Tyler and Lexington exchanged shots with 
rebel batteries at Iron Bend, 3 miles above Columbus, Ky.— 8. Brig.- 
Gen. William T. Sherman appointed to command the Department of the 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 247 

Cumberland (Kentucky), in place of Brig.-Gen. R. Anderson. — 200 rebels, 
under Cap! Holliday, encamped two miles from Hillsboro', Ky., were at- 
tacked and defeated by a body of Home Guards, under Lieut. Sadler. 
Rebel loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded, 22 prisoners; also 127 rifles and other 
arms. Federal loss, 3 killed, 3 wounded.— 9. Attack upon Wilsou's 
Zouaves, at Santa Rosa Island, four miles from Fort Pickens, at 2 a. m., 
by 1,500 rebels under Gen. Anderson. Tlie regulars from Fort Pickens, 
and the Zouaves, defeated the rebels, killing and wounding about 100, 
and taking 35 prisoners. Federal loss, 13 killed, 21 woundBL — Federal 
troops occupied Levvinsville, Va. — 10. Cavalry skirmish 4 miles from Pa- 
ducah, Ky. — 11. Lieut. Harrell, of U. S. steamer Union, with three boats' 
crews, burnt a rebel schooner in Dumfrie's Creek, on the Potomac. — 12. 
Rebel steamer Theodora ran the blockade at Charleston, S. C, having on 
board Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Commissioners to England and France, 
with their secretaries. — Capt. P. G. Morton captured a train of 21 wagons, 
425 cattle, and 35 prisoners, with stores for hostile Cherokees, at Chelsea, 
Kansas.— Cavalry skirmish south of Cameron, Ray co., Mo. — Six rebel gun- 
boats, the ram Manassas, and a fleet of fire-ships, attacked the U. S. fleet at 
the mouth of the Mississippi, and were repulsed. — A party of 12 of a N. Y. 
Zouave regiment, captured near Newport News, Va. — Forty men of the 
3i»th Indiana attacked and defeated a superior force of rebels 8 miles from 
Green river, Western Va. — Skirmish near the resideuce of Cy. Hutch- 
inson, Barren co., Ky. — 500 men of the Piatt (Cincinnati) Zouaves, under 
Lieut.-Col. Toland, and two companies of the 4th Va., drove out a large 
body of rebels from Winfield, 20 miles below Charleston, on tfie Kana- 
wha, Western Va., and captured a large quantity of military stores. — 
Skirmish between a detachment of the 39th Indiana, under Lieut.-Col. 
Jones, and 58 rebel cavalry, near Upton's, 14 miles below Camp Nevins, 
Ky. The rebels repulsed with a loss of 5 killed and 3 wounded. — T3. 
Eighteen miles N. E. of Lebanon, Mo., Major Wright, with two companies 
of U. S. cavalry, routed 300 mounted rebels, under Capts. Lorrels and 
Wright. 62 of the rebels were killed and wounded, and 30 taken pris- 
oners. — Skirmish at Beckweth's farm, 12 miles S. E. of Bird's Point, 
Mo. — Brig Grenada of New York, captured by the privateer " Sallie," of 
Charleston. — 14. 150 voters of Chincoteague Island, Accomac co., Va., 
took the oath of allegiance to the U. S. — Major White, with one company 
of Missouri Scouts, captured 45 rebels at Linn Creek, Mo. — 15. U. S. 
steamer Roanoke, oft' Charleston, captured and burnt the ship Thomas 
Watson.— 600 rebels, under Jeff Thompson, attacked and captured 40 
United States soldiers guarding the Big river bridge, near Potosi, Mo. — 
The rebel batteries at Aquia creek and Shipping Point, on the Potomac, 
fire on all vessels passing. — Skirmish near Lewinsville, Virginia. — 16. 
Colonel J. W. Geary, of the Pennsylvania 28th, with 400 men from his 
own, the 13th Massachusetts and 3d Wis., crossed the Potomac at Har- 
per's Ferry, and captured 21,000 bushels of wheat, stored in a mill near 
Bolivar Heights. — Major F. J. White, with 220 Missouri scouts, surprised 
the rebels at Lexington, Mo., and without loss, captured 60 or 70 prison- 
ers, released Cols. White and Grover, and 12 other captives, and seized 2 
steamboats, with arms, ammunition and stores. — 1,000 rebels near Iron- 
ton, Mo., were defeated with a loss of 36 killed and wounded by Major 
Gavin's Indiana cavalry, and 5 companies of Col. Alexander's 21st Illinois. 
Union loss 11.— 19. Co'l. Morgan, with 220 men of the 18th Missouri reg- 
iment, and two pieces of artillery, defeated 400 rebels on Big Hurricane 
Creek, Carroll co., Mo., killing 14, and taking 8 prisoners. Col. Morgan 
had 14 men wounded. — 21. Battle of Edward's Ferry, Va. 1,900 men 
from Gen. C. P. Stone's division, under command of Col. E. D. Baker, 
U. S. Senator from Oregon, crossed the Potomac at Harrison's Island, or 
Ball's Bluff", to support reconnoissances above and below that point. At 
4 p. m. they were attacked by 3,000 rebels under Gen. Evans, and driven 



248 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

to the river bank, where, there being no adequate provision for crossing, 
they suffered severe loss, by the enemy's fire, and by drowning. Killed, 
223, wounded, 250, taken prisoners, 500. Rebel loss about 200 in killed 
and wounded. — About 2,500 rebels near Fredericktown Mo., attacked by 
3,500 Federal troops, commanded by Col. J. B. Plummer, of 11th Mis- 
souri, with Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin and Indiana troops, under Cols. 
Ross, Hovey, Marsh, Baker, Lieut. Col. Pennabaker, Maj. Schoheld, Capt. 
Stewart ^nd Lieut. White. The rebels were defeated with great loss. 
The Federal loss was 7 killed and 60 wounded. — A portion of the rebel 
General Zollicoffer's command repulsed near Camp Wild Cat, Laurel co., 
Ky. — 22. The Potomac river commanded by rebel batteries at all import- 
ant points below Alexandria. — A detachment of U. S. cavalry broke up 
a rebel camp at Buffalo Mills, Benton co., Mo., killing and wounding 20, 
taking 60 prisoners, 22 wagons, and a number of horses. — 23. Col. Len. 
Harris, with the 2d Ohio, two guns of Capt. Konkle's Ohio battery and 
Capt. Laughlin's cavalry, drove out a body of 200 rebels from West Lib- 
erty, Morgan co., Ky.— Fifty men of the 6th Indiana while skirmishing 
near Hodgesville, Ky., were attacked by a superior force of rebels, whom 
they repulsed, killing 3 and wounding 5. — Gen. Fred. W. Lander appointed 
to command the brigade of the late Col. Baker. — 24. President Lincoln 
suspended the writ of habeas corpus in the District of Columbia. — The 
steamer Salvor was captured while attempting to run the blockade at 
Tampa Bay, Fla. — Western Virginia voted almost unanimously in favor 
of a division of the State. — The western section of the California tele- 
graph was completed to Salt Lake City, connecting the wires from the 
Pacific to the Atlantic ocean. — Skirmish near Campbellsville, Ky. — 25. 
160 of Gen. Fremont's Body-guard, under command of Major Zagonyi, 
charged 2,000 rebels, near Springfield, Mo., routed them, and occupied 
the town. Rebel loss, 106 killed, many wounded, and 27 prisoners. 
Zagonyi's loss 15 killed, 27 wounded, 10 missing. The Missouri " Prai- 
rie Scouts," under Major F. J. White, attacked the rear of the rebel 
force, at the same time, making three successful charges, and inflicting 
severe loss on the enemy. The loss of the "Scouts" was 33 in killed, 
wounded and missing. — 26. An artillery fight across the Potomac, at Ed- 
wETrd's Ferry. — Gen. B. F. Kelly, with 2,500 Virginia and Ohio Volun- 
teers, from New Creek, Va., attacked an inferior rebel force near Rom- 
Bey, who were routed. Col. Tbos. Johns, of 2d regiment, Potomac Home 
Brigade, engaged a regiment rebels, capturing a large supply of military 
stores and provisions. Federal loss, 2 killed, 14 wounded. Rebel loss, 
10 killed, 15 wounded. — Parson Brownlow forced to suspend the publica- 
tion of the Knoxville (Tenn.) Whig. Major Phillips, with 300 of the 9th 
Illinois, attacked the rebels at Saratoga— 13 rebels killed, 24 prisoners. 
— Surprise of a rebel encampment at Plattsburgh, Clinton co., Mo., by a 
superior force of Federals. Rebel loss, 8 killed, 12 prisoners, one cannon, 
and a quantity of small arms. — 28. Three rebel vessels surprised and 
burnt at Chincoteague Inlet, Va., by a portion of the crew of the U. S. 
gunboat Louisiana, under Lieut. A. Hopkins. — D. Davis, of 111., J. Holt, 
of Ky., and H. Campbell, of Mo., were appointed Commissioners by Pres. 
Lincoln to audit all unsettled military claims in Missouri. — Gen. J. i>. 
Henderson, with a superior force, surrounded and captured 400 rebels at 
Dyer's Mills, near Concord, Mo. — 29. 250 U. S. Kentucky volunteers, un- 
der Col. Burbridge, marched from Owensboro' to Morgantown, Ky., 
crossed the river at that point, defeated a superior rebel force and de- 
stroyed their camp. — Great naval expedition sailed from Fortress Monroe, 
under the command of Flag-officer Com. Samuel F. Dupont, comprising 
77 vessels of all classes. The land force numbering 20,000 men, were 
commanded by Brig. Gen. Thos. W. Sherman. — 31. Skirmish at Morgan- 
town, Green River, Ivy. 
Nov. 1. Lieut.-Gen. Winfield Scott, at his own request, was retired frona 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 249 

active service, and Maj. -General George B. McClellan was appointed to 
succeed him as Coniniander-iu-Cliief of the U. S. Army. — Lieut. -Col. 
Morse, with 450 cavalry and infantry, routed a rebel force 800 strong, in 
camp near Renick, Randolph co., Mo. — Rebels attacked a Federal camp 
at Gauley Bridge, Va., by cannonading from the opposite shore. They 
were repulsed.— A violent storm overtook the naval expedition oft" the 
N. C. coast. 3 vessels were disabled and returned, 2 were driven ashore, 
and 2 foundered. Seven lives lost. — 2. Gen. Fremont, at Springfield, re- 
ceived an order from Washington, relieving him from command of the 
Department of Missouri. Gen. Hunter was appointed temporarily to the 
command. — Major Joseph's Missouri militia, uumbering 129, were attacked 
aWlatte City, Mo., by Silas Gordon with 300 rebels, who were repulsed 
with a loss of 13 killed and wounded, 30 prisoners, many guns, and all 
their equipments.— Prestonburg, Ky., occupied by Union troops. — 3.- Five 
rebel boats made an attack on Fort Hatteras, N. C., but were repulsed by 
the U. S. gunboat National, and the fort. — Col. Greensle drove rebel 
troops from Houston, Mo.— 4. Barboursville, Ky., occupied by 1,500 Fed- 
erals. — 6. Electors for President and V. President chosen throughout the 
revolted States, and also members of Congress. — 120 Federals under 
Capt. Shields, were captured by 500 rebels near Little Santa Fe, Mo. — 
7. Battle of Belmont, Mo., Gens. Grant and McClernand with 2,850 men, 
landed at Belmont at 8 a. m., drove in the rebel pickets and captured 
their camp, which was burnt. A battery of 12 guns was taken and 
200 prisoners. The rebels were subsequently reinforced, and General 
Grant's army repulsed. Federal loss, 89 killed, 150 wounded, 150 miss- 
ing. — Skirmish on New river, near Gauley bridge, Va. — The Federal fleet 
under Commodore Dupont captured Forts Warjen and Beaureguard at 
Port Royal entrance, and took the town of Beaufort, S. C. — Two launches 
and 40 men, commanded by Lieut. James E. Jouett, from the U. S. frigate 
Santee, off" Galveston, Texas, surprised and burnt the rebel privateer 
Royal Yacht. — 8. U. S. gunboat Rescue shelled out the rebel battery at 
Urbana Creek, on the Rappahannock, Va., and captured a large schooner 
with stores. — Five railway bridges were burned iu E. Tennessee by Union- 
ists. — Capt. Wilkes, with the steam sloop-of-war San Jacinto, overhauled 
the English mail-steamer Trent iu the Bahama channel, and took from 
her the rebel emissaries Mason and Slidell, with their secretaries, who 
had taken passage for England. — A portion of Gen. Nelson's Ky. brigade 
were ambuscaded while on their way to Piketon, Ky., by 200 rebels in a 
strong position. The rebels were dispersed with the loss of 10 killed, 15 
wounded. Gen. Nelson had 6 killed and 24 wounded. — 8. Skirmish at 
Piketon, Ky.— 9. Maj. -Gen. Henry W. Halleck, of Cal., ordered to take 
command of the Department of Missouri, in place of Gen. Fremont: 
Brig.-Gen. Don Carlos Buell, of Ind., appointed to command the Depart- 
ment of Kentucky: Maj. -Gen. Hunter to command the Department of 
Kansas: Col. E. R. S. Canley, the Department of N. Mexico. — 10. A band 
of rebel marauders was captured by Lieut. Shriver, with a squad of 1st 
Iowa cavalry, near Clark's Station, Mo. — A portion of Gen. Cox's brig- 
ade crossed'the New river, near Gauley, Va., and attacked Floyd's forces 
posted there, who retreated after a severe skirmish, in which the 11th 
Ohio regiment lost 8 killed and 10 wounded.— 150 of the 9th Virginia 
regiment, Col. K. V. Whaley, surprised at Guyandotte, Va., on the Ohio 
river, by a superior force of rebels, and after a sharp skirmish, in which 
8 of the Federals were killed and 12 wounded, and nearly the same loss 
sustained by the rebels, Col. Whaley and 45 of his men were captured, 
and the rest escaped.— 11. 110 of Col. Anthony's regiment attacked a 
rebel camp on the Little Blue river, near Kansas City, Mo., and after a 
severe fight retreated in good order, losing 8 killed and 8 wounded.-- 
12. Reconnoissance in force by Gen. Heintzelman, with 6,000 meu, to 
Occoquan Creek, Va., 18 miles from Alexandria. Capt. Todd's company 



250 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

of Lincoln cavalry were surprised by a superior force of rebels, 3 killed, 
1 wounded and 3 taken prisoners, including the captain. — Attack on the 
U. S. fleet at the Passes of the Mississippi, by the Manassas Ram, 5 gun- 
boats and several fire-ships, under command of Capt. Hollins. U. S. 
ship Vincennes grounded, and the Richmond damaged by the ram and 
also grounded : the enemy were driven off without obtaining any advan- 
tage. — The privateer Beaureguard, of Charleston, S. C, with 27 men, 
was captured 100 miles E. N. E. of Abaco, by the U. S. sloop-of-war W. 
G. Anderson, Lieut. W. C. Rogers, commanding. — Skirmish on Laurel 
Creek by portions of Gen. Benham's with Gen. Floyd's forces. — Skirmish 
of Gen. Kelly's pickets near Romney, Va. — 14. The privateer schooner 
.Neva, from China, seized at San Francisco, Cal., by Capt. Pease, offlJ. S. 
cutter Mary. — Gen. Benham in pursuit of the army of Gen. .Floyd, in W. 
Va., overtook the rear guard near McCoy's Mills, and defeated it, killing 
15 rebels. — 16. A party of 57 of the New York 30th, attached to Gen. 
Keyes' brigade on the Potomac, while out foraging west of Upton Hill,Va., 
surrounded by 200 rebel cavalry, and one half their number, with the 
teams and wagons, captured. — 50 wagons and 500 oxen, with the team- 
sters and stores, captured near Pleasant Hill, Cass co., Mo., by the reb- 
els. — 17. Union troops under Col. Alcorn, defeated Hawkins' regiment 
at Cypress Bridge, McClean co.,Ky., taking 25 prisoners, and 300 horses. 
Federal loss, 10 killed, 15 wounded. — U. S. gunboat Connecticut, captured 
British schooner Adelaide, with military stores and supplies for rebels, 
near Cape Carnaveral. — The 3d Missouri cavalry routed a large number 
of rebels near Palmyra, Mo. — 18. Capt. A. H. Foote was appointed Flag- 
officer of the fleet of the Western military Department. — Gen. Halleck 
assumed charge of the Missouri Department, vice Gen. Hunter, — Rebel 
troops in Accomac and Northampton cos., Va., disbanded, and Union 
troops, under Gen. Lockwood, seized their arms and took possession of the 
peninsula. — 150 rebels taken prisoners by Federal cavalry, near Warrens- 
burgh, Mo. — 19. Missouri rebel legislature, at Neosha, Newton co., passed 
an ordinance of secession. — N. I r . ship Harvey Birch captured and burnt 
in the British channel by the rebel steamer Nashville. — The principal part 
of Warsaw, capital of Benton co., Mo., burnt by rebels. — U. S. gunboat 
Conestoga, engaged rebel batteries on the Tennessee river, and silenced 
them.— First flotilla of the " Stone Fleet" sailed for the South, from Conn, 
and Mass. — 20. Col. Burchard, with Lieut. Gregg and 24 men, attacked 
a large company of rebels near Kansas City, Mo., and defeated them, 
killing 5 and wounding 8. — Secession State Convention at Russelville, 
Ky., adopted an ordinance of secession. — 22. Two U. S. gunboats, Cam- 
bridge and Hertzel, from Fortress Monroe, shelled out the camps of the 
2d Louisiana and 10th Georgia regiments, at the junction of James and 
Warwick rivers. — Fort Pickens opened fire on the rebel encampments 
and forts, near Pensacoia, Fla. ; a severe cannonade ensued for two days. 
— 24. Skirmish in Lancaster, Mo., between 450 Federals under Colonel 
Moore, and 420 rebels. The rebels routed with the loss of 13 killed, and 
many wounded and prisoners. — Tybee Island in Savannah harbor, occu- 
pied by the U. S. forces under Flag-officer Dupont. — Rebel Commission- 
ers Mason and Slidell imprisoned in Fort Warren, Mass. — 25. Skirmish 
near Drainesville, Va.— Com. Tatnall, with 3 steamers and a gunboat 
attacked the Federal fleet in Gockspur Roads, Ga. — 26. Skirmish at Black 
Oak Point, Hickory co., Mo. Capt. Cosgrove and Lieut. Bobbitt, with 
25 men, surprised a rebel camp, killed 5, captured 8, and took 75 tents, 
6 wagons, 10 horses, 35 guns, and other property, and released 6 loyal 
prisoners.— Skirmish near Vienna, Va.— 27. Henry R. Jackson appointed 
a Major-Gen. in the Georgia army. — 29. Major Hough, with 4 companies 
of Missouri cavalry, had an engagement at Black Walnut. Creek, Mo., in 
which 17 rebels were killed and mounded, and 5 taken prisoners. — Skir- 
mish near New Market, Va. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 251 

Dec. 1. The U. S. steamer Penguin arrived at Brooklyn with the prize 
Albion, captured while attempting to ruu the blockade at Charleston, 
8. C, with arms, ammunition, provisions, &c, worth $100,000. — A party 
of Federals attacked the rebel pickets at Morristown, East Tenn., kill- 
ing a large number and putting the rest to flight. — Skirmish near Hunt- 
er's Chapel, Va., between a squadron of Gen. Blenker's horsemen and a 
squadrou of rebel cavalry, who were defeated. — 2. The first regular ses- 
sion of the S7th Congress commenced at Washington. — A party of citi- 
zens in Mo., near Dunksburg, 20 miles west of Sedalia, attacked a body 
of rebels under Capts. Young and Wheatley, killiug 7 and wounding ten 
of them.— 3. Skirmish at Salem, Dent co., Mo. — H. C. Burnett, of Ky., 
and J. W, Reed, of Mo., were expelled from the U. S. House of Repre- 
sentatives as traitors. — Gen. Phelps, with 2,000 men, attached to Gen. 
Butler's expedition, occupied Ship island, Mississippi Sound. — A detach- 
ment of Federal cavalry surprised the rebel guard at Whip-poor-will 
Bridge, on the Memphis Branch railway, Ky., taking 11 prisoners. — J. C. 
Breckinridge expelled from the U. S. Senate. — 5. Reports of the Sees, of 
War and Navy show the Government had in service for the war 682,971 
men. — Skirmish at Brownsville, Ky. — Successful foray of the 13th Mass., 
Col. Leonard, from the Potomac to Berkley Springs, Va., capturing a 
large quantity of provisions. — 7. At Sedalia, Mo., 106 mule teams and 
the teamsters seized by rebels. — Capt. Sweeney with 25 rebel guerrillas, 
captured near Glasgow, Mo., by Capt. Merrill's cavalry. — Skirmish near 
Dam No. 5 on the Potomac. Rebels driven off, losing 12 men. — Skirmish 
near Oiathe, Mo. — S. Capt. McGuire's company of 27th Mo., captured 14 
rebels at Sedalia, Mo. — U. S. steamer Augusta captured schooner E. Wa- 
terman, oft' Savannah, Ga. — 9. The U. S. steamer Harriet Lane, and 6 
steamers attached to the upper Potomac flotilla, shelled the woods at 
Budd's Ferry, and exchanged shots with the rebel batteries opposite, at 
Shipping Point. — Garret Davis elected a senator from Ky., in place of 
J. C. Breckiuridge. — The rebel Congress " admitted" Kentucky to the 
Confederacy.— 11. Skirmish near Bertrand, Mo. — Skirmish at Dam No. 
4, on the Potomac, near Sharpsburg, Md. Seven rebels killed, and many 
wounded. Capt. Williams and 6 men captured by the rebels. — Great fire 
at Charleston, S. C, GOO houses destroyed. — 12. Col. Merrill's cavalry and 
regiment returned to Sedalia, Mo., from Waverley, bringing as prisoners 

4 rebel capts., 2 lieuts., and 40 men, a mortar, aud many horses. — Co. I, 
of loth Ohio, were attacked on the banks of Green river, Ky., by a supe- 
rior force of rebel cavalry, whom they repulsed, wounding several of the 
cavalry. — 13. Villages of Papinsville and Butler, Bates co., Mo., rebel ren- 
dezvous burned bylWaj Williams of the 3d Kansas. — British ship Admiral 
captured oft" Savannah, Ga., while attempting to run in, by the Augusta. 
— Battle of Camp Alleghany, Va., 2,000 Federal troops, under Brig. -Gen. 
R. H. Milroy, attack a rebel camp on Alleghany Summit 2,000 troops. 
They retired after a well contested tight of eight hours, losing 20 killed, 
107 wounded, and 10 missing. — The rebels reported about the same loss. 
15. Skirmisli on the Virginia shore, opposite Berlin, Md. A detachment 
from the 2Sth Penn. attacked by 120 rebels in ambush, but cut their way 
through. 1 wounded, and 2 taken prisoners. 2 of the enemy killed and 

5 wounded. — 16. Platte City, Mo., fired by rebels, and the priucipal public 
buildings destroyed. — The Europa arrived from England, with news of 
the excitement among the British people occasioned by the arrest of 
Messrs. Mason and Slidell,and also the ultimatum of the British Govern- 
ment, demanding a surrender of the rebel commissioners, aud an apology 
for their seizure. Mr. Seward's dispatch to Mr. Adams, dated Nov. 'M, 
having settled the matter in anticipation, there was but little excitement 
in the public mind. — 17. Battle at Mumfordsville, Green river, Ky. The 
rebels defeated; 33 killed and 60 wounded. Federal loss 10 killed and 
17 wounded.— Gen. Pope captured 3u0 rebels near Osceola, Mo. — En- 



252 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

trance to harbor at Savannah, Ga., blockaded by sinking 7 vessels laden 
with stone. — 18. Part of G-en. Pope's forces under Cols. J. C. Davis and F. 
Steele, surprised a rebel camp near Miiford, north of Warren sburg, Mo., 
and captured nearly 1,300 men, 70 wagons loaded with stores, and all their 
camp equipage and arms. Federal loss, 2 killed, 17 wounded. — 19. Skir- 
mishing at Point of Rocks, Md. Rebels repulsed. — A band of 25 rebels 
visited the town of Ripley, Jackson co., Va., and seized all the arms of 
in the place, some ammunition and clothing. They also robbed the post- 
office and the principal store in the place.--20. Battle of Drainesville, Va. 
Federal forces, 4,000 under Gen. E. O. C. Ord, defeated about 2,800 Con- 
federates. 7 killed and 61 wounded. Rebel loss, 75 killed and 150 
wounded and 30 prisoners. —A scouting party under Capt. Wood, cap- 
tured 100 rebels near Springfield, Mo. — A party of rebels from Gen. Price's 
army committed extensive ravages on the N. Missouri railway, between 
Hudson and Warrenton. The bridges, wood-piles, water tanks, ties and 
rails destroyed along the route for SO miles. — 103 Federal soldiers under 
Major McKee, repulsed a superior force of rebels four miles S. of Hudson, 
Mo., killing 10, and capturing 17 prisoners and 30 horses, at the same 
time rescuing a stock train which had just been seized by the rebels. — 
The main ship channel at Charleston harbor obstructed, by sinking 16 
vessels of the " stone fleet." — 22. Skirmish near New Market Bridge, 
Newport News, Va. Two companies of the 20th N. Y. regiment, under 
Major Schoepf attacked by 700 rebel cavalry and infantry, and escaped 
with loss of 6 wounded. Ten rebels killed and a number wounded. — 23. 
Two rebel boats captured and burnt, at Lexington, Mo. — 26. Skirmish 
at Camp Boyle, Columbia, Ky. — A Cabinet Council, at Washington, 
decided to give up Mason and Slidell, on the ground that they could not 
be held consistently with the doctrines of neutral rights always main- 
tained by the U. S. Government. — Gen. Scott arrived at New York in the 
Arago from France. — Bluffton, S. C, occupied by Federal troops under 
Gen. Stevens. — The lighthouse on Morris Island, Charleston, S. C. harbor, 
blown up by order of rebel authorities. — Major Gower with a squadron 
of 1st Iowa cavalry, arrived at Jefferson City, Mo., bringing as prisoners, 

1 capt., 13 men, and 10 wagon loads of stores. — The bridges over Fabias 
river, on the Palmyra railway, Mo., destroyed by rebels. — 28. Gen. Pren-^ 
tiss, with 5 companies of the' 3d Missouri cavalry, and 5 companies of 
Col. Birge's sharpshooters, 470 in all, attacked a" rebel camp at Mount 
Zion, Boone co.. Mo., numbering nearly 900 men. The rebels routed, 25 
killed, 150 wounded, and 40 prisoners. 90 of their horses and 105 stand 
of arms were captured. The Federal loss was 3 killed, and 46 wounded. 
— A squadron of Federal cavalry, from Col. Jackson's regiment, attacked 
near Sacramento, Ky., by a large force of rebels, and compelled to retire. 

2 killed and 8 wounded. 3 rebels killed and a number wounded. — 30. 
The rebel Gen. H. H. Sibley having entered New Mexico with a military 
force without opposition, took possession of it, and annexed it to the 
Southern Confederacy by proclamation. — 31. Two boats under Acting- 
Masters A. Allen, and H. L. Sturges, destroyed a light-ship off Wilming- 
ton, N. Q. — Capture of the town of Biloxi, Miss., by U. S. gunboats 
Lewis, Water Witch, and New London, with natioual forces from Ship 
Island. 

1862. Jan. 1. The rebel Commissioners Mason and Slidell, with their 
Secretaries, left Boston for England, via Provincetown, Mass. — Col. H. 
Brown opened fire from Fort Pickens on the rebel vessels and fortifications 
within range of his guns. — The British bark Empress arrived at New York 
as a prize, captured by the U. S. sloop-of-war Vincennes, off New Orleans 
bar. — Part of the Louisville and Nashville railway destroyed by order of the 
rebel Gen. Buckner.— Skirmish at Port Royal Ferry, S. C. Federal loss, 3 
killed, 11 wounded. Rebels, 6 killed, 12 wounded.— J etT. Owens, Col. Jones, 
and 50 rebel bridge-burners captured near Martinsburg, Adrian co., Mo* 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 253 

—Four Federal soldiers captured, 1 killed, and 10 guns taken by rebels 
on Green river, Ky. — 8. Col. Glove, with 300 Federal troops, attacked 
a rebel camp 9 miles N. of flunnewell, Mo., taking S prisoners, putting the 
rest to tlight.— 4. The S4th Pa., 89th III., 500 cavalry, and other troops 
driven from Bath, Va., by a superior rebel force under Gen. Jackson, who 
killed 3 and took 30 prisoners. 7 rebels killed and a number wounded. — 
Skirmish at lluntcrsville, W. Va. A portion of the 25th Ohio, 2d Va., and 
Bracken's Ind. cavalry, under Major Webster, attacked a rebel force of 400 
cavalry and 350 infantry. They were routed with a loss of two killed and 
7 wounded, leaving $50,000 worth of army stores, which were destroyed by 
Unionists. — 5. Skirmish on the mainland near Fort Royal, S. C. 7 rebels 
captured. — Rebel army under Gen. Jackson bombarded Hancock, Md., but 
Mere driven away by artillery forces under Gen. Lauder. — 5 Federal soldiers 
killed by rebels in ambush in Johnson co., Kansas. — 6. 4,00(J Cherokee In- 
dians driven from their homes by Texas rebels. — 7. Destruction of bridges 
and culverts on the Bait, and Ohio railway, near the Cacapon river, by rebel 
Gen. Jackson. — Engagement at Blue's Gap, nearRomney, W. Va. Federal 
troops under Col. Dunning, of the 5th Ohio, attacked 2,U00 of the enemy, 
routing tbetn with the loss of 15 killed, 20 prisoners, 2 pieces of cannon, 
their wagons, &c— 300 of the 32d Ohio, under Capt. Lacey, were sent by 
Gen. Milroy into Tucker co., Va., where they dispersed 400 rebels, capturing 
2 officers and a private, and a large quantity of stores.— A band of rebels 
having s-ized a quantity of army stores from the depot at Sutton, Braxton 
co., W. Va., Col. Anisansel, Virginia cavalry, overtook the rebels 30 miles 
E. of Sutton, and killed or wounded 22, took 15 horses and 56 head of cat- 
tle, and recaptured the greater part of the stores. — Skirmish at Paintsville, 
near Prestonburg, Ky. Col. Garfield dispersed 2,500 rebels under Hum- 
phrey Marshall, killing 3, wounding a large number, and capturing 15. 
Federal loss, 2 killed and 1 wounded. — 8. Major W. M. G. Torrence, of the 
1st Iowa cavalry, assisted by detachments of the 1st Missouri cavalry, Major 
Hubbard, 4th Ohio, and Merrill's Horse, in all 500 mounted men, attacked a 
rebel camp at Silver Creek, Howard co., Mo., of 800 rebels, who were routed 
with a loss of 12 killed, 22 wounded, and 15 prisoners, leaving their horses, 
guns, and camp and garrison equipage. Federal loss 3 killed and 10 
wounded.— 10. Skirmish at Pohick Church, Va. The 5th Michigan dispersed 
a body of rebels. — Skirmish at Bath, Va. — Battle near Prestonburg, Ky. 
Gen. Garfield, with 1,500 Federal troops, overtook Humphrey Marshall with 
3,000 rebels, compelling him to destroy his stores and putting him to flight. 
Rebel loss, 50 killed, many wounded, and 25 prisoners. Federal loss, 2 
killed, 25 wounded. — 11. 50 rebels belonging to Col. Alexander's regiment 
captured 6 miles from Sedalia, Mo. — 12. The Burnside Expedition sailed 
from Fortress Monroe, under command of Com. Goldsborough and Gen. 
Burnside, for Albemarle Sound, N. C. — 13. Hon. Simeon Cameron, Secreta- 
ry-of-War, resigned his position, and Edwin P. Stanton was appoiuted in 
his stead on the loth inst. — 17. Capture of British schooner Stephen Hart 
loaded with arms, ammunition, and stores for the rebels, by the U. S. stores 
ship Supply.— Ex-President John Tyler died at Richmond, Va — Skirmish 
near Ironton, Mo. Rebels defeated. —The Fortification Bill passed the U.S. 
House of Representatives, appropriating $5,960,000 for fort and harbor de- 
fences. — IS. Gen. Halleck levied an assessment on the wealthy secessionists 
of St. Louis, Mo., to provide for the wants of loyal refugees in the city who 
had been driven from their homes in the S. W. section of the State by 
rebels. — Capts. Murdock and Webster, with their commands, captured 
Lieut. -Col. Farmer and 11 other rebel officers and 68 privates, with a quan- 
tity of army stores, at Bloomfield, Mo.— 19. Battle of Mill Spring, Ky. 
Gen. Thomas. The rebels routed, with loss of 192 killed, and 140 prisoners. 
Gen. Zollicoffer, their commander, killed. 1,200 horses and mules, over 
100 large wagons, 14 cannon, 2,000 muskets, etc., were cantured. Federal 
loss, 89 killed, 207 wounded.— The U. S. gunboat Itasca captured the rebel 



254 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

schooner Lizzie Weston, off Florida. — 23. The second stone fleet was 
suuk in Maffit's Channel, Charleston harbor, S. C— 28. Federal troops 
occupied Lebanon, Mo. — Skirmish between 50 men of the 37th New York 
regiment under Lieut.-Col. Burke, and a bock of Texas rangers near 
Colchester, on the Occoquan river, Va., in which 9 rebels were killed. 
2 Federals killed, and two wounded. — 29. The iron-clad battery Monitor 
launched at Greenpoiut, X. Y. — 30. Gen. Beauregard took command of 
rebel troops in Tennessee. — 31. Five telegraph operators captured by the 
rebels near Campbellsville, Ky. — Queen Victoria, declared her determina- 
tion to observe strict neutrality duriug the American contest, and to pre- 
vent the use of English vessels and harbors to aid the belligerents. 
Feb. L. — The 2d cavalry, 41st Indiana, had a skirmish near Bowling Green, 
Ky., in which 3 rebels were killed and 2 wounded. — The President of the 
U. S. empowered by act of Congress to take possession of all the 
railway and telegraphic lines throughout the country, whenever re- 
quisite for military purposes, till the close of the rebellion — 2. Skir- 
mish in Morgan co., Fa. — 3. In conformity with the decision of the Brit- 
ish Ministry, the privateer Nashville was sent off from Southampton, 
Englaud, and the U. S. gunboat Tuscarora detained from pursuing her 
for the space of 24 hours. — 4. Captain Lowing, with 80 men from cos. 
F and H, 3d Michigan, encountered a body of rebels near Occoquan, Va., 
whom they dispersed. — 5. Attack on Fort Henry, Tenn., commenced by 
Federal gunboats under Com. Foote. — Queen Victoria, of England, re- 
moved the prohibitions relating to the export of material of war from 
the Britiih dominions declared on the 30th Nov. and 4th Dec. 1861. — 7. 
Skirmish near Harper's Ferry, Va. — Unconditional surrender of Fort Henry 
to Com. Fcote,with Gen. Tilghman and staff, one colonel, two captains, and 
80 privates. — Federal troops took possession of the Memphis and Ohio rail- 
way. — The rebels driven from Romney, Va., by Gen. Lander. — Successful 
skirmish with rebel cavalry near Fairfax Court House, Va. — 8. Capture of 
rebel forts and garrisons on Roanoke Island, N. C, by the Federal forces un- 
der Com. Goldsborough and Gen. Burnside. 2,500* prisoners, 6 forts, 40 
guns, 3,000 small arms. Federal loss, 50 killed, 150 wounded.— Capt. Smith, 
of the 5th Virginia (loyal) with 21 men, surprised 32 of Jenkin's cavalry on 
Linn Creek, Logan co., Va., killing 8, wounding 7, and capturing the re- 
mainder, with 32 horses. One Federal killed, 1 wounded. — 9. Skirmish 
of a body of Federal cavalry with rebels near Fort Henry, Tenn. Five 
rebels killed, and 30 taken prisoners. — Edenton, N. C, occupied by Fede- 
ral troops. — 10. Destruction of rebel gunboats in the Pasquotank river, 
N. C, also of the rebel battery at Cobb's Point, and the occupation of 
Elizabeth City by Federal forces from 14 gunboats, commanded by Capt. 
Rowan. — Capt. Phelps, of Com. Foote's squadron, commanding the gun- 
boats Couestoga, Taylor, and Lexington, captured a new rebel gunboat, 
and destroyed all the rebel craft between Fort Henry and Florence, Ala. 
■ — 12. An expedition under the command of Col. Reggin returned to Fort 
Henry, Tenn., from up the Tennessee river, having captured $75,000 worth 
of contraband goods at Paris, Tenn., and also the tents and camp equipage 
of the rebel troops that retreated from Fort Henry. — 13. Evacuation of 
Springfield, Mo., by the rebel army under Gen. Price. 600 of the rebel 
sick and many forage wagons left behind, which fell into the hands of 
Union troops. — 14. The rebel camp at Blooming Gap, Va., surprised by 
forces under Gen. Lander. 65 prisoners taken, including 17 officers. 13 
killed and 20 wounded. Federal loss, 7 in killed and wounded. — Fort 
Donelson invested and attacked by the Federal army under Gen. Grant. 
E. M. Stanton, Sec.-of-War, issued, an order releasing all political prison- 
ers upon their taking the oath of allegiance.— Skirmish near Flat Lick 
Ford, on the Cumberland river, Ky. — Com. Foote, with 6 gunboats, at- 
tacked Fort Donelson, but was repulsed, the Commodore being severely 
wounded. Federal loss, 60 in killed and wounded.— The rear-guard of 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 255 

Gen. Price's army in S. W. Missouri attacked by Gen. Curtis' command, 
and many prisoners taken.— Howling Green, Ky., evacuated by rebel 
troops, who destroyed most of the available property in the town that 
could not be removed. — Three rebel schooners and one sloop, laden with 
rice, destroyed by the crews of armed boats from the U. S. bark Restless, 
Lieut. E. Conroy, in Bull's Hay, S. C— i5. The national batteries at Venus 
Point, on the Savannah river, attacked by 4 rebel gunboats, which were 
repulsed. — The railway bridge crossing the Tennessee river at Decatur, 
Ala., destroyed by Union men. — 16. Gen. Price driven from Missouri by 
Gen. Curtis, who followed him into Arkansas, capturing many prisoners. 
— Gen. Mitchell's troops occupied Bowling Green, Ky. — Fort, Donelson 
surrendered to the Federal army, under ^Gen. Grant, after three days' 
desperate resistance. 15,000 prisoners captured, including Brig. -Gen. 
Buckner, and an immense quantity of war material. Gens. Floyd and 
Pillow escaped, with a portion of the garrison. — 17. The 1st Missouri 
cavalry fell into an ambush of rebels at Sugar Creek, Ark. 13 killed and 
wounded. — 13. First session of the Congress of the " permanent " Gov- 
ernment of the Confederate States opened at Richmond, Va. — The wire 
and suspension bridges over the Cumberland river at Nashville, Tenn., 
destroyed by Gen. Floyd. — A skirmish at Independence, Mo. — 19. 1,000 
additional rebel prisoners taken at Fort Donelson, they having come 
down the river to reinforce Gen. Buckner. — Evacuation of Clarksville, 
Tenn., by the rebels. The Federal forces, under Com. Foote, took pos- 
session of the town, and captured a large quantity of army stores. — Ben- 
tonville, Ark., captured by Gen. Curtis. — 20. The rebel steamer Magnolia, 
with 1,050 bales of cotton, captured in the Gulf of Mexico, by the U. S. 
steamers Brooklyn and South Carolina. — The town of Winton, N. C, par- 
tially burned by the national forces. — The track of the Memphis and Ohio 
railway torn up, and the bridges burned in many places, by order of rebel 
Gen. Polk.— 21. Battle of Valvende, N. M. 1,500 Federals, under Col. 
Canby, defeated by an equal force of rebels, under Col. Steele. Federal 
loss, 55 killed, 140 wounded. Rebel loss, about the same. — 22. Inaugu- 
ration of Jefferson Davis, of Miss., as President of the " Confederate 
States," at Richmond, Va., and Alex. H. Stevens, of Ga., as Vice-Presi- 
dent, they having received the unanimous vote of 109 delegates repre- 
senting 11 States, viz : Ala., Ark., Fla., Ga., La., Miss., N. C, S. C, 
Tenn., Texas., Va., for the permanent organization of the Confederate 
States. — 23. Gallatin, Tenn., occupied by Gen. Buell's forces. — A skir- 
mish at Mason's Neck, near Occoquan, Va., — 24. Harper's-Ferry, Va., 
occupied by the 2Sth Pa. regiment.— Nashville, Tenn., occupied by Fede- 
ral forces of Gen. Buell's command.— 25. Gen. Banks' division occupied 
Bolivar and Charlestown, Va. — All the telegraphic lines that could be 
used by government taken under military control, and the transmission of 
reports of military operations forbidden, without permission of the mili- 
tary censor. — 26. Skirmish at Keittsville, Barry co., Mo. — 27. Fayetteville, 
Ark., occupied by Gen. Curtis.— Col. Wood's cavalry drove rebels out of 
Dent, Texas, and Howell cos.. Mo., capturing 60 prisoners. — U. S. iron- 
clad battery Monitor, Lieut. Worden, sailed from New York for Fortress 
Monroe.— 25. The British ship Labuan, with a valuable cargo, arrived 
at N. York, captured by the U. S. sloop-of-war Portsmouth off' Rio 
Grande river.— Capt. Nolen with 64 of the 7th 111. cavalry attacked 90 of 
Jeff'. Thompson's cavalry and a battery, west of Charlestown., Mo., and 
captured 4 guns, losing 1 man. 
March 1. The U. S. gunboats Tyler. Lieut. Gwin, commanding, and Lex- 
ington, Lieut Shirk, on an expedition up the Tennessee river, engaged 
and silenced a rebel. battery at Pittsburg. Tenn., 7 miles above Savannah. 
— Evacuation of Columbus, Ky., by rebel troops, leaving their heavy 
guns, and a large quantity of war material ; 400 of the 2d Illinois cavalry 
occupied the town the next day, and troops from Com. Foote's flotilla th» 



256 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

day after. — U. S. steamer Mount Yernon, captured the schooner British 
Queen, at the blockade of Wilmington, X. C. — L Occupation of Fort 
Clinch and Fernandina, Fla., and St. Mary's and Brunswick, Ga., by 
Federal forces under Com. Dupout and Gen." Wright. — A squadron of 1st 
Michigan cavalry surprised and defeated a party of rebel cavalry at Ber- 
ryville, Ya., killing 3 and capturing 9 hoi ».— Twn bridges on the Nash- 
ville and Decatur railway, Tenu., destroyed by rebels. — 5. Bunker Hill, 
Ya., occupied by rebel forces. — 7. Capt. Cole's "Maryland cavalry encoun- 
tered a few of Ashby's rebel cavalry, near Winchester Ya.. 6 rebels were 
killed and 5 wounded. Capt. Cole had 3 men wounded. — 6, 7, S. Battle 
of Pea Ridge, Ark. The combined rebel forces defeated by Federal forces 
under Gen. Curtis, Sigel, Ashboth and Davis. Federal" loss in killed, 
wounded, and missingr 1,351. Rebel loss about 2,000. Gens. McCulloch, 
Macintosh, and Slack, killed. — 8. Destruction of the U. S. s'oop-of-war 
Cumberland, and the frigate Congress, in action with the rebel iron bat- 
tery Merrimac in Hampton Roads, Ya. 100 men were killed or drowned 
on the Cumberland. — By order of the President, Maj.-Gen. McClellan 
was directed to organize and command the army of the Potomac, divided 
into five army corps, under Maj.-Gea. McDowell, Brig.-Gens. E. Y. Sum- 
ner, S. P. Heintzelman, E. L. Keyes and X. P. Banks. — Col. Geary en- 
tered Leesburg, Ya., capturing many prisoners, stores, etc. — Manassas, 
Ya., evacuated by the rebels. — 9. Combat of the U. S. iron battery Moni- 
tor, and the rebel iron battery Merrimac, in Hampton Roads, Ya. After 
a desperate combat of three hours the Merrirnac was compelled to retire, 
haviug received severe injuries. — The rebel battery at Cockpit Point, on 
the Potomac, captured by Federal troops. — Brilliant charge of 14 of the 
Lincoln Cavalry at Burk's station, near Fairfax Court House, Ya., against 
100 infantry, 3 of whom were killed, 5 wounded, and 11 captured. — 10. Cen- 
treville, Ya., occupied by National forces, the bridges, railway track, de- 
pot, etc., having been destroyed by the rebels. — 11. Gen. Pope's troops 
occupied Point Pleasant, Mo., 8 miles below New Madrid. — Berryville, 
Ya., occupied by Gen. Gorman. — The country intervening between the 
Department of the Potomac and that of the Mississippi, organized as the 
" Mountain Department/' and assigned to Gen Fremont. — The " Depart- 
ment of the Mississippi" organized and assigned to Gen. Halleck, which 
included his previous department and that of Gen. Hunter's in Kansas; 
also all of Gen. Buell's west of Knoxville, Tenn. — Occupation of St. 
Augustine, Fla., by Federal naval forces under Com. Rogers. — 12. Win- 
chester, Ya., occupied by the National troops, who captured rebel stores. 
— Curtis' Iowa Cavalry and a battalion of the 1st Nebraska, defeiv 
rebels and occupy Paris, Ky. — Occupation of Jacksonviile t Fla., by Federal 
forces from the U. S. gunboats Ottawa, Seneca, and Pembina, under 
command of Lieutenant" T. F. Stevens. — 13. Brunswick, Ga., occupied by 
Federal forces under Flag-Officer Dupont. — 14. The rebels driven from 
New Madrid, Mo., by Gens. Pope and Hamilton's forces, who captured 
military stores valued at $100,000. Federal loss during the siege 51 killed 
and wounded. — Battle at Newbern, N. C. Gen. Burnside's forces at- 
tacked and carried a continuous line of redoubts of half a mile in extent, 
after four hours' engagement. 200 prisoners and 6 forts were taken, 
mounting 40 heavy guns. Federal loss, 39 killed, 150 wounded. Rebel 
loss, 50 killed, 200 "wounded. — A detachment of Ohio and Indiana troops, 
under Col. Carter and Lieut.-Col. Keigwin, attacked 3u0 rebels on the 
Cumberland .Mountains, and defeated them, killing 3, wounding 6, and 
capturing 3 officers and 15 priva* -abres, and 

other material. — 15. The Federal gunboats under Com. Foote, invested 
Island No. 10, on the Mississippi.— id. Two rebel captains and 17 privates 
captured on Indian Creek, Arkansas. — 15 The rebel fleet at Island No. 
10, attacked Com. Foote's flotilla, but retired after slight loss on either 
side, the rebels crippling two of the Federal gunboats. — 21. Santa Fa, 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 257 

N. M., seized by 100 rebel Texans. — Washington, N. C, occupied by 
Federal troops. — -22. Rebel forces advanced upon Winchester, Va., Gen. 
Shield's forces engaged them successfully until night. Skirmish near 
Independence. Mo.— Skirmish near Mosquito Inlet, Fla. — 20. Morehead 
City, N. C, occupied by Federal troops under Gen. Parke. — Battle of Win- 
chester, Va. Alter a desperate engagement, the rebels were driven from 
the ground in disorder, with a loss of GOO killed and wounded, and 300 
prisoners. Federal loss, 100 killed aud 400 wounded. — 25. Maj. Pyron's 
Texans defeated at Apache Canon, between Santa Fe and Fort Union. — 
26. Skirmish at Humausville, Polk co., Mo. — 27. Big Bethel, Va., occupied 
by the Federal forces. — 2S. The Federal gunboats and mortars, under 
Corns. Farragut and Porter, attacked Forts Jackson and St. Philip, La. — 
Morgan's rebel cavalry captured a train on the Louisville and Nashville 
railway. The locomotive was run into a ditch, and the cars destroyed. — 
1,200 U. S. troops, under Col. Slough, engaged the united rebel forces at 
Valle's Ranch, N. M., from 10 a. m. to 5 p. m., when au armistice was 
agreed on. A tlank movement the next day by Maj. Chivington threw 
the rebels into confusion, and, after burning their train, retreated. 80 
killed, 100 wounded, 93 prisoners. Federal loss, 38 killed, 54 wounded, 
17 prisoners. — 29. A detachment of the 1st Iowa cavalry, under Captain 
Thompson, overtook the guerrilla band of Col. Parker, 10 miles west of 
Warrensburgh, Mo. 15 rebels killed aud 25 taken prisoners. 2 Federals 
kiled aud several wouuded. 30. Maj. -Gen. Hunter assumes command of 
the Department of the South, comprising South Carolina, Georgia, and 
Florida. 
April 1. During a storm at night, Col. Roberts, with 50 picked men of the 
42d Illinois, and as many seamen under First Master Johnson, of the 
gunboat St. Louis, surprised the rebels at the upper battery of Island 
No. 10, and spiked 6 large guns. — Skirmish at Putnam's Ferry. — All of 
Maryland and. Virginia lying between the Mountain Department and the 
Blue Ridge, was constituted the military Department of the Shenandoah, 
and assigned to Maj. -Gen. Banks: and that portion of Virginia east of the 
Blue Ridge and west of the Potomac constituted the Department of the 
Rappahannock, and was assigned to Maj. -Gen. McDowell. — 2. Manassas 
Gap, Va., occupied by Col. Geary's troops.— U. S. Senate passed a bill 
for the abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia, by a vote of 29 
yeas, 14 nays. — 4. A Schooner containing 24 recruits for the rebel army 
captured on Black creek, near the Potomac river, Va. — 5. Gen. McOlellan's 
army commenced the siege of Yorktown, Va. Heavy firing throughout 
the day resulted in a loss to the Federals of 3 killed aud 22 wounded. — 
6-7. Battle of Pittsburg Landing, Tenn. The combined rebel army, un- 
der Geus. Johnston and Beauregard, attacked Gen. Grant's army on the 
morning of the 6th. Federal loss, 1,614 killed, 7,721 wounded, 3,963 
missing; total, 13,508. Rebel loss, (Beauregard's report,) 1,728 killed, 
8,012 wounded, 959 missing; total, 10,699.-7. Island No. 10, on the Mis- 
sissippi, and the adjacent works on the Tennessee shore, were abandoned 
by the rebels, and taken possession of by Col. Buford's brigade. — Apa- 
lachicola, Fla , captured by the Federal gunboats Mercedita and Saga- 
more. — 8. Surrender of the rebel army of 5,200 men, and all their stores, 
to the Federal forces under Gen. Paine, of Gen. Pope's division, at Tip- 
tonville^ Tenn. — Gen. W. T. Sherman was dispatched by Gen. Grant with 
a large reconnoitering force on the Coriuth, Miss., road. A portion of 
his force was routed by a charge of rebel cavalry, and 15 killed and 25 
wounded of the 77th Ohio regiment. — 10. Huntsville, Ala., occupied by 
Gen. Mitchel's forces. 200 prisoners, 15 locomotives, and many cars cap- 
tured. 11. Surrender of Fort Pulaski, Ga., after a bombardment of two 
days. Federal loss, 1 killed, 1 wounded ; rebels, 3 wounded, 360 prison- 
ers, 47 guns, 40,000 lbs. powder. — The rebel steamers Merrimac, James- 
town and Yorktown, osme down between Newport News and Sewall's 



258 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Point, on the Chesapeake, and captured 3 vessels. — Severe 'skirmishing 
in front of Yorktown, Va., by Geo. Jameson's brigade. 20 of the Fed- 
erals killed or wounded. — Gen. Halleck assumed command of the Federal 
army at Pittsburg, Tenn. — 12. Skirmish at Monterey, Va. — The Charles- 
ton and Memphis railway, at Chattanooga Junction, seized by Gen. Mit- 
chel's forces, and 2,000 rebels and much property captured. — 14. The 
Potomac flotilla ascended the Rappahannock river, Va., destroying sev- 
eral batteries. Three vessels were captured. — 16. Engagement at Lee's 
Mill, near Yorktown, Va. Federal loss, 32 killed and 100 wounded. 
Rebels, 25 killed and 75 wounded. — 17. Mount Jackson, in Shenandoah 
co., Va., occupied by Gen. Williams' troops, who captured 50 of Ashby's 
rebel cavalry .—A large boat was swamped at Castleman's Ferry, on the 
Shenandoah river, by which between 40 and 50 of the 75th Penn. were 
drowned. — New Market, Va., occupied by Banks' army, and Fredericks- 
burg by McDowell's.— 20. Battle of Camden or South "Mills, N. C. Gen. 
Reno's forces drove the rebels from their batteries and entrenchments. 
Federal loss in killed and wounded, 90. — 22. Rebel steamer J. Robb cap- 
tured on the Tennessee river by gunboat Tyler. — 24. Federal fleet passed 
Forts Jackson and St. Philip, destroying 13 rebel gunboats, the ram 
Manassas, and 3 transports. — 25. New Orleans captured. Rebel batteries 
on both sides of the river destroyed. — 26. Rebel schooner Artie captured 
by U. S. Steamer Flambeau. — Rebel schooner Belle captured by U. S. 
steamer Uncas, — Skirmish at Neosho, Mo. Rebels defeated. — An ad- 
vance luuette of the rebels at Yorktown carried by the 1st Mass. — Cap- 
ture of Fort Macon, N. C, with its garrison of 450 men under Col. White, 
after a bombardment of 11 hours. Rebel loss, 7 killed, 18 wounded. 
Federal loss 1 killed, 3 wounded. — 28. Forts St. Philip and Jackson, La., 
surrendered; forts Livingston and Pike abandoned, and the rebel iron 
battery Louisiana blown up. — 30. Skirmish of Gen. Mitchel's forces with 
the rebels near Bridgeport, Ala. 
May 4. Gen. Stoneman's advance of McClellan's army encountered a rebel 
force near Williamsburg, Va,, 7 of whom were killed and 25 captured. 2 
Federals killed and 20 wounded.— 5. Battle of Williamsburg, Va.- Gens. 
Kearny's and Hooker's divisions engaged the rebel army under Gen. 
Longstreet from dawn until dark, when the Federals were reiuforced and 
the rebels defeated. Federal loss, 2,073 in killed and wounded, and 623 
prisoners. Rebel loss heavier, 500 prisoners. — 6. Skirmish near Har- 
risonburg, Va., by Federal troops under Major Vought. — 7. Westpoint, 
Va. Gen. Franklin's division of McClellan's army attacked by rebel force 
at head of York river. Rebels defeated. — 9. Battle at Farmiugton, Miss. 
Federals, under Gen. Pope, lost 21 killed, 140 wounded. Rebel loss, 
400. — Pensacola Navy Yard burned by the rebels. — 10. Norfolk, Va., occu- 
pied by Federal troops. — 11. Rebel iron clad battery Merrimac destroyed 
by her officers to avoid capture. — 12. Occupation of Pensacola, Fla., by 
Federal troops. — 16. Confederate Conscription act in operation. — 17. The 
Federal iron clad gunboats Monitor, Mystic and Naugatuck defeated in 
an attempt to pass Fort Darling on James river, Va. — 18. Suffolk, Va., 
occupied by Federal forces. — 22. A portion of Gen. McClellen's army 
crossed the Chickahominy at Bottom's Bridge and New Bridge, after a 
successful skirmish with a small rebel force on the banks. — Col. Kenly, 
commanding a Federal brigade at Front Royal, Va., defeated with severe 
,loss by a superior force orrebels under Gen. Ewing. — 23. Gen. Blank's 
army driven from Winchester, Va., by a large rebel force.— Col. Crook's 
command of Gen. Fremont's corps attacked by rebel Gen. Heath, with a 
large force at Lewisburg, Va. The letter defeated with a loss of 200 killed 
wounded and prisoners. — 24. All the railroads in the United States taken 
possession of by the President for military purposes. — 25. Gen. Banks' 
army attacked at Winchester, Va., by a superior force of rebels. The 
Federals retreated to Williamsport, Md.— 29. Battle at Hanover Court 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 259 

House, Va.; rebels defeated by Gen. Porter's division. Federal loss, 375, 
rebels, SCO.— 30. Corinth, Miss., occupied by Federal troops. — Front 
Royal, Va., re-occupied by Federal troops.— 31. Battle of Fair Oaks, Va. 
Gen. C.isey's division, after a gallant resistance, were overwhelmed by 
the rebelarmy. Gens. Couch, Heintzelman, Kearney, Richardson, and 
Sedgwick arriving with their troops, the rebels were driven back with 
great slaughter. — -Large capture of rebel army stores at Booneville, Miss. 
— Little Rock, capitalof Arkansas, occupied by rebel troops. 

June 1. — The rebel army renewed the attack on the Federal forces at Fair 
Oaks, Va., who were defeated and driven from the field. Loss, 8,000 men 
in killed and wounded. Federal loss, 5,500. — 2. Fortress Monroe and 
vicinity assigned to Gen. Dix. — Gen. Wool promoted to a Major-General- 
ship in the U. S. army, and transferred to the Maryland Department.— 5. 
Fort "Wright, on the Mississippi river, evacuated by the rebels. — 6. Eight 
rebel vessels attacked the Federal gunboats and rams above Memphis, on 
the Mississippi. Destruction or capture of all the rebel vessels, and sur- 
render of the city to Flag-officer Davis. — 8. Battle of Cross-keys, near 
Port Republic, Va. Rebels defeated by Gen. Fremont's command. — 
Battle of Port Republic, Va. Gen. Shields, with 3,500 men, attacked by 
12,000 rebels. Union troops retreated after severe loss on both sides. — 
13. A Confederate battery on White river, Ark., captured by U. S. land 
and naval forces. The gunboat Mound City had her boiler pierced by a 
ball, which caused the loss of 100 of her crew. — 14. An extensive cavairy 
raid from the rebel lines made the circuit of Gen. McClellan's army, de- 
stroying considerable property in their progress. — Severe battle on James 
Island, S. C The Federal forces, under Gen. Benham, defeated, with a 
loss of 685 men, killed, wounded, and prisoners. — 20. President Lincoln 
signed the bill forever prohibiting slavery in the territories. — 25. Battle 
of Oak Grove, Va. Gen. Hooker's focces, with a loss of 200 men, defeated 
the rebels, who suffered more.severely. — Gen. Pope arrived in Washing- 
ton, having been assigned to command the " Army of Virginia," formed 
by the consolidation of Gens. Banks, McDowell's', aud Fremont's com- 
mands. Gen. Fremont resigned his command. — Battle of Mechanicsville, 
Va. The Confederate forces, under Gen. 'Jackson, attacked Gen. M'Call's 
division, which was defeated with severe loss. — 27. Battle of Gaiues' 
Mill, Va. The Federals successfully resisted an attack by the rebel army, 
and made good their retreat. — 28. Battle of Chickahorniny, Va. General 
Fitz John Porter's division bore the brunt of the engagement, the Fede- 
ral forces still successfully retreating. — 29. Battle of Peach Orchard, Va., 
in which the rebel troops were repulsed. — Battle of Savage Station. The 
Union troops continuing their retreat, were attacked. A sanguinary en- 
gagement took place, with heavy losses on both sides. — 30. Battle of 
White Oak Swamp, which lasted the entire day. As the Federal forces 

'neared James-river, the Union gunboats opened fire, and did great exe- 
cution. 

July 1. — Battle of Malvern Hills, the last of the seven days' contests, lasted 
two hours. The rebels were repulsed at all points. — 3. City Point, Va., 
destroyed by Federal troops. — 7. Col. Hovey's command, on White river, 
Ark., attacked near Bayou de Cache by a large force of Texas troops. 
Rebels defeated. — 8. Gen. Burnside's forces effect a junction with Gen. 
McClellan's commaud on the James river. — 9. Hamilton, N. C, captured 
bv Union gunboats, and the 9th N. Y. volunteers. — 11. Major-Gen. H. 
W. Halleck appointed General-in-chief of the U. S. army. — 13. Battle of 
Murfreesborouirh, Tenn. Federal forces defeated. Generals Crittenden 
and Duffield, with several hundred men, taken prisoners. — 15. A rebel 
force in the Indian Territory defeated by Gen. Blunt's forces. Loss, 200. 
— Rebel iron-clad gunboat Arkansas ran the blockade of the Yazoo river. 
Steaming through the Federal fleet, inflicting much injury, she arrived in 
safety under shelter of the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. — Confederate 



260 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

forces, 8 miles south of Fayetteville, Ark., routed by Major Miller's Union 
cavalry. — 17. Adjournment of Congress. — Confiscation Act signed by the 
President. 

August 4. — A draft of 300,000 men, to serve for nine months, ordered by 
the President of the U. S., and a further quota to supply the deficiency 
of the last call for 300,000 volunteers for three years, to take effect after 
August 15. — i. Rebel Gen. J. C. Breckenridge, with 6,000 men, attacked 
the Union army of 2,500 men under Gen. Williams at Baton Rouge, La. 
Rebels defeated. Gen. Williams killed. Federal loss, 250 in killed, 
wounded, and missing. Rebel loss about 600. — 6. Destruction of the 
rebel ram Arkansas by the U. S. gunboat Essex, near Yicksburg, Miss. — 
9. Battle of Cedar Mountain, Va. Gen. Banks' division attacked near 
the Rapidan river by rebel Gen. Jackson with a superior force. The 
rebels were finally compelled to retreat. Federal loss about 1,500. — 11. 
Battle at Clarendon, Monroe co., Ark., between six Federal regiments 
under Gen. Hovey, and eight rebel regiments. Rebels defeated, and 700 
prisoners taken. — 16. Gen. McClellan's army evacuated Harrison's Land- 
ing, and occupied Williamsburg, Va. — 19. Surrender of Clarksville, Tenn., 
to the rebels, by Col. R. Mason, with the 71st Ohio regiment. — 22. Defeat 
of Gen. Johnston near Gallatin, Tenn., by Morgan's Confederate cavalry. 
100 Federals killed, and many taken prisoners. — 23. Artillery skirmishing 
along the Rappahannock river, between Gen. Pope's army and the rebels. 
— 25. Fort Donelson, Tenn., attacked by rebel troops, who were repulsed. 
— 26. Gen. Burnside relinquished command of the Department of North 
Carolina. Succeeded by Gen. Foster. — Gen. E well's Confederate forces 
(10,000 strong) drove in the Union pickets at Manassas Junction, over- 
powered the forces then at Bull Run, and pushed on toward Alexandria. 
— 27. Gen. Hooker's division engaged Gen. Ewell's army at Kettle Run, 
Va., and drove them from the field with small loss on either side. — 29. 
Battle at Grovetou, Va. The troops of Gens. Sigel, Hooker, Kearney, 
Reno, and King, engaged the rebel forces from dawn to dark. Enemy 
compelled to fall back after heavy losses. — 29,30. Battles at Richmond, 
Ky. Federal forces under Gens. Manson and Cruft compelled to retreat 
before the rebels, after losing 200 killed, 700 wounded, and 2,000 prison- 
ers. — 30. Col. Leggett's brigade engaged 4,000 Confederate cavalry near 
Bolivar, Tenn. Federal loss, 25 killed and wounded.— Gen. Pope's forces, 
consisting of the corps of Gens. Heintzelman, Porter, McDowell, and 
Banks, engaged the rebel army under Gen. Lee, on the old battle ground 
of Bull Run. After severe loss, the Federal troops fell back to Centre- 
ville, where they were supported by Sumner's and Franklin's corps. — 31. 
Bayou Sara, La., burned by the crew of U. S. gunboat Essex. 

Sept. 1. — Battle at Britton's Lane, Tenn. Col. Dennis, with 800 Federal 
troops, engaged a superior force of rebels and defeated them. Federal 
loss, 200 : Vebel, 400. — Battles at Germantown and Chantilly, Va. Death 
of Gens. Kearney and Stevens. — Gen. Burnside evacuated Fredericks- 
burgh. — 3. Gen. Pope asked to be relieved of his command, and was 
transferred to the Department of the North-west. — 4. Governor Curtiu, 
of Pennsylvania, called out the whole of the State militia to repel an ex- 

fected invasion. — Federal troops near Fort Ridgely, Minn., attacked by 
ndians. 13 soldiers killed and 47 wounded. — The Confederate army 
crossed the Potomac near Poolesville, Md.— 5. The Federal army, under 
Gen. McClellau, advancing from the capital to the Upper Potomac, Mary- 
land side. — 6. A rebel force attacked the Federal garrison at Washington, 
N. C, but were repulsed with the loss of 33 killed and 100 wounded. 
Union loss, 8 killed, 36 wounded.— Col. Lowe retook Clarkesville, Tenn., 
driving out the rebel garrison. — 7. Gen. Banks assigned to command the 
fortifications around Washington. — 400 rebel cavalry attacked General J. 
White's forces at Martinsburg, Va., and were repulsed with heavy loss. 
— 8. The rebels occupied Frederick, Md., in force, and Gens. Lee and 



CHRONOLOGICAL niSTORT. 261 

Johnson issued proclamations to the people of Maryland, endeavoring to 
incite them to insurrection. — 9. Gen. Stuart's rebel cavalry, in an attempt 
to recross from Maryland into Virginia at Edward's Ferry, were repulsed 
with a loss of 90 men by Gen. Keves. — Gen. 0. M. Mitchell appointed to 
command the Department of the &outh, relieving Gen. Hunter. — Federal 
garrison at Fayette Court House, Va., surrounded by a large rebel force, 
cut their way out, losing 100 men killed and wounded. — 12. General 
McClellan's army entered Frederick, Md. — Fight at Middletown, Md. 
Federal loss, SO killed and wounded. — 14. Battle of, South Mountain, Md. 
Troops of Gens. Reno, Hooker, and Franklin engaged. Gen. Reno killed. 
Rebels defeated. Federal loss, 443 killed, 1,806 wounded, 76 missing. — 
15. Surrender of Harper's Ferry, with a large supply of military stores, 
and 11,000 men to the rebels. Colonel Miles, the Federal commander, 
killed. The cavalry force made their way out, and capturing a rebel 
army train of 50 wagons and 75 men, reached Greencastle, Pennsylva- 
nia, in safety. — 15. Battle at Green River, Kentucky, on the line of the 
Louisville and Nashville railroad. Rebels defeated. — 16. Capture of the 
Federal garrison at Mumfordsville, Ky., 4,000 strong, with 10 pieces- of 
artillery. 50 Federals killed and wounded — 17. Battle of Antietam, Md. 
The entire Federal and rebel armies engaged. Defeat of the^ebels, with 
loss of 15,000 men. Federal loss, 12,500.-19. Battle of Iuka, Miss. 
Gen. Rosecrans. — The rebels evacuated Harper's Ferry. — 20. Gen. Rose- 
crans again attacked the rebels at Iuka, who retreated. Union loss, 135 
killed, 527 wounded. Rebel loss, 263 killed, 400 wounded, 600 prisoners. 
— 21. Col. Barnes, commanding a Federal brigade, defeated in an attempt 
to cross the Potomac from Maryland, losing 150 men in killed, wounded, 
and missing. — 22. President Lincoln proclaimed that on the 1st day of 
of January, 1863, " all slaves in States or parts of States in rebellion " 
should be forever free. — 23. Col. Sibley defeated a band of 300 Sioux In- 
dians, who attacked his encampment on Yellow Medicine river, Minn. 
30 Indians killed, many wounded. Union loss, 4 killed, 30 wounded. — 
24. A Convention of Governors of 14 loyal States, and 3 proxies from 
others, met at Altoona, Pa. They endorsed the emancipation proclama- 
tion of the President, and requested him to organize a reserve force of 
100, 000 men. — Proclamation of President Lincoln, ordering the arrest of 
all rebels and insurgents, their aiders and abettors, in the United States, 
and suspending the writ of habeas corpus in such cases. — Gen. Beauregard 
appointed to command rebel forces in S. Carolina and Georgia. — General 
Butler, at New Orleans, ordered all Americans in his Department to 
renew their oath of allegiance to the government, and to furnish returns 
of their real and personal property, under penalty of fine and imprison- 
ment. — 26. U. S. ram Queen of the West shelled and burned the town ot 
Prentiss, Miss., in retaliation for firing on that vessel and its transport 
from the town. — 27. 91 women and children rescued by Col. Sibley from 
the Indians on Chippeway river, Minn. 16 Indian warriors taken prison- 
ers. — Augusta, Ky., captured by 600 rebel cavalry. 
Oct. 1. — The U. S. gunboat fleet in the western waters turned over from 
the "War to the Navy Department. — 3. Rebel troops at Franklin on Black- 
water river, Va., defeated by Col. Spears, 11th Penn. cavairy. — 3-5. A 
series of battles near Corinth, Miss. A rebel army of 38,000 men attacked 
the Federal forces under Gens. Ord, Hurlbut, and Veatch, and were routed 
with great loss of men and material. — 5. Jackson, Fla., occupied by 
Union troops. — Battle of Lavergne, near Nashville, Tenn. Gen. Palmer's 
Federal brigade attacked by Confederates, who were defeated with loss of 
80 killed and wounded. Federal loss, 18 in killed aud wounded. — 8. 
Battle at Chaplin's Hills, Perryville, Ky. Federal loss, 3,200 in killed, - 
wounded, and missing. Rebel loss fully as great. Rebels retreated. — 10. 
1,800 rebel cavalry, under Gen. J. E. B. Stuart, crossed the Potomac at 
M'Coy's Creek, and penetrated to Mercersburg and Chambersburg, Pa., 



262 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

and after capturing and destroying much property, made good their re- 
treat with slight loss.— Gen. Schofield drove the Confederate forces across 
the Missouri line into Arkansas. — 17. The Federal garrison on the Ten- 
nessee shore opposite Island No. 10 attacked by rebel forces, who were 
defeated with loss. — 18. Morgan's Confederate cavalry dashed into Lex- 
ington, Ky., killing 6 and capturing 120 Federals, and then retreated. 
— 19. Fight on the Cumberland river, 7 miles from Nashville. Colonel 
Miller's brigade of Union troops routed a force of Confederate cavalry, 
who retreated with a large loss of army supplies.— 22. Gen. Blunt's com- 
mand routed 5,000 of rebels at Marysville, N. W. Arkansas.— Battle of 
Pocotaligo, S. C., between Gen. Terry's command and Confederates under 
Gen. Beauregard. Union loss, 30 killed, 130 wounded. — 27. Battle near 
Donaldsonville, La. Gen. Weitzel's Federal troops defeated the rebels, 
who lost 6 killed, 15 wounded, 208 prisoners. Federal loss, 18 killed, 74 
wounded. — 27. Gen. Pleasanton's Federal cavalry drove the rebels from 
Snicker's Gap, Va. — 28. Gen. Herron, with 1,000* men, attacked and cap- 
tured a Confederate camp near Fayetteville, Ark. — 30. Gen. Buell relin- 
quished the command of the army of the Ohio, by order of the President, 
and was succeeded by Gen. Rosecrans. 

Nov. 3.— Fight in Webster co., Ky. Col. Foster, in pursuit of Confede- 
rates, came upon and captured 3 lieutenants and 22 men, 40 horses, etc. — 
Horatio Seymour elected Governor of New York. — 5. General McClellan 
relieved from command of the army of the Potomac and Gen. Burnside 
appointed to supersede him. — Cavalry skirmish at New Baltimore, Va. 
Skirmish near Nashville, Tenn. Gen. Negley's Federal troops defeated 
a large force of rebels, capturing 23. Federal loss, 5 killed, 19 wounded. 
— Fight at Piketon, Ky. Col. Dills routed the Confederates, capturing 80 
and securing 150 guns, 40 horses, wagons, <&c. — 7. 300 Indians engaged 
in the masaacres in Minnesota, sentenced to be hung. — 9. St. Mary's 
Fla., shelled and burned by U. S. gunboat Mohawk in retaliation of the 
treachery of the inhabitants. — Successful dash of Capt. Dahlgren's Fed- 
eral cavalry into Fredericksburg, Va., capturing 39 prisoners, besides 
military stores. — 11. 134 prisoners taken and 1(3 rebels killed, by Colonel 
Lee's Kansas cavalry, near La Grange, Tenn. — Gen. Ransom defeated 
Confederate forces under Gen. Woodman, near Garretsburg, Ky. — 12. Maj.- 
Gen. Hooker appointed to relieve Gen. Fitz-John Porter in command of 
the Fifth Army Corps. — 21. Gen. Sumner, commanding right wing of the 
Army of the Potomac, in front of Fredericksburg, Va. — 22. All political 
State prisoners, held by military authority in the United States, released 
by order of the Secretary of War. — 25. Col. Paxton's loyal Virginia cav- 
alry captured 118 prisoners, 300 stand of arms, 100 horses, and other 
property near Sinking Creek, W. Virginia. — 28. Gen. Blunt, of Kansas, 
defeated Gen. Marmaduke's Confederate forces en route for Missouri, at 
Kane Hill, Ark., The battle raged over 12 miles. The rebels retreated 
to Van Buren, Ark. — 29. Gen. Stahl with 300 cavalry, attacked the rebels 
at Snicker's Gap, Va., killing 45, capturing 40. 

Dec. 1. U. S. Congress convened at Washington. — At Franklin, Va., Gen. 
Peck recaptured the Pittsburg battery taken from the Federal forces on 
the Peninsula. — 2. Gen. Geary defeated the rebels near Charlestown, Va., 
killing and wounding 70, and capturing 145. — 6. Gen. Banks' expedition 
sailed from N. Y. for New Orleans. — 7. Gens. Blunt aud Herron, defeated 
20,000 rebels under Gen. Hindman, at Prairie Gro'e, N. W. Ark. Fed. 
loss 495 killed, 600 wounded. Confed. loss, 1,500 tilled and wounded. — 
The California steamer Ariel captured by the Corned, pirate Alabama, 
near Cuba. — 60 of the 8th Pa. cavalry defeated at King George's Court 
House, Va. Loss, 20. — Rebel Gen. Morgan's guerrillas captured three 
Federal regiments, killing 55 men, at Hartsville, Tjg.nn. — 10. Congress 
passed a bill admitting to the Union the State of Western Virginia. — 
Plymouth, N. C, destroyed by the Confederates. —11. The city of Fred- 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 263 

ericksburgh, Va., bombarded and occupied by tbe Federal troops.— 13. 
Gen. Foster engaged and defeated the Confederates near Kingston, N. C, 
captaring 400 prisoners, 13 pieces of artillery, <fcc. — Battle of Fredericks- 
burg, Va, The rebel works were attacked by the Federal army, under 
Gen. Burnside. It consisted of three grand divisions, led by Gens. Sum- 
ner, Hooker, and Franklin. The Federal army was repulsed, losing 
1,512 killed, 6,000 wounded, and 100 prisoners. The rebels lost 1,S00 
men. — 14. A Confederate cavalry force crossed the Potomac at Pooles- 
ville, Md., and captured 13 Federal soldiers, killing or wounding about 20 
more. — Gen. Bauks' expedition arrived at New Orleans. — 16. Gen. Butler 
superseded by Gen. Banks at New Orleans.— The rebels defeated at White- 
hall, N. C, by Gen. Foster. — 17. Baton Rouge, La., reoccupied by Fed. 
troops, under Gen. Grover. — Gen. Foster's troops rout a body of rebels 
at Goldsborough, N. C. — 18. Cavalry fight near Corinth, Miss., between 
Fed. troops led by Gen. Dodge and rebels. — 19. Holly Springs, Miss., 
surrendered to the rebels 1,800 men and 150 officers, and* $1,000,000 worth 
of commissary stores, &c, destroyed. — A lieutenant and 30 men, of 
the 10th New York cavalry, with 6 sutlers' wagons, captured at Occoquau, 
Va-, by rebel cavalry. — 21. Gen. Carter, with 1,000 cavalry, entered E. 
Tennessee and captured 550 rebels and 700 stand of arms. — 23. A body 
of rebel cavalry attacked Gen. Sigel's troops stationed at Dumfries, Va., 
but were repulsed. — A proclamation from Jeff. Davis, threatening to hang 
Gen. Butler or any of his officers who should be captured, in retaliation 
for the hanging of W. B. Mumford, by Gen. Butler at New Orleans. — 27. 
A company of Peun. cavalry, under Capt. Johnsou, captured at Occo- 

Suan, Va. — A body of rebels surprised at Elkfork, Ky. 175 of the 10th 
Kentucky cavalry, under Major Foley, killed and wounded 17, captured 
57. — Eug'agement at Elizabethtown, Ky.— 27-29. Attack on Vicksburg, 
Miss. Gen. Sherman's army ascended tke Yazoo river on transports, 
lauded, and attacked the rebel works six miles back of Vicksburg ; while 
the gunboats attacked the batteries at Haines' Bluff. The Federals after 
sanguinary contlicts carried the 1st and second lines of defence, and 
advauced within two and a half miles of the city. The rebels being heav- 
ily reinforced, at this juncture, Gen. Sherman was compelled to withdraw. 
Federal loss 600 killed, 1,500 wounded and 1,000 missing. — 23. Van Bu- 
ren, Ark., captured by Gens. Hoover and Blunt. Four steamboats heav- 
ily laden, and 120 prisoners taken. — 31. The iron clad steamer Monitor 
foundered south of Cape Henry. Four of her officers and 12 of the crew 
were lost; also 8 men belonging to the Rhode Island. — West Virginia 
admitted into the Union as a State.— 31 to Jan. 4. Battles near Murfrees- 
boro, Teun. Gen. Rosecrans after skirmishing for 2 days, a series of 
battles occurred. The Confederates finally retreated on the 4th of Jan. 
Union loss, 1,500 killed, 6,000 wounded, 2,500 prisoners. 
1863, Jan. 1. Galveston, Texas, recaptured by rebels, who took the gun- 
boat Harriet Lane, after a severe fight, in which Capt. Wainwright was 
killed, and many of his crew. The Fed. flag-ship Westfield was blowu 
up by Commander Renshaw to avoid capture, by which he lost his life. 
Col. Burrill, who occupied the town with 300 troops, taken prisoners. — 
Battle at Hunt's Cross Roads, 12 miles from Lexington, Term., between 
Gen. Sullivau's army and the rebels. Rebels defeated with heavy loss. 
— 3. Col. Washburn's Federal command attacked at Moorfield, near New 
Creek, Va. Rebels repulsed. — 8. A rebel force of 5,o00, under Generals 
Marmaduke and Burbridge, attacked the town of Springfield, Mo. They 
were repulsed by the Federal garrison under Gen. Brown and Col. Crabb. 
Federal loss, 17 killed, 50 wounded. Rebel loss, 200. — 9. Rebel troops, 
under Gen. Pryor, crossed the Blackwater, near Suffolk, Va. and attacked 
Gen. Corcoran's Brigade of Gen. Peck's troops. Enemy defeated. Fed- 
eral loss 104. — 10. 700 Federal troops attacked at Hartsville, Mo., by 
2,500 rebels under Gen. Marmaduke. Enemy defeated. Fed. loss, 36 



264 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORT. 

killed and wounded. Rebels 150 killed and wounded, 150 prisoners.— 
11. Arkansas Post, on the Arkansas river, captured by Rear-Admiral 
Porter's Mississippi squadron and General McClernand's army, and 550 
of the rebels killed and wounded, and 6,000 prisoners. A large supply 
of arms and munitions taken. — U. S. steamer Hatteras sunk in an en- 
gagement with the rebel steamer Alabama, oft' Galveston, Texas. 100 of 
the Fed. crew captured. — 18-20. Forts St. Charles, Duval's Bluff, and 
Des Arc, on the White river, Ark., captured by the gunboats of Admiral 
Porter's flotilla and Fed. troops, under Gen. Gorman. 100 prisoners 
taken. — 19. Pres. Lincoln approved of the act of Congress authorizing 
the issue of $100,000,000 additional currency, for the purpose of paying 
the soldiers and sailors in the U. S. service. — 24. Maj.-Gen. Burnside, by 
direction of the Presideut, transferred the command of the army of the 
Potomac to Gen. Joseph Hooker. Maj.-Gens. Sumner and Franklin, 
commanding the right and left wings, relieved from their commands. — 
14. Engagement at Bayou Teche, La., on the Mississippi river. U. S. 
gunboats under Commander Buchauan, and Fed. troops under General 
Weitzel, captured a rebel battery and rifle pits. — 20. Gen. Hunter assumed 
command of the Department of the South. — 16. Rebel steamer Oreto ran 
the blockade from Mobile, and sank the brig Estelle from Boston. 
— 27. A part of Colonel Wyndham's brigade of 5th New York and 1st 
Virginia cavalry, attacked a portion of Stuart's rebel cavalry near Mid-r 
dleburg, Va., defeating them and capturing 26 men and 40 head of cattle. 
—26. $30,000 worth of contraband goods seized by Col. Dodge, N. Y. 
Rifles, near Suffolk, 'Va. 31. Fed. gunboat Isaac P. Smith ran ashore in 
Stono river, S. C, and captured by the rebels. — 29. The British steamer 
Princess Royal, with a large and valuable cargo of war material, cap- 
tured while attempting to run the blockade, at Charleston, S. C. — 21. 
U. S. ship Morning Light, captured by rebel gunboat Bell, oft' Galveston, 
Texas. — Two rebel gunboats and rams, and 3 steamers, under Com. In- 
graham, made a rally from Charleston and attacked 3 vessels of the 
blockading squadron : the Mercedita, the Keystone State, and the Quaker 
City, damaging them severely; capturing and paroling the crew of the 
Mercedita. 30 Feds, killed, and 50 wounded. — 27. The iron clad battery 
Montauk, Capt. Worden, engaged the rebel defences at Fort McAlister, 
Ga. 
Feb. 1. The report of the rebel Sec. of the Treasury, shows the expense of 
the Confederate army for the year 1862, to have been $340,000,000, and 
their navy $20,000,000,-2. The Union ram Queen of the West ran past 
the rebel batteries at Vicksburg, Miss. — 3. Attack on Fort Douelson, 
Tenn., by 4,000 rebels under Gens. Wheeler and Forrest. The garrison 
of 800 men, under Col. A. C. Harding, repulsed the enemy, who lost 100 
killed, 400 wounded, and 300 prisoners. Federal loss,. 12 killed and 
30 wounded. — 7. Captain Faith s company of 5th Pennsylvania cav- 
alry attacked near Yorktown, Va., and lost 30 men.— 8. Lebanon, Tenn., 
taken by Federal troops, and 600 rebels of Morgan's command, captured. 
— 7. Ram Queen of the West returned from an expedition down the Mis- 
sissippi to the vicinity of Port Hudson, having sunk three steamers loaded 
with provisions for the rebels and captured 56 prisoners. — 10. The 14th 
Wisconsin and 11th Illinois regiments attacked near Lake Providence, on 
the Mississippi, by three rebel regiments, who were repulsed. 32 taken 
prisoners. — 12. N. Y. ship Jacob Bell, from China, captured and burned 
by the rebel steamer Florida, in lat. 24°, Ion. 65°.— 13. A detachment of 
Federal cavalry defeated a small body of rebels near Bolivar, Tenn. — 
United States gunboat Indianola ran past the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. 
Also a coal barge with 7,000 bushels coal. — 14. The Federal ram Queen 
of the West run ashore near Fort Taylor, Red. river, by a treacherous 
pilot, and captured by the rebels. — 21. Rebel steamer Alabama burned 
ship Golden Eagle of New York, and bark Olive Jane, of Boston.— 18. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 265 

The Federal mortar boats opened fire en Vi;fcsburg. — 22. An expedition 
from Corinth, Miss., under Col. Corwan, captured 200 rebels at Tuscum- 
bia, Ala. — 25. Skirmish 5 miles from Falmouth, Va., between Stuart's 
cavalry and the (ith U. S. cavalry ; the former defeated and 40 taken pris- 
oners. — U. S. gunboat Indiauola captured twenty-five miles below Mem- 
phis by rebel rams Memphis aud Queen of the West. — 27. Destruction of 
rebel Bteamer Nashville, grounded in Ogechee river, near Fort McAlis- 
ter. Ga., by Federal gunboat Montauk, Capt. Worden. 
March 1. Skirmish at Bradyville, Tenn. 2,500 troops of Rosecraus' army 
drove a portion of Morgan's division from the town, killing 8, wounding 
30, and capturing 89. Fed. loss, 15 in killed and wounded. — 6. Success- 
ful foray of Fed. troops under Col. Phelps, in Northumberland co., Va. — 4. 
Adjournment of 37th Congress. — 5. if. S. Senate met in extra session. — 
Defeat of Fed. troops at Springville, Tenn. Fed. loss in killed aud wound- 
ed, 300. 1,000 infaqtry, under Col. Coburn, captured Rebel loss, killed 
and wounded, 350. — 7. A brigade of cavalry, under Gen. Manly, attacked 
the rebel cavalry of Gen. Russell, at Unionville, Tenn. Rebel loss, 50 
killed, ISO wouuded, aud all their supplies. — 9. A rebel force, under Capt. 
Mosely, made an attack at Fairfax Court House, capturing Gen. Stoughton 
and a detachment for his brigade, with 110 horses. — 10. Steamer Parallel 
burnt on the Mississippi river, with 3,000 bales of cotton, to avoid cap- 
ture by Fed. ram Lioness. — President Lincoln, by proclamation offered to 
receive and pardon all deserters from the army who should return be- 
fore April 1 ; and ordered the arrest and punishment, as the law directs, 
of all who should be found absent after that time. — 13. Rebel force under 
Gen. Hill, attacked the Federal troops of Gen. Foster's command at New- 
bern, N. C., but were repulsed. — 14. Bombardment of Port Hudson, on . 
the Mississippi, by Admiral Farragut's fleet. The Hartford (flag-ship), 
and the Albatross, passed the batteries and went up the river ; the steamer 
Mississippi was destroyed, and a portion of her crew captured. — 15. Schr. 
Chapman, fitted out and armed and manned by a rebel crew at San 
Francisco, captured while attempting to leave "that port. — 17. Severe 
cavalry engagement on the Rappahannock, Va., near Kelly's Ford. 2,000 
Fed. cavalry, under Gen. Averhill eucountered a rebel force of equal 
numbers, and defeated them after a series of brilliant charges, capturing 
80 prisoners. — 2U. Col. Hall's brigade of Rosecrans' army, attacked near 
Murfreesboro, Tenn., by Morgan's and Breckinridge's cavalry. The 
rebels were driven oft", losing 4u killed and 140 wounded, and 12 prison- 
ers. Fed. loss, 7 killed and 31 wounded. — 21. Capture of British steamer 
Nicholas I., while attempting to enter Wilmington, N. C, harbor, by 
U. S. steamship Victoria. She had 16 tons of powder, 50,000 Enfield 
rifles and merchandise, on board. — 22. Mount Sterling, Ky., attacked by 
rebel forces, under Col. Cluke. The Federal garrison of 200 captured 
and the town burned. — 16-24. Bread riots at Atalanta, Ga., Salisburv, 
N. C, Richmond, Va., Raleigh, N. C, and Petersburg, Va.— 25. 300 
Federal troops, under Lieut.-Col. Bloodgood, captured at Brentwood, 
Tenn. A cavalry force, under Gen. Smith, overtook the rebels on their 
retreat from Brentwood, and defeated them, capturing 42 prisoners, and 
recovering the booty. Loss, about 15 on each side, in killed and wounded. 
— 25. The Fed. gunboats, and rams Lancaster and Switzerland, attempted 
to pass the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. The Lancaster was sunk, and 
the Switzerland escaped, much damaged.— 28. The rebels attacked Wil 
liamsbursr, Va., and were repulsed by the 5th Pa. cavalry, Col. Lewis. — 
Jacksonville, Fla., burned by Col. Rust's Federal troops.— Capture of the 
U. S. steamer Diana in Atehafalaya river, La. The commander, Peterson, 
and 6 of the crew were killed, and 25 New York and Connecticut soldiers 
killed or wounded, and the remainder on board, 170, taken prisoners. — 
80. 7u0 rebels, under Gen. Jenkins, captured Point Pleasant, West Va., 
but were subsequently driven out, losing 12 killed, and 14 prisoners. 
12 



266 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 

Fed. loss, 1 killed, and 1 wounded. — Battle near Somerset, Kyi Gen. 
Gilmore's Federal command drove Pegram's army of 2,600 over the Cum- 
berland river, after a battle of 4 hours. Rebel loss, 500. 400 cattle 
taken. — Richmond, Miss., occupied by Gen. R. McClernand's troops driv- 
ing out the rebel cavalry, after 2 hours' skirmishing. 
April 1. Desperate tight at Drauesville, Va., between 1st Vermont cavalry 
and Capt. Moreby's rebel rangers. Federals defeated with loss of 60 
in killed, wounded and prisoners. — The town of Palmyra, Tenn., on the 
Cumberland, burned by a Federal gunboat under Capt. Fitz. — 6. Colonel 
Wilder's Federal command, on an expedition within the rebel lines in 
Tennessse, captured 40 prisoners, destroyed much wheat, corn, and bacon, 
and brought in 360 Negroes. — Gen. Stanley returned to Murfreesboro, 
Tenn., after a successful scout within the rebel lines in that State, defeat- 
ing Morgan's Cavalry in a skirmish, killing 15 or 20, taking 50 prisoners, 
30u horses, etc. — Gen. Mitchel, with 350 cavalry attacked a rebel camp at 
Green Hill, Tenn., killed 5, took 15 prisoners, and captured all the arms, 
horses, and equipments in the camp. — 7. Attack on Fort Sumter by Fed. 
iron-clad fleet under Admiral Dupont. Federal vessels retire after two 
hours' action; the Keokuk was sunk; other vessels slightly injured; loss 
of life small on either side.— 6-8. Gen. Copeland, With 3,000 Federal 
cavalry, on a scout in Loudon co., Va., had small skirmishes with the 
enemy, and captured 60 prisoners and 100 horses.— 8. U. S. steamer 
Lovell and propeller Saxonia were captured 15 miles below Clarksville, 
Penn., by rebel Gen. Woodward, with 1,200 men.— U. S. armed transport 
George Washington destroyed in Coosaw river, near Port Royal, by a 
rebel battery.— Skirmish near New Hope Corners, N. C, by Gen. Spino- 
la's Federal brigade, who were defeated by an entrenched rebel force, 
while marching to relieve Gen. Foster at "Washington, N. C. — 10. Defeat 
of rebel Gen. van Dorn, commanding 15,000 men at Franklin, Tenn., by 
Gen. Granger's forces. Rebel loss, 300 killed and wounded. Federal, 
100. — 12. Rebel ram Queen of the West ran aground in Grand Lake, La., and 
was set on fire and blown up by a shell from the gunboat Calhoun. Her 
officers and crew were captured. — 13. Skirmishing near Suffolk, Va, A 
large rebel force engaged on Nansemond river, and driven off by Federal 
gunboats and Geu. Corcoran's troops. — 14. Federal gunboats on the 
Nansemond engaged the rebel forces on the banks, dispersing them. 
Federal loss, 5 killed, 18 wounded. — 15. Col. Evans routed 200 Indians 75 
miles South of Daybreak, in Utah, killing 30. Federal loss, 8.— 16. 7 
gunboats and 3 transports of Admiral Porter's fleet ran by the rebel 
batteries at Vicksburg, and formed a junction with Admiral Farragut, 
with loss of 1 transport. — 17. Severe battle at Vermilion Bayou, La. 
Gen. Banks' troops captured the rebel batteries and took 1,500 prisoners. 
— 18. Gen. Getty's Federal troops, in conjunction with gunboats on Nanse- 
mond river, N. C, under Lieut. Lamson, captured a rebel battery of 8 
pieces, and 200 prisoners at the West Branch. — The siege of Washing- 
ton, N. C, raised, after an investment of 3 weeks by a large Coufedrate 
force. — Fayetteville, Ark., attacked by 3,000 rebels under Gen. Cabell, 
who were repulsed by 2,000 Federals under Colonel Harrison. — Severe 
fight on the Coldwater, near Hernando, Tenn. A Federal brigade under 
Col. Bryant, defeated rebel troops in a series of skirmishes. — 18, 19. Cols. 
Graham and Riley defeated rebel forces in several skirmishes on Cumber- 
land river, Tenn., killing and wound. 40. — 15. Destruction of rebel steamer 
Queen of the West in Berwick's Bay, La., by U. S. gunboat Estrella. 90 of 
her crew captured, 30 lost. — 19, 20, 21. Sharp skirmishing on Nansemond 
river, N. C, and near Suffolk, Va. — An expedition under Col. Graham 
returned to Louisville, Ky., after pi'oceeding to the town of Celina, on 
the Cumberland, and destroying a large amount of rebel stores and 40 
boats. 60 rebels kiled and wounded. Federal loss 4. — Capture of Fort 
Butte la Rose, Berw ;ck's Bay La., by U. S. gunboats under Lieut. A. P. 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 2G7 

Cooke. 60 prisoners taken. Federal loss 2 killed C wounded.— 23. Battle 
at Mc.Minnville, Tenn., Union troops under Gen. Reynolds aud Col. Wil- 
der. Rebels defeated, losing 300 prisoners and a Lurge quantity of stores. 
— 24. 6 more Federal transports ran by the rebel batteries at Vicksburg. 
—A large rebel force attacked 1,000 Virginia loyalists under Col. Latham 
at Beverly, Va.— 23-27. Gen. Ellet's Maine Brigade made a successful 
expedition up the Tennessee river, destroying the towns of Hamburg and 
East port, and a large stock of war material. The rebels were defeated in 
an attack on the vessels, while returning, losing 10 killed, 20 wounded. 
Federal loss, 2 killed, 4 wounded.— 26. Ihe rebel Gen. Marmaduke, with 
3,000 men advanced on Cape Girardeau, where he was met by Federal 
troops under Gen. McNeil, and defeated with the loss of 40 killed and 
200 wounded. — 27. A body of Texan rangers attacked 8 miles from 
franklin, Tenn., by 700 Federal cavalry under Col. Watkins, of the 6th 
Kentucky,who defeated the rebels, capturing 200 prisoners.— The steam- 
ship Anglo-Saxon, from Liverpool, wrecked 4 miles off' Cape Race. 360 
passengers,_ S4 crew. Only 100 persons were saved. — 26. Battle at 
Philippa, W. Va., Col. Mulligan. — 28. Capture of 4 compauies Federals at 
Morgan town, W.Va. —29. Capture of 2 compauies of 106th New York at 
Fairmount, W. Va., and destruction of railroad bridges ou the Mouon- 
gapola river, by rebels under Jackson and Imboden. 30. Attack on the 
rebel forces at Williamsburg, Va., by Col. R. M. West's command. 
Rebels defeated. — A portion of Gen. Hooker's army crossed the Rappa- 
hanuock, at Fredericksburg, Va. After slight resistance took possession 
of the ride pits below the city, and captured 500 prisoners. 
May 1. Attack on Van Dorn's rebel pickets by Federal cavalry under Col. 
Campbell, near Franklin, Tenn. 30 of the enemy killed and wounded, 
and 11 captured. — Skirmish near Suffolk, Va. 99th New York engaged. 
— Gen. Grant's army defeated Gen. Gibson's forces at Port Gibson, Miss. 
Rebel loss 1,500 in killed, wounded, and prisoners, and 5 pieces of ar- 
tillery. — 2. Gen. Sedgwick's corps of the army of Virginia attacked the 
rebels works on the heights iu the rear of Fredericksburg, and carried 
them after a desperate struggle, in which the Federal loss was over 2,000 
in killed and wouuded. — 2, 3. — Battle of Chancellorsville, Va. The army 
of Gen. Lee attacked the Federal forces in their entrenchments, and 
several sanguiuarv engagements, with varying results ensued. — 3. Skir- 
mishing near Suffolk, Va. The loth New Hampshire and 89th New York 
captured rebel nlle pits. — Gen. Mosby's rebel guerrilla cavalry attacked 
the Federal forces at W'arreutoun Junction, Va., but were repulsed with 
severe loss by Gen. Stahl's cavalry. — Federal gunboats repulsed in at- 
tacking Haines' Biuff on the Mississippi. Several of the vessels badly 
damaged, and 80 of their men killed and wounded. — Capture of rebel 
batteries at Grand Gulf, Miss., by Federal gunboats under Admiral Por- 
ter. — 5. Riot at Dayton, Ohio, consequent on the arrest of C. L. Valan- 
digham by military authority, charged with treason. The Journal office 
was destroyed and the telegraph lines broken before the riot was sup- 
pressed. — 2-7. Great Federal cavalry expedition within the rebel lines, 
from the Rappahannock to Gloucester Point, Va., on the south, aud the 
Alleghany ridge on the west. Many bridges, an immense quantity of 
telegraph lines throughout the rout were destroyed, and many prisoners 
and 1,000 horses taken. The various corps encountered but slight resist- 
ance. — 6. Severe engagement between the forces of Gen. Grant and Bow- 
eu, at Clenton, Miss. Rebels defeated, — The army of the Potomac re- 
crossed the Rappahannock, harrassed by the rebel sharpshooters and 
artillery at Banks' and U. S. Fords.— 7. Capture of 1,300 mounted Federal 
troops under Col. Streight near Rome, Ga. Col. Streight had made a 
forage of over 6o0 miles through the Confederate lines, destroying four 
millions of propertv, captured and paroled 1,000 men, taken 1,200 
horses, etc.— 11. Death of rebel Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson, from wounds 



268 CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORT. 

received at the battle of Chancellorsville.— 12. Engagement at Raymond, 
Miss. — Raymond, Miss., captured by Gen. McPherson's forces. Fede- 
ral loss, 51 killed, 181 wounded. Rebel loss, 75 killed, 250 wounded, 186 
prisoners. — Skirmish between Franklin and Woodburn, Ky., on the rail- 
road, between 60 mountel rebels and a Federal force. The latter victo- 
rious.— 14. Gen. Johnson's army defeated near Jackson, Miss., by Federal 
troops under Gen. Grant. Rebel loss, 400 men, 17 pieces of 'artillery. 
— 15. Fight near Carrsville, S. Va., by 2 brigades of Gen. Peck's command 
and rebels. Federal loss, 7 killed, 25 wounded. Rebel, 25 killed, 100 
wounded. — 15. A detachment of U. S. cavalry captured at Charleston, 
Va., but were afterwards rescued by a force from Gen. Milroy's command, 
who also took 40 rebel prisoners. — Jackson, Miss., occupied by General 
Grant's army, on their way to invest Vicksburg. — 17. Rebel steamer Cuba, 
on her way to a southern port, was burnt, and her crew captured by U. S. 
steamer De Soto. — 16. Col. Breckinridge, with 55 loyal W. Tenn. cavalry, 
crossed from the Tennessee river to Liuden, and attacked a superior rebel 
force, capturing 35 prisoners, and destroying their camp and stores. — 14, 
15. Federal dispatch boats Emily and Arrow captured by rehels on the 
Albemarle and Chesapeake Canal, Va. — 17. The town of Richmond, Clay 
co., Mo., captured by rebel guerrillas, who captured two Federal compa- 
nies stationed there. — 1 to 20. Great destruction of vessels on the Ameri- 
can coast by rebel steamers Alabama and Florida. — 16. Battle of Baker's 
Creek, Miss. Gen. Pemberton's army defeated by Gen. Grant. Rebel 
loss, 4,000 men, 29 cannon.— 20. jlebel rifle pits on north side of Vicks- 
burg captured by Gen. Steele. — Two rebel regiments attacked at Middle- 
town, Tenn., by Federal cavalry under Gen. Stanley. The enemy routed, 
losing 8 killed, 90 prisoners, and 200 horses. — 21. Port Hudson, Miss., 
besieged by Federal army under Gen. Banks, after several sharp engage- 
ments with the enemy while marching from Baton Rouge. — 17. Gen. 
Pemberton's rebel army defeated at Big Black river, Miss., with loss of 
2,600 men, 17 cannon, by Gen. Grant. — 18. Vicksburg invested by Federal 
army. — 19. Skirmish near Winchester, Va. Gen. Milroy's cavalry defeated 
a rebel force, killing 6 and taking 7 prisoners. — 22. Gen. Grant's army re- 
pulsed with heavy loss in an attempt to storm the rebel fortifications at 
Vicksburg. — 24. Gen. Schofield superseded Gen. Curtis in command of 
the Department of Missouri. — 200 of Gen. Ellett's marine brigade, on the 
Mississippi, landed 6 miles above Austria, where they engaged and defeated 
a superior rebel force. Federal loss, 2 killed, 19 wounded. Rebel loss, 5 
killed, 3 prisoners. The town of Austria was burned. — 25-27. Federal 
gunboats under Lieut. Walker, after capturing Haine's Bluff, ascended to 
Yazoo City, Miss., and destroyed 3 rebel steamers and a ram of large di- 
mensions not finished, and destroyed the rebel navy yard and all the naval 
stores. — 26. Destruction of the U. S. gunboat Cincinnati by the rebel 
batteries at Vicksburg, and about. 35 of her crew killed and wounded. — 
27. Col. Cornyn's Federal command defeated the troops of Gen. Roddy at 
Florence, Ala., capturing 100 soldiers, 400 mules, and 300 negroes, and 
destroying much rebel property. — 22, 23. Gen. Foster's troops engaged 
and defeated the rebels at Gum Swamp, N. C, capturing 165 prisoners, 
with military stores. Federal loss, 2 killed, 6 wounded.— 29. Gen. Banks' 
army repulsed with severe loss in assaulting rebel fortifications at Port 
Hudson, Miss.— 30. Rebel Col. Mosby, with 200 cavalry, after destroying 
a government train at Catlett's station, Va., was overtaken near Green- 
wich by Col. Maur, of 7th Michigan cavalry, with New York and Vermont 
troops, and dispersed, with the loss of their cannon. Federal loss, 17 
killed and wounded. — A train of 16 cars from Alexandria, Va., was de- 
stroyed by rebel guerrillas near Warrenton Junction.— 31. Successful raid 
of Col. Kilpatrif k's Fed. cavalry from Yorktown to Urbana, Va., bringing 
in 1,000 negroes and 300 horses. 
June 4th. — Simultaneous attacks on the Federal garrisons at Franklin and 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 2G9 

Triune, Tenn., which' wore repulsed in both instances with severe loss to 
the rebels. — Col. Wilder's Federal mounted infantry broke up a rebel 
camp at Liberty, Tenn., capturing 62 men and all their horses.— General 
Kimball'* Federal troops defeated Gen.W. Adam's command at Sataria, 
on the Yazoo river, capturing 100 prisoners. — 6. lieconnoissar.ee across 
the Rappahannock by the Federal 6tb army corps, who engaged the rebels 
in their rifle-pits, capturing 150. Federal loss, 35 in killed and wounded. 
—7. Fight at Milliken's Bend, Miss. Rebel Gen. M'Cullough, with 2,50(3 
men, attacked 3 negro regiments and 2Gd Iowa. Heavy loss on both sides. 
Rebels defeated.— y. Severe cavalry engagement at Beverly Ford, on the 
Rappahannock river, Va., in which' Gen. Buford's Federal troops defeated 
Gen. Stuart's command, with heavy loss on both sides. — Gen. Carter's 
Federal troops defeated Gen. Pegram's army at Monticello, Tenn. — 12. 
The U. S. steamer Maple Leaf, while conveying rebel officers as prisoners 
from Fortress Monroe to Fort Delaware, was seized, and 64 effected their 
escape. — 11-16. Gen. Lee's army crossed the Potomac, and invaded Mary- 
laud and Pennsylvania. — 13-20. Forced march of the Federal army from 
the Rappahannock to Frederick, Md., in which many lives were lost from 
heat and exhaustion. — li. Assault on Port Hudson by Gen. Banks' forces, 
in which they were repulsed with heavy loss. — Capture of Winchester, 
Va., by rebel troops. Defeat of Gen. Milroy's army, who lost 2,000 men 
and all his artillery and stores. — 15. President Lincoln, by proclamation, 
called for 100,000 men for 6 months from the States of Pennsylvania, 
Maryland, TV. Virginia, and Ohio, to resist invasion. — Rebel troops en- 
tered Chambersburg, Pa. — 17. Severe cavalry engagement near Aldie, 
Loudon co., Va., in which the rebels were defeated with loss, and 85 taken 
prisoners. — Capture of rebel irou-clad ram Fingal or Atlanta, by monitors 
Weehawken and Patapsco, in Warsaw Sound, fe. C. 180 prisoners taken. 
— 20". New "iork packet ship Isaac Webb captured by rebel steamer 
Tacony, and released on bond. — 21. Gen. Pleasan ton's cavalry engaged the 
rebel cavalry near Middleburg,Va. The Federals were victorious, capturing 
80 prisoners, and killing or wounding 150. — 22, 23. 12 fishing vessels 
destroyed off Martha's Vineyard, Mass., by rebel steamer Tacony. — 23. 
Col. S. H. Saunders arrived at Boston, Ky., with his command, after a 
successful raid into E. Tennessee, having destroyed the railroads and 
bridges in many places, and captured several cannon, 1,000 stand of arms, 
and 500 prisoners.— 24. Col. Hoover's mounted infantry defeated the 
rebels at Hoover's Gap, Tenn., routing them with heavy loss. Federal 
loss, 45 killed and wouuded.— Gen. Willick's Federal brigade defeated the 
rebels at Liberty Gap, Tenn. Federal loss, 50. The fight renewed next 
dav, and rebels routed with severe loss. Federal loss, 40 killed, 100 
wo'unded. — 26. The inhabitants of York, Pa., were levied on by rebel 
Gen. Evvell for large sums of money, clothing, and provisions. — 26. Gen. 
Meade superseded Gen. Hooker in command of the army of the Potomac. 
— Col. Spear, with the 11th Pa. cavalry, destroyed the bridge over the 
South Anna river, Va., and captured Gen. W. F. H. Lee, a colonel, four 
captains, 5 lieutenants, and 100 privates, 35 wagpns with 6 mules each, 
100 horses, 150 additional mules, etc.— 28. Col. Frick's Federal troops 
driven from Columbia bridge, on the Susquehannah, Pa., which was 
burned on their retreat, and 200 of their men captured by the rebels. — 
A government train of 150 wagons and 900 mules captured by the rebels 
near Rockville, Va. 
July 1.— Engagement at Hanover Junction, Pa., between Gen. Pleasanton's 
Federal cavalry and Gen. Stuart's forces. Rebels defeated. — 2, 3. Defeat 
of rebel Gen. Lee's army near Gettysburg, Pa., by Gen. Meade's army, 
after a sanguinary conflict, in which 30,000 men were killed or wounded, 
on both sides. — 4. Gen. Lee commenced his retreat from Pennsylvania to 
Virginia.— Surrender of Vicksburg, with 30,000 prisoners, and all the 
ordinance and stores, to Maj.-Gen. Grant. G«n. Pemberton's rebel army 



270 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 



were patroled. — 7. Gen. Pierce's Federal troops captured 500 prisoners 
and 3 pieces of artillery near Greencastle, Pa. — 4-8. Gens. Kilpatrick's 
nnd Buford's cavalry captured 2,000 rebels on their retreat to the Poto- 
mac, and destroyed a large number of wagons laden with spoils. — 4. As- 
sault on Helena, Ark., by rebel Gens. Marmaduke, Price, and Holmes, 
with 6,000 men, who were signally defeated by Gen. Prentiss' garrison, 
who took 1,000 prisoners, and killed and wounded as many more. — 3-10. 
Raid of rebel Gen. Morgan into Indiana, destroying a large amount of 
property. — 5. Rear-guard of Gen. Johnson's army, numbering 4,000 men, 
captured by Gen. Grant's forces near Bolton, Miss. — 8. Surrender of Port 
Hudson, Miss., with its garrison of 5,500 men under Gen. Gardner, to 
Gen. Banks. — Cavalry skirmish near Boonesboro', Md. — 10. Capture of 
Morris Island, S. C, with the exception of Fort Wagner and Cumming's 
Point Battery, by Federal troops under Geu. Gilmore, in conjunction with 
U. S. naval forces. — 11. Repulse of Gen. Gilmore's forces, assaulting Fort 
Waguer, S. C. — 12. Col. Hatch's 2d Iowa cavalry defeated a body of rebel 
cavalry near Jackson, Miss. Federal loss, 13 killed and wounded. Rebel 
loss, 175 killed and wounded, -and 400 conscripts released. — 13-17. Great 
riot in New York city, originating in resistance to a draft for the U. S. 
army ordered by the President. 25 or 30 buildings were destroyed by 
fire, and 120 stores and dwellings were sacked by the mob. Numerous 
robberies of stores and individuals occurred. At their command all the 
railroad cars and stages in the city ceased to run for several days, aud 
most of the principal factories and workshops suspended labor. The dis- 
turbance was quelled by the military and police, after 120 of the populace 
and 25 of the soldiers and officers were killed and many wounded. — 12. 
Gen. Lauraann's division of Gen. Sherman's army corps incautiously 
advanced to an exposed position in front of the rebel works at Jackson, 
Miss., and 500 men in killed and wounded. — 14. Battle at Falling Waters, 
Va., Gen. Kilpatrick's cavalry brigade attacked a rebel force of infantry, 
artillery and horse, defeating them, and capturing 1,300 prisoners. Fed- 
eral loss, 29 killed and 36 wounded. Rebel loss, 130 killed, wounded un- 
known. — 17. Occupation of Jackson, Miss., by Geu. Sherman's army, 
after severe fighting for 4 days with Gen. Johnston's army, who was com- 
pelled to retreat with severe loss. — Jeff. Davis, by proclamation, ordered 
the conscription of every able-bodied man in the rebellious States between 
18 and 45 years of age. — Defeat of rebel Gen. Cooper's army at Elk Creek, 
Ark., by Gen. Bluut's forces. Rebel loss, 400 killed or wounded, 60 
prisoners, 3 stand of colors, arms, etc. Federal loss, 10 killed, 25 wounded. 
— 18, 19. Bombardment and desperate assault on Fort Wagner, S. C, in 
which Gen. Gilmore's troops were repulsed with the loss of 700 men, 
killed, wounded and missing.— 20. Engagement at Wytheville, W. Va., 
by Federal cavalry under Cols. Tolland and Powell, who destroyed the 
connection of the Va. and Tenn. railroad at that point, and defeated the 
rebel forces. Federal loss, 65 killed and wounded. Rebel loss, 75 killed, 
and 150 prisoners. — 23. Engagement at Manassas Gap, Va., by General 
Spinola's Federal brigade, who drove the rebel troops through the Gap, 
after a severe engagement. — 26. Capture of rebel Gen. Morgan with the 
remainder of bis cavalry (400) near New Lisbon, Ohio, by Col. Shackle- 
ford. Morgan invaded Indiana a month previous with 4,500 men, and, 
after committing serious depredations for a time, finally met with a 
series of defeats in which his men became scattered and captured. — 28. 
Death of Senator W. L. Yancey, near Montgomery, Ala. — 29. Capture of 
29 wagons with sutlers' stores, at Fairfax Court-Housp, Va., by Moseby's 
guerrillas, which were recaptured by 2d Mass. cavalry on the next day. 
—Defeat of Gens. Pegram's and Scott's rebel forces while attacking Fed. 
troops at Paris, Ky. — 30. Death of Brig-Gen. Strong, in New York, from 
wounds received in the attack on Fort Wagner, S. C, July 19th.— Presi- 
dent Lincoln, by proclamation, ordered the execution or imprisonment 



CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY. 271 

at hard labor, of rebel prisoners, in retaliation of any violation in kind 
of the laws of war toward colored troops in the Federal service, who 
might be captured by the enemy. 
August 1. Severe engagement near Culpepper, Va,, by Federal cavalry, 
infantry aud artillery, under Gen. Buford, with a corresponding rebel 
force, in which the loss ou both sides was heavy. — Sixty wagons loaded 
with forage were burned by rebels at Stamford, Ky. — Rebel Col. Ashby 
and 350 men were captured near the Cumberland river, Ky., by Col. San- 
ders. — i. Reconnoissance up the James river, Va., by monitor Sangamon, 
gunboat Com. Barney, and tug Cohassel. The vessels were exposed to 
a fearful fire from the enemy Vforces lining the banks, but returned with 
slight loss of life. The Barney was badly iujured. — 6. A day appointed 
by President Lincoln for national thanksgiving and praise in gratitude 
for signal victories obtained by the Federal armies. — 16. Severe bombard- 
ment of Fort Sumter by the monitors and the Federal batteries on Mor- 
ris Island. Com. Rogers killed on board theCatskill. — 17. Great destruc- 
tion of railroad property and ordnance stores at Granada, Miss., by 
Federal troops under Col. Phillips. — Terrible explosion of ammunition 
on board the steamer City of Madison, at Vicksburg, Miss., 150 lives lost. 
— 19. Recommencement of the draft in the city of New York, which 
had been suspended by circumstances growing out of the riot a month 
previous. 30,000 Federal troops were mustered in the vicinity of the 
city during the drawing which was completed August 2S. — 20. The city 
of Lawrence, Kansas, was attacked by a band of rebel guerrillas from 
Missouri, under Quautrell, who sacked the town, murdered 180 of the 
inhabitants, who made no resistance, and burned a large portion of the 
houses. The rebels were pursued by Federal forces, and over 100 of their 
number were killed. — 21. Chattanooga, Ala., besieged by Gen. Rosecrans' 
army. — 22. Charleston, S. C, shelled by Federal batteries on Morris Isl- 
and. — 25. U. S. gunboats Satellite and Reliance captured by rebels at the 
mouth of the Rappahannock river, Va, 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, AND JUDICIAL 
OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE REVOL- 
UTION TO THE PRESENT TIME. 



I. UNDER THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT. 

Presidents of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1789. 



XAME. 


STATE. 


Date of Ap- 
pointment. 


Born. 


Died. 




Va. 
Mass. 
S. C. 
N. Y. 

Conn. 

Del. 

Md. 


Sept. 5, 1774 

Mav 24, 1775 

Nov. 1, 1777 

Dec. 10, 1778 

Sept. 28, 1779 

July 10, 1781 

Nov. 5, 1781 

Nov. 4, 1782 

Nov. 3, 1783 

Nov. 30, 17S6 

June 6, 1786 

Feb. 2, 1787 

Jan. 22, 1783 


1723 
1737 
1723 
1745 

1732 
1734 

1740 
1744 
1732 
1733 

1748 


1775 


John Hancock 

Henry Laurens 

John'jay 


1793 

1792 
1829 
1796 




1817 




1783 


Elias Boudinot 

Thomas Mifflin 


N.J. 
Penn. 
Va. 
Mass. 


1824 
1800 




1794 




1796 


Arthur St. Clair 

Cyrus Griffin 


Penn. 
Va. 


1818 
1810 



II. UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 



Presidents of the Waited States. 



Name. ■ 1 State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


George Washington 

John Adams 

Thomas Jefferson 


Va. 
Mass. 
Va. 
Va. 


1789-1797 
1797-1801 

1801-1809 
1809-1817 

1817-1825 
1825-1829 
1829-1837 
1837-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1845 
1845-1S49 
1849-1350 
1850-1858 
1853-1 857 
1857-1861 
1861-.... 


1732 
1735 
1743 
1751 
1759 
1767 
1767 
1782 
1773 
1790 
1795 
1784 
1800 
1804 
1791 
1809 


1799 
1826 
1826 
1837 




Va. 
Mass. 
Tenn. 
N. Y. 


1831 




1848 




1S45 




1862 


William H. Harrison 

John Tvler 


Ohio. 

Va. 

Tenn. 


1841 
1862 


James K. Polk 


1849 


Zachary Taylor 


La. 


1S50 




X. Y. 






X. H. 






Penn. 

111. 




Abraham Lincolu 


.... 



PRINCIPAL OFFICEES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Vice-Presidents. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


John Adams 


Mass. 


1789-1797 


1735 


1826 


Thomas Jefferson 


Va. 


1797-1801 


1743 


1826 


Aaron Burr 


N. Y. 


1801-1805 


1756 


1836 


George Clinton 


N. Y. 


1805-1812 


1739 


1812 


Elbridge Gerry 


Mass. 


1813-1814 


1744 


1814 


Daniel D. Tompkins 


N. Y. 


1817-1825 


1774 


1825 


John C. Calhoun 


S. C. 


1S25-1832 


1782 


1850 


Martin Van Buren 


N. Y. 


1833-1837 


1782 


1862 


Richard M. Johnson 


Ky. 


1837-1841 


1780 


1850 


John Tyler 


Va. 


1841-1841 


1790 


1862 


George M. Dallas 


Penn. 


1845-1849 


1792 




Millard Fillmore 


N. Y. 


1849-1850 


1800 




William R. King 


Ala. 


1853-1853 


1786 


1853 


John C. Breckinridge 


Ky. 


1857-1861 


1S21 




Hannibal Hamlin 


Me. 


1861-.... 


1S09 





Secretaries of State. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Thomas Jefferson 


Va. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Va. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Va. 

Mass. 


1789-1794 
1794-1795 
1795-1800 
1800-1801 
1801-1809 
1809-1811 
1811-1817 
1817-1825 
1825-1829 
1829-1831 
1831-1833 
1833-1835 
1835-1841 
1841-1843 
1843-1843 
1843-1844 
1 844-1 S45 
1845-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1852 
1852-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1861 
1861-1861 
1661-.... 


1743 

1745 
1755 
1751 

1759 

1767 
1777 
1782 
1764 
1786 
1780 
1782 
1797 
1790 
1782 
1791 
1796 
1782 
1794 
1786 
1782 
1810 
1801 


1826 


Edmund Randolph 


1813 


Timothy Pickering 


1829 


John Marshall 


1836 


James Madison 

Robert Smith 

James Monroe 


1837 
183i 


John Quincy Adams 


1848 


Henry Clay 


Ky. 

N. Y. 
La. 
Del. 
Ga. 

Mass. 
S. C. 
Va. 

s. c. 

Penn. 
Del. 
Mass. 
Mass. 


1852 


Martin Van Buren 

Edward Livingston 

Louis McLane 


1862 
1836 
1857 


John Forsvth 


1841 


Daniel Webster 


1852 


Hugh S. Legare 

Abel P. Upshur 


1843 
1844 


John C. Calhoun. 

James Buchanan 


1850 


John M. Clayton 

Daniel Webster 

Edward Everett 


1856 
1852 


William L. Marcy 

Lewis Cass 


N. Y. 
Mich. 
Penn. 
N. Y. 


1860 


Jeremiah S. Black 




William H. Seward 





PRTXCirAL OFFICERS OF THE FITTED STATES. 



Secretaries of the 


Treasury. 








Name. 


State. 


• in of 
■ ice. 


Born. 


Died. 


Alexander Hamilton 

Oliver Wolcott 


X. Y. 

Conn. 

Mass. 

Penn. 

Tenn. 

Penn. 

Ga. 

Penn. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Penn. 

Md. 

X. H. 

Ohio. 

Penn. 

X. Y. 


1789-1795 
1795-1801 
1801-1802 

1802-1814 
1814-1814 
181 (-1817 
18l7-182o 

1S25-1829 

1829-1S31 

1S31-1833 

1833-1SC3 

1833-1834 

1834-1841 ' 

1841-1841 

1841-1843 

1843-1844 

1844-1845 

1845-1849 

1849-1850 

1850-1853 

1853-1857 

1857-1860 

1860-1861 

1861-1861 

1861-.... 


1757 
1759 
17G1 
1761 
1768 
1760 
1772 
1780 
1779 
17S6 
1780 
1777 
1789 
1789 
1786 
1787 
1784 
1801 

1794 
1793 
1815 
1810 
1798 
1808 


1804 
1833 


Samuel Dexter 


1816 


Albert Gallatin 


1849 


W. Campbell 


1848 


Alexander J. Dallas 


1817 


William H. Crawford. 

; Rush 


1834 
1860 


Samuel D. Ingham 


1860 




1857 






.'>. Tauev 




Levi Woodbury 


1851 


Walter Forward 


1852 




1855 


George M. Bibb 


Kv. 

Miss. 

Penn. 

Ohio. 

Ga. 
Md. 




Robert J. Walker 

Wm. If. Meredith 


•• 




Thomas Corwin 








Howell Cobb 

Philip F. Thomas 




John A. Dix 

Salmon P. Chase 


X. Y. 

Ohio. 


• 



Secretaries of War. 






Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 




Mass. 
Penn. 
Md. 


1789-1795 
1795-1795 
1796-1800 
1800-1800 
1801-1801 
1801-1809 
18U9-1813 
1813-1814 
1814-1815 
1815-1816 
1817-1817 
1817-1825 
1825-1828 
1828-1829 
1829-1881 
1831-1837 
1887-1887 
1837-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1843 


1750 
1745 

1761 

1762 
1751 
1754 
1759 
1759 
1772 
1758 
1782 
1776 
1773 
1790 
1782 

1779 

1797 
1787 


1806 




1829 








Mass. 


1816 




Conn. 


1812 




1829 


William Eustis. .. 


Mass. 

N. Y. 

Va. 

Ga. 

Va. 

S. C. 

Va. 

N. Y. 

Tenn. 

Mich. 


1825 


John Armstrong 


1843 
1831 


William H. Crawford 


1834 




1826 


John C. Calhoun 


1850 
1842 


Peter B. Porter 


1844 
1856 








X. Y. 

S. C. 
Tenn. 
X. Y. 


1860 


Joel R. Poinsett 

John Bell.. , 


1851 


John C. Spencer 


1855 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE EXITED STATES. 



Secretaries of War. — Continued. 



Name. 



State. 



Term of 
Service. 



James M. Porter Penn. 

William Wilkins iPenn. 



X. Y. 
Ga. 

La. 
Miss. 
Ya. 
Kv. 
Penn. 
Edwin M. Stanton Penn. 



William L. Marcy. . . . 
George W. Crawford. 
Charles Iff. Conrad. . . 

Jeiferson Davis 

John B. Floyd 

Joseph Holt." 

Simon Cameron 



1843-1344 

1844-1845 

1845-1849 

1849-18; 

1850-1851 

1553-1557 

1857-1860 

1860-1861 

"-: 1-1862 

1862-.... 



Born. 


Died. 


1756 




1798 




18 : 




18 : 




18 r 




: ; : 




1799 





Secretaries of the Navy. 



Xame. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


George Cabot 

Benjamin Stoddert 

Robert Smith 

Jacob Crownin shield 

Paul Hamilton 


Mass. 
Md. 
Md. 
Mass. 
S. C. 
Penn. 
Mass. 
X. Y. 


:: -?-:7i5 

1798-1801 

: e : :-i805 

5-1809 

:- -1313 

1813-1814 

1814-1818 
1818-1823 
1823-1821 

. -i r . : 

1829-1831 
1831-1834 
1 S4-1838 
1838-1841 

1841-1841 
1841-1 

4-1844 
1844- 

184.;-, 
1 846-1 

1849-1550 

--15 53 
1853-1857 
1857-1861 

1861-.. . 


1751 

: : : : 

1774 
1767 

1765 

1782 

17S9 

1769 
1779 

17 

1791 

1795 

1800 

17? 5 

i860 

1795 

1793 
1802 


1523 
is42 

isies 


B. W. Crowninshield, 


1^51 


Smith Thompson 

John Rodders 


1542 


Samuel L.~Southard 

John Branch 


X.J. 

X. c. 


Levi Woodburv 


N.H. 


1 5 "1 


Mahlon Dickerson 

James X. Paulding 

George E. Badger? 

Abel P. Upshur 


X. J. 
X. Y. 

X. c. 

Va. 

Mass. 

Ya. 

Ya. 

Mass. 

Ya. 

Ya. 

X. C. 

Md. 

X. C. 

Conn. 

Conn. 


1860 

i544 
1852 


David Henshaw 


Thomas W. Gilmer 


1844 

1S59 


John Y. Mason 


George Bancroft 


John Y. Mason 


1859 


William B. Preston 


William A. Graham 

John P. Kennedy 

James C. Dobbin 

Isaac Toucev 


is57 


Gideon Welles 





PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 



Postmasters- General. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Samuel Osgood 


Mass. 

Penn. 

Ga. 

Conn. 

Ohio. 

Ohio. 

P' 

ivy. 

Conn. 
X. Y. 

Ky. 

Tenn. 
Vt. 
N. Y. 
Conn. 

Tenn. 
Ky. 


17S9-1791 
1791-1795 
1795-1S01 
1801-1S14 
1814-1S23 
1823-1829 
1829-1835 
1835-1840 
1840-1841 
1R41-1841 
1841-1845 
1845-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1852 
1852-1853 
1853-1857 
1857-1860 
1860-1860 
1860-1861 
1861-.... 


1748 
1745 
1750 
1767 
1766 
1785 
1785 
1789 
1787 
1787 

i792 
1810 
1799 

1807 


1813 
1829 




1S15 


Gideon Granger 

Return J. Meigs, Jr 

John McLean 

William T. Barry 


1822 
1825 
1861 
1835 


Amos Kendall 






1856 


Francis Granger 

Chaa. A. Wickhfl'e 








Jacob Collamer 




Nathan K. Hall 

Samuel D. Hubbard 


1861 
1855 








1860 










Montgomery Blair 


Md. 









Attorneys- General. 



Name. 



Edmund Randolph. 
William Bradford.. 

Charles Lee 

Levi Lincoln 

Robert Smith 

John Breckinridge. 
Csosar A. Rodney. . . 
William Pinkney. . . 

Richard Rush 

William Wirt 

John M. Berrien. . . 

Roger B. Taney 

Benjamin F. Butler. 

Felix Grundy 

Henry D. Gilpin. . . 
John J. Crittenden. 
Hugh S. Legare. . .. 

John Nelson 

John Y. Mason 

Nathan Clifford 

Isaac Toucey 

Reverdy Johnson.. 
John J. Critt»uden. 



State. 



Term of 
Service. 



1789-1794 
1794-1795 
1795-1801 
1801-1805 
1805-1 SOS 
1805-1807 
1807-1811 
1811-1S14 
1814-1817 
1817-1829 
1829-1881 
1831-18-33 
1833-1838 
1838-1840 
1840-1841 
1841-1841 
1841-1843 
1843-1^45 
1845-1846 
184G-1848 
1848-1849 
1849-1850 
1850-1853 



Born. Died. 



1756 
1757 
1749 

1757 



J 7 65 
1780 
1772 
1781 

1777 

1770 
1801 
1786 
1797 

1791 
1795 
1813 
1798 
1796 
1786 



1813 
1795 
1815 
1820 
1842 
1806 
1824 
1S22 
1860 
1834 
1S56 

i860 
1840 
1S60 

1843 
1860 
1859 



PEINCEPAL OFFICERS OF THE "UNITED STATES. 



Attorneys- General. — Continued. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of ,. ^ 
Service. Born - 


Died. 




Mass. 


1853-1857 1800 






Perm. 
Perm. 
Mo. 


IS 57-1860 
1860-1861 

1861-.... 


1810 

mi 




Edwin M. Stauton 

Edward Bates 





Secretaries of ihe Interior. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Thomas Ewing 


Ohio. 
Penn. 
Va. 
Mich. 


1849-1850 
1850-1850 
1850-1853 
1853-1 S57 
1857-1861 
1861-1862 


1789 

isio 

1808 




T. M. T. McKennan 


1852 


Alex'r H. H. Stuart 




Robert McClelland 






Miss. 




Caleb B. Smith* 


Ind. 













* Succeeded by Hon. John P. Usher, of Indiana. 
Chief Justices of ihe Supreme. Court of the United States. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. Died. 


John Jay 

John Rutledge 

Oliver Ellsworth 


N. Y. 

S. C. 
Conn. 
Va. 
Md. 


1759-1795 
1795-1795 
1796-1801 
1801-1S36 

: ; v;- 


1745 

1752 

1755 

1777 


1829 
1800 
1807 




1S36 


Roger B. Taney 





Speakers of the Bouse of Representatives 



Xame. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


F. A. Muhlenburgh 

Jonathan Trumbull 


Penn. 
Conn. 
Penn. 
X. J. 


1789-1791 
1791-1793 
1793-1795 
1795-1799 
1799-1301 
1801-1807 
1807-1811 
1811-1814 
1814-1815 
1815-1820 


1750 
1740 

1750 
1756 
1746 
1757 
1750 
1777 
1776 
1777 


1801 
1809 


F. A. Muhlenburgh 


1801 


Jonathan Davton 


1824 


Theodore Sedgwick 




1818 




\". c. 


1837 


Joseph B. Varnum 


Mass. 
S. C. 


1821 


Henrv Clay 


1852 


Langdon Cheeves 

Henry Clay 


1857 
1852 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES. 
Speakers of the House of Representatives. — Continued. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


John W. Tavlor 


x. y. 


1820-1821 

1821-1823 

4825 

1825-1827 

1827-1834 
1834-1835 
1835-1839 
1839-1841 
1841-1843 
1843-1 845 
1845-1847 
1847-1849 
1849-1851 
1851-1855 
1S55-.1857 
1857-1859 
1859-1861 
1861-1863 


1784 
1779 
1777 
1784 
1784 
1797 
1795 
1809 
1805 
1806 

1809 
1815 
1800 
1816 
1822 
1796 
1823 


1854 


Philip P. Barbour 


Va. 
Ky. 
N. Y. 


1839 


Henrv Clay 


1852 


John W. Taylor 


1854 


Andrew Stevenson. .. 


Va. 

Tenn. 
Tenn. 
Ya. 

^ a. 
Ind. 


1857 


John Bell 




James K. Polk 


1849 


Robert M. T. Hunter 








John W. Jones 




John W. Davis 




Robert C. Winthrop 




Howell Cobb 


Ga. 

Ky. 

Mass. 
S. C. 
N.J. 
Penn. 




Linn Bovd 




Nathaniel P. Banks 

James L. Orr 

William Pennington 

Galusha A. Grow 


1862 



Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. 



Name. 



John Rutledge 

William Cushing 

James Wilson 

John Blair 

Robert H. Harrison.. 

James Iredell 

Thomas Johnson 

William Patersou .... 

Samuel Chase 

Bushrod Washington. 

Alfred Moore 

William Johnson 

Thomas Todd 

Brock Livingston 

Levi Lincoln 

John Quincy Adams. . 

Joseph Story 

Gabriel Duval 

Smith Thompson 

Robert Trimble 

John McLean 

Henry Baldwin 

James M. Wavne. . . . 
Philip P. Barbour.... 

John Catron 

William Smith 

John McKinley 



State. 



S. C. 

Mass. 

Penn. 

Va. 

Md. 

N C. 

Md. 

X. J. 

Md. 

Ya. 

N. C. 

s. c. 
Ky. 

N. Y. 
Mass. 

Mass. 
Mass. 



Md. 
X. Y. 

Ky. 

Ohio. 

Penn. 

Ga. 

Va. 

Tenn. 

Ala. 

Ala. 



Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 






1789-1791 




1800 


1789-1810 


1733 


1810 


1789-179S 


1742 


1798 


1789-1795 


1732 


1800 


1789-1789 


1745 


1790 


1790-1799 


1750 


1797 


1791-1793 


1732 


1819 


1793-1806 


1743 


1806 


1796-1811 


1741 


1811 


1798-1829 


1759 


1829 


1799-1805 


1755 


1810 


1804-1834 




1834 


1807-1826 




1826 


1806-1823 


1757 


1823 


1811-1811 


1749 


1820 


1811-1811 


1767 


1848 


1811-1845 


1779 


1845 


1811-1836 


1751 


1844 


-1841 


1767 


1843 


1826-1829 




1829 


1829-1^61 


1785 


1861 


1830-1846 


1779 


1844 


1835-.... 


... 




18:36-1840 




1841 


1887-.... 




.... 


1837-1837 


1765 


1840 


1837-1852 




1852 



PRINCIPAL OFFICERS OF THE EXITED STATES. 



Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of ike United States. — Contmued. 



Name. 


State. 


Term of 
Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


Peter V. Daniel 


Va. 
If. Y. 

N. H. 


1841-1860 
1845-.... 
1846-1851 
1846-.... 
1851-1858 
1853-1861 

1862-.... 
1862-.... 


irss 

1790 

1794 
1809 

i803 


1860 


Samuel Nelson 

Levi Woodburv 


1851 


Robert C. Grie'r 


Penn. 
Mass. 
Ala. 
Me. 




Benjamin R. Curtis 




James A. Campbell 




Nathan Clifford 




Noah Swavne 


Ohio. 
Iowa. 




Samuel H.' Miller 





THE CONGRESSES OF THE UNITED STATES. 


Time. 


"Where held. 


I. March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1791. | 


New York 2 Sessions, and 
3d in Philadelphia. 


II. Oct. 24, 1791, to March 2, 1793. . . 


Philadelphia. 


III. Dec. 2, 1793, to 31arch 3, 1795. . . . 


do. 


IT. Dec. 7, 1795, to March 3, 1797. . . . 


do. 


V. May 15, 1797, to March 3, 1799. . . 


do. 


TI. Dec. 2, 1799, to March 3, 1801... . 


1st Sess. at Phila., 2d at Wash. 


VII. Dec. 7, 1801, to March 8, 1503... 


Washington. 


VIII. Oct. 17, ISO'S, to March 2, 1805... 


do. 


IX. Dec. 2, lg05, to March 3, 1807 


do. 


X. Oct. 26, 1807, to March 3, 1809... 


do. 


XL Mav 22, 1809, to March 3, 1811.. 


do. 


XII. Nov. 4, 1811, to March 3, 1813.. . . 


do. 


XIII. Mav 24, 1813, to March 3, 1515. . . 


do. 


XIV. Dec. 4, 1815, to March 3, 1817.... 


do. 


XV. Dec. 1, 1817, to March 3, 1819. . . . 


do. 


XVI. Dec. 6, 1819, to March 3, 1821 .... 


do. 


XVII. Dec. 3, 1521, to March 3, 1523.. . . 


do. 


XVIII. Dec. 1, 1823, to March 3, 1525. . . 


do. 


XIX. Dec. 5, 1525, to March 3, 1827.. . 


do. 


XX. Dec. 3, 1527, to March 3, 1529 


do. 


XXI. Dec. 7, 1529, to March 3, 1831.. 


do. 


XXII. Dec. 5, 1831, to March 3, 1533.. . . 


do. 


XXIII. Dec. 2, 1833, to March 3, 1535. . . . 


do. 


XXIV. Dec. 7, 1535, to March 3, 1837..-.. 


do. 


XXV. Sept. 4, 1537, to March 3,1839 


do. 


XXVI. Dec. 2, 1839, to March 3, 1841.. 


do. 


XXVII. Mav 31, 1841, to March 3, 1545. . . 


do. 


XX^ III. Dec. 4, 1543, to March 3, 1845. . . . 


do. 


XXIX. Dec. 1, 1S45, to March 3, 1847.... 


do. 


XXX. Dec. 6, 1847, to March 3, 1849. . . . 


do. 


XXXI. Dec. 3, 1549, to March 3, 1851. . . . 


do. 


XXXII. Dec. 1, 1851, to March 3, U 


do. 


XXXIII. Dec. 5, 1853, to March 3, 


do. 


XXXIV. Dec. 3, 1855, to March 3, 1857. . 


do. 


XXXV. Dec. 7, 1557, to March 3, 1859. . . . 


do. 


XXXVI. Dec. 5, 1859, to March 3, 1861.. 


do. 


XXXVII. Julv 4.1S61, to March 3, 1863... 


do. 



THE 

PICTORIAL HISTORY 

OF THE 

WAR FOR THE UNION. 

BY MRS. ANN S. STEPHENS. 

A Complete and reliable History of the War from its Commencement to its Close: 

Giving a graphic picture of the great drama of War, its bloody 

encounters, thrilling incidents, frightful scenes, hair-breadth 

escapes, individual daring, desperate charges, personal 

anecdotes, etc., etc., gleaned from eye-witnesses of and 

participants in, the terrible scenes described-— a 

truthful living reflex of all matters of interest 

connected with this most gigantic of 

human struggles. 

The world's history produces no comparison to this terrible conflict, 
which threatened to destroy the grandest temple which has ever been 
dedicated to human freedom since the world began — a temple conse- 
crated by the blood of our fathers, by the glories of the past, and by 
the hopes of the future — threatened to destroy the Union that had 
made us the most prosperous, and rendered us the most powerful nation 
on the face of the earth. 

If the most intelligent man, moving in common society, were asked 
to give a brief, clear and connected account of all the transactions of 
the war for the Union, from the beginning, he first, perhaps, would be 
surprised that anybody should need such information. But he would 
immediately be still more surprised to find how difficult it was for him 
to furnish it ; that instead of being able to state off-hand, in their real 
order and due arrangement, the facts required, he would be obliged to 
ask time for reflection ; and then even time to make a world of refer- 
ences. He would discover that his impressions, though very vivid 
respecting the principal features, were, after all, a mass of anachronous 
entanglement and historical confusion. 

In fact, the very facilities which exist for publishing diurnally every 
premature version of affairs, have contributed to heap upon the pro- 
gressive reports of this great war a burden of crude messages and 
announcements which confuse the true chronicler of facts ; and, in 
short, we have not so much to learn the strry, as to recall it succinctly, 
and to unlearn the many successive misstat(Znents*of it. The newspaper 
records of events connected with this struggle, though of short dura- 

(i) 



11 



WAE FOE THE UNION. 



tion, stimulating, and, to our generation, novel and portentous — with 
second versions, and third versions, corrections and alterations, exceed 
in bulk the immense history in which Gibbon chronicles the stupen- 
dous revolutions, the many memorable conflicts, and the countless 
European vicissitudes of fifteen centuries. 

In this work it is proposed to weed this literary wilderness, to pre- 
serve only what is valuable, to put even that in its right place, and to 
supply a compendious, lucid and reliable narrative of a conflict which 
might be said to have been long pending, but which virtually took the 
world by surprise. 

For a task of such magnitude, a writer of special genius and estab- 
lished reputation is essential, in order to ensure the confidence of a 
great reading public. 

Among all the writers of America, perhaps no one could be found 
more capable of writing a history for the people than Mrs. Ann S. 
Stephens. No person, who has read the Historical Romances which 
first gave this lady her reputation, will doubt her ability to produce a 
History at once truthful and brilliant. "Without deviating from facts 
she has spread the charm of her great descriptive powers over actual 
events, throwing them upon the pages of history with a distinctness 
and fervor that give them the charm of romance, while every battle 
she describes is as truthfully delineated as the dullest writer could give 
them, and each event can be depended up«n as authentic in fact and in 
detail. 

In order to complete the work in the very brief time allotted to her, 
Mrs. Stephens has received the assistance of two gentlemen of fine 
reputation. Messrs. Wm. Oland Bourne and J. J. Golder have aided 
her greatly in the research necessary to a book which takes its mate- 
rial from a vast complication of reports, and requires a critical exam- 
ination of facts. 

The work is produced in elegant style, and no pains or expense 
spared to make it creditable alike to the art and to the occasion. The 
work complete will be produced in two or more royal octavo volumes, 
496 papes each, printed from electrotype plates made from new and 
beautiful type, and issued in superb binding. 

PROFUSELY AND ELEGANTLY EMBELLISHED "WITH 
OVER TWO HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS, 



By the best Artists in the Country, including Maps and 
Illustrations of all the important Scenes, Incidents and 
Points of Interest, together with elegant Life-like Por- 
of all the Heroes, 




taking; when complete, one of the most superb productions of the 
age, suitable to adorn the centre table, and, in the value of its contents, 
an indispensable addition tc every library in the country. 



IN 

FIRST VOLUME OF THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE 
WAR FOR THE UNION. 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 

PAGB 

President Lincoln and his Cabinet 2 

Illustrated Title 3 

Initial Letter, with Battle Illustrations 7 

The Capitol, at Washington 17 

Fort Sumter 21 

Bombardment of Fort Sumter 29 

Attack on the Massachusetts Sixth in Baltimore 53 

Assassination of Colonel Ellsworth 86 

Map of Virginia and Maryland, west of Washington 96 

Map of Virginia and Maryland, east of Washington 97 

Brilliant Charge on a Rebel Battery at Bull Run 108 

Closing Engagement at Bull Run 115 

Battle of Rich Mountain 136 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 5 * 148 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 6 149 

Death of General Lyon 162 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 2 166 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 3 167 

Map of Atlantic Coast from Fortress Monroe to Fort Macon 178 

The Battle of Lexington, Mo 191 

The Death of Colonel Baker at Ball's Bluff 206 

Desperate Charge of Fremont's Body-Guard, at Springfield, Mo 219 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 1 221 

Battle of Mill Spring 260 

Bombardment of Fort Henry 279 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 4 289 

Attack on Fort Donelson, by the Gunboats 299 

Surrender of Fort Donelson 299 

Map of the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers, etc 305 

Birds'-Eye View of Hampton Roads, Va 323 

Cavalry Charge at the Battle of Pea Ridge 339 

Battle of Newberne, N. C 343 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 7 352 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 8 353 

Bombardment of Island No. 10 359 

Bayonet Charge at the Battle of Winchester 865 

(iii) 



IT 



WAR FOR THE TTNICXNT. 



PAGK 

Defence of a Federal Battery at Pittsburg Landing 377 

Battle of Pittsburg Landing 387 

Map of Virginia, Southern Section 422 

Map of Virginia, Southern Section 423 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 12 430 

Bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip 439 

Map of the Mississippi River, Section 20 446 

Birds'-Eye View of the Country from Richmond to Yorktown, Va 451 

Battle of Williamsburg, Va ? 455 

Rebel Cavalry Charge at the Battle of Williamsburg, Va 460 

PORTRAITS. 

Anderson, Robert, Brigadier-General 253 

Banks, Nathaniel P., Major-General 405 

Bates, Edward, Attorney-General 2 

Blair, Montgomery, Postmaster-General '. . . . . 2 

Burnside, Ambrose E., Major-General 67 

Butterfield, Dan., Major-General 15 

Butler, Benj. F., Major-General 67 

Buell, Don Carlos, Major-General 215 

Casey, Silas, Brigadier-General 15 

Couch, Darius N., Major-General 15 

Corcoran, Michael, Brigadier-General. . . : 253 

Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of Treasury 2 

Clay, Cassius M., Major-General 315 

Dix, John A., Major-General 405 

Doubleday, Abner, Brigadier-General 253 

Dur}-ee, Abram, Brigadier-General 253 

Dupont, S. F., Rear-Admiral 271 

Ellsworth, Elmer E., Colonel 315 

Farragut, D. G., Rear- Admiral : 173 

Foote, D. G., Rear- Admiral 173 

Fremont, John C, Major-General 315 

Franklin, Wm. B., Major-General 271 

Goldsborough, L. M., Rear- Admiral 173 

Grant, Ulysses S., Major-General 215 

Halleck, Henry W., Major-General 233 

Hancock, Winfield S., Brigadier-General 15 

Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice-President of United States 2 

Hooker, Joseph, Major-General 253 

Heintzelman, Sam'l P., Major-General 67 

Hunter, David, Major-General 315 

Kenly, J. R., Brigadier-General 31 5 

Kelley, Brigadier-General 15 

Kearney, Philip, Major-General 253 

Lander, Fred. W., Brigadier-General 253 



WAR FOR THE UNION. V 

PAGl 

Lyon. Nathaniel, Brigadier-General 315., 

Lincoln, Abraham, President of United States 2 

Mansfield, J. K. F., Brigadier-General 15 

McGook, Alex. McD., Brigadier-General 315 

McClellan, Geo. B., Major-General 197 

McDowell, Irwin, Major-General 405 

McCall, Geo. A., Major-General 67 

McClernand, John A., Major-General 271 

Pope, John, Major-General 215 

Porter, D. D., Rear-Admiral 173 

Reno, Jesse L., Major-General 271 

Rosecrans, W. S., Brigadier-General 15 

Richardson, Israel B., Brigadier-General 15 

Sickles, Daniel E., Major-General 405 

Sedgwick, Major-General 315 

Spragne, Win., Governor of Rhode Island 253 

Stringham, S. EL, Rear-Admiral 173 

Stevens, Isaac I., Brigadier-General 15 

Schurz, Carl, Brigadier-General 15 

Shields, James, Brigadier-General 405 

Smith, Caleb B., Secretary of the Interior 2 

Seward, Wm. EL, Secretary of State 2 

Stanton, Edwin If., Secretary of "War 2 

Sigel, Franz, Major-General 215 

Scott, Winfield, Lieutenant-General 127 

Viele, E. L., Brigadier-General 253 

Wallace, Lewis, Major-General 215 

Wool, John E., Major-General 67 

Welles, Gideon, Secretary of Navy 2 

Winthrop, Theodore, Major 253 

Wilkes, Charles, Commodore 271 

Weber, Max, Brigadier-General 315 

Wadsworth, James S., Brigadier-General 315 

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H 258 83 





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